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At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Hunger in California: what interventions are needed?

OBJECTIVE: Although research exists on the nutritional status of individuals and families who seek emergency food, there is little guidance on what to do about it. Our purpose was to develop effective nutrition interventions to assist individuals and families seeking emergency food. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Two survey instruments were used to collect data on 697 emergency food providers and 3,365 emergency food clients in 20 California counties between 1986 and 1990. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS: Information from the food providers who staff the emergency food sites revealed insufficient food to meet the growing demand, client difficulties in using the donated food, and the need for information to improve the safety and nutritional quality of the donated food. Information from the emergency food clients documented that 70.4% of them were families with children, 84% had incomes below the poverty level, and 20% reported no income at all. In addition, most clients (70%) were not enrolled in the food stamp program. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: In response to the surveys, counties initiated a variety of interventions, including public awareness campaigns, community development activities, and nutrition education programs. Important strategies are to teach recipients ways to optimize food resources, encourage eligible individuals to enroll in federal nutrition programs, and link individuals with agencies that offer assistance.

California↗
PubMed1990

Achieving the national health objective for influenza immunization: success of an institution-wide vaccination program.

PURPOSE: To enhance influenza vaccination rates for high-risk outpatients at the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, an institution-wide immunization program was implemented during 1987. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The program consisted of: (1) a hospital policy allowing nurses to vaccinate without a signed physician's order; (2) stamped reminders on all clinic progress notes; (3) a 2-week walk-in flu shot clinic; (4) influenza vaccination "stations" in the busiest clinic areas; and (5) a mailing to all outpatients. Risk characteristics and vaccination rates for patients were estimated from a validated self-administered postcard questionnaire mailed to 500 randomly selected outpatients. For comparison, 500 patients were surveyed from each of three other Midwestern VAMCs without similar programs. RESULTS: Overall, 70.6% of Minneapolis patients were high-risk and 58.3% of them were vaccinated. In contrast, 69.9% of patients at the comparison medical centers were high-risk, but only 29.9% of them were vaccinated. CONCLUSION: The Minneapolis VAMC influenza vaccination program was highly successful and may serve as a useful model for achieving the national health objective for influenza immunization.

Hospitals, Veterans↗
PubMed1983

A case study of the occupational stress implications of working with two different actuation/safety devices.

A case study was conducted using an automatic sphygmomanometer to compare the stress encountered by workers using two different machine actuation/safety devices. The experiment took place in a small metal stamping plant as part of a government authorized comparison of the devices. Six experienced female workers separately performed the same task on the same power presses using either a photo electronic or a two-hand button device. These two devices perform dual duty as both machine actuators and machine safeguards. Blood pressure at the ankle and heart rate were measured periodically and a questionnaire was administered. The case study approach to this experiment was necessitated by government restrictions which limit the population of workers experienced with both devices. The results of the case study are twofold: (1) For the small population tested no significant difference was found in the stress measures examined for machine operators; and (2) A feasible in-plant methodology is demonstrated for unobtrusively monitoring worker populations exposed to machine related stress.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Machine-cycling errors with foot switches in repetitive tasks. A workstation design simulation experiment.

In this experiment a non-hazardous industrial machine simulator was used to evaluate errors made when using a foot switch to initiate dangerous, repetitive machine motions. Subjects were experienced employees who normally operated metalworking presses and similar hazardous machines on jobs matching the simulation. Four variables (force needed to push switch to closure, the switch's force feedback felt by the subject, subject working posture, and hand task involved in stamping a simulated workpiece) were evaluated for their main and interactive effects upon frequency of machine-cycling errors in a repetitive task. Equipment problems which required immediate correction were introduced at a rate of 4.9 events/h. Also, three covariables (the rate of repetitive use of the switch to make hits on simulated workpieces, subject age and subject experience at foot switch-controlled workstations) were examined for their contribution to cycling errors. Although hand task was a significant effect in error prediction models containing the four primary variables, it was found that a model containing the hit rate covariate (rate of repeated use of the foot switch) provided the best predictor of the frequency of inadvertent actuation errors. An error threshold was observed at about 17.5 hits/min with a high linear correlation between hit rate and machine-cycling errors at higher hit rates. Based on results of the experiment, this report presents design considerations for workstations which use foot controls to help minimise the chance of machine-cycling errors and injury.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Short and long latency jaw-opening reflex responses elicited by mechanical stimulation in man.

Jaw-opening reflex responses elicited by tapping the chin during maximum clenching in incisal edge-to-edge contact position were studied in 10 healthy subjects. Stimuli were also delivered during weak clenching on a rubber stamp, separating the incisors by approx. 10 mm and protruding the mandible to the edge-to-edge incisor relationship. All four central incisors were stimulated simultaneously. With weak stimuli, there was a short-latency (9.5 ms) digastric response which may have had a disynaptic pathway. Taps of moderate strength produced long-latency (20 ms) responses, and sometimes a short-latency (9.5 ms) component as well. Strong (non-painful) taps produced an even longer-latency digastric response, 30 ms or more following the stimulus with less synchronization than earlier responses. Jaw-jerk reflexes occurred 8.5 ms following the tap, independently of the magnitude of the stimulus. Local anaesthesia of the upper and lower incisors abolished the digastric muscle response. Thus large periodontal afferents may be responsible for the early digastric reflex activity and smaller fibres for later effects. Temporal summation of the reflex response probably occurred when all incisors were stimulated simultaneously.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A program for point and interval calculation of odds ratios and attributable risks from unmatched case-control data.

An epidemiological investigation may be designed to collect data and analyse associations between many risk factors and/or many disease groups. A FORTRAN program has been developed to calculate point and interval estimates of odds ratios and attributable risks from stratified, unmatched case-control data for any number of disease/risk-factor combinations. For each disease/risk-factor association, this program can be used to estimate odds ratios by level of exposure and by latency. All output is time- and date-stamped with labels and titles to increase readability and provide useful documentation of study results. All data management is performed using the SPSS package, giving the program a great deal of flexibility, at the same time making it easy to implement and to use. The program has been installed on several mainframes.

Biometry↗
PubMed1982

Phonological process development with MLU-referenced guidelines.

Sixty subjects between the ages of 21 and 48 months were placed into groups based on mean length of utterance (MLU) and chronological age (CA) to test Stampe's hypothesis about the development of phonological processes. The subjects were given the Phonological Process Analysis (Weiner, 1979), and a proportion score for each of sixteen phonological processes was derived for each subject. The use of the various phonological processes across MLU groups and age groups was analyzed by multiple regression correlation, three-way ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD tests. MLU was found to be the best classification for the subjects for describing the phonological processes. The results and discussions present MLU-referenced guidelines regarding the emergence, duration, elimination, and universality of the sixteen phonological processes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Simplified procedure for making gold occlusal surfaces on denture teeth.

The procedure described is used to reproduce, in gold, the occlusal morphology of complete and removable partial denture teeth or those of an implant-supported prosthesis. The gold occlusal surfaces are made after all adjustments are completed and the occlusion is harmonious. An acrylic resin strut reinforces the wax patterns, and a reline jig is used to accurately stamp out the occlusal anatomy in wax. Careful adherence to the step-by-step procedure is required to achieve an excellent result.

Dental Casting Technique↗
PubMed1994

Differential effects of weekly and daily exposure to the hot plate on the rat's behavior.

Animals were assigned to two groups: weekly stimulated (WS, n = 30) and daily stimulated (DS, n = 30). Three hot plate tests (55.0 +/- 0.5 degree C, 45 s exposure time) were carried out for each rat. Behavior was videotaped and analyzed by a 14-pattern ethogram and a software package. A cluster analysis revealed that naive rats mainly displayed: i) exploratory patterns (walk-sniff, immobile-sniff), ii) primary noxious-evoked elements (forepaw licking, hindpaw licking, stamping), iii) escape responses (learning posture, jumping), and iv) hindleg withdrawal, an independent noxious-evoked element. The main behavioral changes over time were: i) exploratory behavior was habituated in both groups, ii) sensitization of primary noxious-evoked elements was observed only in the WS group, iii) escape elements were enhanced in both groups, although to less extent in the DS group, and iv) hindleg withdrawal was enhanced in both groups. Furthermore, in the WS group, the nociceptive threshold was significantly decreased, and cluster analysis indicated reliable changes over time. Results suggest that a sensitization phenomenon came about when rats were tested weekly, but was minimized by using the daily testing schedule. This study indicated that an ethological analysis is useful to categorize the rat's patterns in the hot plate test, as well as to follow the gradual changes in responses when repeated measures are used.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of nocturnal penile tumescence with PotenTest.

PotenTest is a standardized, hygienically packaged, and reliable stamp test, useful for differentiating organic from psychogenic sexual dysfunction. Fifteen potent control patients wore a PotenTest band on three separate nights, and during a selfinduced erection, while PotenTest reliably induced nocturnal erections and penile rigidity. PotenTest and Snap-Gauge were used to evaluate pre- and postoperative potency in twelve cystectomy patients. The result with each test was essentially the same.

Erectile Dysfunction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of Medicaid drug utilization review intervention letters.

The state of Texas Drug Utilization Review (DUR) Board, composed of six physicians and six pharmacists, meets quarterly to determine criteria for implementing retrospective DUR. The board agreed to send intervention letters to physicians concurrently prescribing: (1) two histamine2 (H2)-antagonists (H2As) or (2) either any H2A or omeprazole with sucralfate. To measure the effect of these intervention letters, approximately half of these physicians were randomly chosen to receive a letter while the others served as a control group and did not receive letters. This project focused on the H2A or omeprazole with sucralfate intervention letters in a two-step process. Data on concurrent therapy involving two H2As were analyzed separately and these results are not included in this report. Objective one was to examine feedback from the physicians who received the letters, and objective two was to review and compare patient profiles 6 months after the letters were sent. Analysis of Medicaid prescription claims indicated that 190 physicians had concurrently prescribed either an H2A or omeprazole with sucralfate for 222 patients. Ninety-seven physicians (from 117 identified patient profiles) were selected to receive an intervention letter with their patient's profile or profiles, a response form, and a stamped envelope addressed to the Texas Department of Human Services. A 67.5% response rate was obtained. Of these responses, 49.4% agreed with the letter and 29.1% disagreed with the letter. The remaining indicated responses such as "not my patient," they were no longer seeing the patient, or that they did not prescribe the medication in question. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Facilitation of learning in adult and aged rats following bilateral lesions of the tuberomammillary nucleus region.

In the present experiment, adult (3-month-old) and aged (31-month-old) rats received bilateral DC or sham-lesions in the region of the tuberomammillary (TM) nucleus before they were trained and tested on a one-trial step-through inhibitory avoidance task. Bilateral lesions of the TM nucleus led to significantly longer latencies in the step-through response during retention test in both adult and aged rats, indicative of superior learning of the task. Thus, lesions of the TM nucleus may have a facilitatory effect on learning and mnemonic functioning which is possibly related to a lesion-induced disinhibition or facilitation of reinforcement processes ("stamping-in") as revealed in previous studies.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

School-based clinic use and other factors affecting adolescent contraceptive behavior.

Adolescent risk taking, preventive behavior, and contraceptive use were investigated using a self-administered questionnaire in a sample of 260 inner-city high school students targeted by a school-based health clinic. Multivariate models consisting of individual and environmental variables significantly predicted sexual activity and contraceptive use. Older age at first intercourse, higher number of welfare benefits received by the household (including Medicaid, food stamps, and free or reduced price lunch), and use of the school-based clinic were significant positive predictors of more frequent contraceptive use by adolescents. Results of our study suggest that programs may be having some success in encouraging and enabling sexually active adolescents to use contraception and to use it more consistently. Rigorous program evaluations should help program planners and policy makers design and refine adolescent pregnancy-prevention efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Exact visibility calculation for space-filling molecular models.

The visible portion of two intersecting atoms is exactly calculated to be bounded by a circular arc and an elliptic arc. The elliptic arc can be approximated either by a circular arc or by a cubic Bezier curve. Using one shaded template for each atom type and stamping the templates in a mask bitmap delineated by these curves, images are generated rapidly.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1984

Response of sheep vaccinated with large doses of vaccine to challenge by airborne foot and mouth disease virus.

Administration of three-fold or six-fold larger doses of conventional monovalent type O foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine to sheep prevented viraemic distribution of virus after exposure to airborne virus one week later. However, virus replication in the respiratory tract or excretion in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluids and breath was not prevented. The implication of these findings for the use of vaccine as an adjunct to a 'stamping out' policy for countries which are free from FMD and which do not practice mass annual vaccination are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Factors affecting immunization rate in a cohort of elderly veterans: a retrospective pilot study of influenza vaccine compliance.

A survey of aged veterans greater than or equal to 85 years old was undertaken to determine their vaccination behaviour prior to mounting a local education campaign on influenza vaccine. A questionnaire inquiring into circumstances which may have influenced their decision to be immunized against influenza was mailed to all 300 elderly veterans (greater than or equal to 85) obtained from the register at the James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital. Ninety-two persons responded in self addressed stamped envelopes and data were analysed six months following mailing date. The most important reason for not being immunized was lack of information concerning vaccine recommendations and its availability (48%). Fear of 'shots' and side effects was the next most important reason for not taking the vaccine (19%). Amotivation and transportation difficulties played comparatively minimal roles (10%, 13%). These data suggest that health education measures may improve vaccine compliance in the elderly population who suffer from higher death rates and complications from influenza.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

The development of health and social services for the elderly in Iceland: an overview.

In the present paper, we provide a general overview of the changing position of the aged population in Iceland. After a long history of subsistence, Icelandic society has evolved only recently from pre-industrial conditions compared with other Western developed nations. The 1000-year preindustrial record is in large part one of a struggle for survival in which formal and informal measures to support the frail and disabled were often overwhelmed by disease and famine; this history is outlined to provide a baseline for recent changes. Both the speed and propinquity of Iceland's transition from these conditions have left a unique stamp on the present-day society: development has driven a quick elaboration of occupational roles and other social status shifts, vast health status improvements, and great population and urban growth. Public and personal health services have grown in scope and adequacy in comparatively recent decades, contributing to the now unsurpassed health status of the general population. The effect of these trends on the condition of elderly is described. As the birth rate in Iceland has dropped in recent decades, the proportion and number of Icelanders in the older and especially the oldest age-strata has been steadily rising. The current and planned organization of health and social services is reviewed, as Iceland faces new tasks of caring for elderly.

Aged↗