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PubMed2005

Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates from implant orthopedic infections.

In the last decade the rising phenomenon of resistance to most common antibiotic drugs among staphylococcal clinical isolates has been a reason for serious concern and alarm. The present study investigated the prevalence of antibiotic resistance within a large microbial collection including 530 clinical strains of S. aureus and 408 strains of S. epidermidis to a panel of 16 different drugs. All strains were isolated from orthopedic infections, either associated or non-associated with implant materials. Interestingly, our data show that the profile of the prevalence of antibiotic resistance within the two species of pathogens is extremely similar for the vast majority of the drugs screened. The only statistically significant variations in prevalence concerned, in order of relevance, the following 5 out of 16 antibiotics: sulfamethoxazole (in combination with trimethoprim), erythromycin, and, to a lesser extent, oxacillin, imipenem, and clindamycin. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, the isolates associated to implant materials were found more frequently resistant to all 4 aminoglycosides screened as well as to ciprofloxacin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2005

Disintegration of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms under glucose-limiting conditions depends on the activity of the alternative sigma factor sigmaB.

To evaluate the role of the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin as an energy-storage molecule, we investigated the effect of nutrient limitation on S. epidermidis biofilms. The stability of established biofilms depends on sigma(B) activity; however, the slow decay of biofilms under conditions of nutrient limitation reveal its use as an energy-storage molecule to be unlikely.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2001

[Vascular graft infection by Staphylococcus epidermidis: efficacy of various perioperative prophylaxis protocols in an animal model].

A rat model was used to investigate the efficacy of levofloxacin, cefazolin and teicoplanin in the prevention of vascular prosthetic graft infection. Graft infections were established in the subcutaneous tissue of 300 male Wistar rats by implantation of Dacron prostheses followed by topical inoculation with methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis. The study included a group without contamination, two contaminated groups without prophylaxis, two contaminated groups with intraperitoneal levofloxacin prophylaxis (10 mg/kg), two contaminated groups with intraperitoneal cefazolin prophylaxis (30 mg/kg), two contaminated groups with intraperitoneal teicoplanin prophylaxis (10 mg/kg) and six contaminated groups with rifampin-soaked graft and intraperitoneal levofloxacin, cefazolin or te- icoplanin prophylaxis. The grafts were removed after 7 days and evaluated by quantitative culture. The efficacy of levofloxacin against the methicillin- susceptible strain did not differ from that of cefazolin or teicoplanin. Levofloxacin showed slight less efficacy than teicoplanin against the methicillin-resistant strain. The levofloxacin-rifampin combination proved to be similarly effective to the rifampin-teicoplanin combination and more effective than the rifampin-cefazolin combination against both strains. The rifampin-levofloxacin combination may be useful for the prevention of late-appearing vascular graft infections caused by S. epidermidis because it takes advantage of the good anti-staphylococcal activity of both drugs.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of vaginal Lactobacillus metabolites on biological properties of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli].

The influence of supernatants and cell extracts of vaginal lactic acid bacilli on the growth, catalase, antilysozyme and anticomplementary activity of S. epidermidis and E. coli was studied. Changes observed in the persistence characteristics of these microorganisms were found to develop in different directions: in S. epidermidis a decrease in antilysozyme activity was mainly observed, while in E. coli the suppression of anticomplementary activity was registered. The modifying influence of lactic acid flora, revealed in this investigation, is regarded as one of the mechanisms facilitating the formation of microbiocenosis and ensuring colonization resistance.

Biological Factors↗

PubMed1998

Characterization of a sar homolog of Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Coagulase-negative staphylococci are common nosocomial pathogens. A regulatory element, designated sar, partially controls exoprotein synthesis in coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus by modulating the expression of another regulatory locus, called agr. We report here the cloning of a sar homolog in S. epidermidis. The major open reading frame within sar in S. epidermidis is highly homologous (84%) to the S. aureus SarA protein. Primer extension studies revealed three sar transcripts (0.64, 0.76, and 0.85 kb) initiated from three distinct promoters. The interpromoter region in S. epidermidis differs from its S. aureus counterpart, possibly suggesting target gene differences and a disparate pattern for sar activation. Remarkably, the S. epidermidis sar homolog interacts with an agr promoter fragment of S. aureus in gel shift assays. Additionally, S. epidermidis sar fragments could restore hemolysin production in an S. aureus sar mutant. As typical virulence determinants controlled by sar in S. aureus are not present in S. epidermidis, an examination of functional and structural similarities and divergence of sar in staphylococci will be of major interest.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli by human peritoneal mesothelial cells.

In the present study we examined whether mesothelial cells can ingest and digest bacteria. The results showed that all strains were ingested. Ingested staphylococci proliferated abundantly, and only a few were digested. Escherichia coli, however, was digested during the first 8 h, whereafter the mesothelial cells disintegrated and proliferation of bacteria could be observed. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1993

The modulation of rifampin action against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms by drug additives to peritoneal dialysis solutions.

Many drugs are added to peritoneal dialysis solutions in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, principally during episodes of peritonitis when antibiotics and nonantibiotic agents are often administered together. To evaluate the influence of nonantibiotic drug additives on antibiotic action, we determined the effect of ten drug additives on the antimicrobial activity of rifampin against S. epidermidis biofilms. None of the additives had any direct effect on biofilm bacteria. While five additives did not affect rifampin action, the other five strongly antagonized rifampin. Insulin and heparin were among these five antagonists. This antagonism suggests that a significant degree of inhibition of antibiotic action may occur by the coadministration of agents in the treatment of peritonitis, particularly in diabetic patients.

Dialysis Solutions↗

PubMed2000

Surfactant polymers designed to suppress bacterial (Staphylococcus epidermidis) adhesion on biomaterials.

We describe a series of surfactant polymers designed as surface-modifying agents for the suppression of bacterial adhesion on biomaterials. The surfactant polymers consist of a poly(vinyl amine) backbone with hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and hydrophobic hexanal (Hex) side chains (PVAm/PEO:Hex). Surface modification is accomplished by simple dip coating from aqueous solution, from which surfactant polymers undergo spontaneous surface-induced assembly on hydrophobic biomaterials. The stability of PVAm/PEO:Hex on pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and polyethylene (PE) was demonstrated by the absence of detectable desorption under flow conditions of pure water over a 24-h period. PEO surfactant polymers with four different PEO:Hex ratios (1:1.4, 1:2.5, 1:4.6, and 1:10.7) and a dextran surfactant polymer were compared with respect to S. epidermidis adhesion under dynamic flow conditions. Suppression of S. epidermidis adhesion was achieved for all modified surfaces over the shear range 0-15 dyn/cm(2). The effectiveness depended on the surfactant polymer composition such that S. epidermidis adhesion to modified surfaces decreased significantly with increasing PEO packing density. Modified HOPG was more effective in reducing bacterial adhesion compared with the corresponding modification on PE, which we attribute to the presence of defects in surfactant polymer assembly on PE. Our results are discussed from the perspective of critical factors, such as optimal PEO packing density and hydration thickness, that contribute to the effectiveness of surfactant polymers to shield a biomaterial from adhesive bacterial interactions.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed1987

Opsonic activity of dialysis effluent predicts those at risk of Staphylococcus epidermidis peritonitis.

The overnight effluent obtained from 62 patients undergoing CAPD was examined for IgG, C3 and C4 concentrations and for opsonic activity against S. epidermidis using polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytosis and luminol-dependent. chemiluminescence. There was a negative correlation between IgG and the age of the patient, but no relationship between IgG, C3 and C4, time on CAPD, or clinical diagnosis. Forty-eight of these patients were followed up for 6 months and 37 for a full year. An effluent IgG concentration of less than 0.105 g/l was associated with a significantly greater risk of infection with S. epidermidis during the study period. Comparing 'high' and 'low' values of C3 and C4, and using phagocytosis and chemiluminescence as measures of opsonic activity there were significant differences in the frequency of S. epidermidis peritonitis between the two groups during the follow up periods. No patient with high values of both IgG and C3 had S. epidermidis peritonitis during 12 months of study. Opsonic activity was both immunoglobulin and complement dependent. The latter activity involved both the classical and alternative complement pathways. These results suggest that routine screening of dialysate for IgG and C3 concentrations may be of prognostic value.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[In vitro study of Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesiveness to suture materials].

In surgical divisions, where you can find the highest percentage of hospital infections, the surgical wounds are definitively the most frequent localization. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether bacterial-biomaterial interactions could influence the growth of infections in sutured tissues. We prepared a method for in vitro bacterial adhesiveness testing based on turbidimetric analysis. The results obtained show a different grade of bacterial adhesion in relation to physical and chemical characteristics of the material examined.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed1986

A method for measuring rate of neutrophil phagocytosis of Staphylococcus epidermidis or Candida guilliermondii using uptake of tritiated uridine.

A method is described for measuring the rate of neutrophil phagocytosis, together with the total and intracellular kill at 20 min of 2 different organisms. The technique is sensitive over the early stages of phagocytosis as it distinguishes between adherent and engulfed organisms and is totally objective. It therefore allows detection of defects in phagocytosis which are missed if only the end point is assessed. Both total and intracellular killing are measured under the same conditions as those used to assess phagocytosis and results obtained on the same day the assay is performed.

Blood Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1992

The modulation by fresh and spent peritoneal dialysis fluids of antibiotic kinetics directed against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms.

The presence of CAPD peritoneal catheters has an association with S. epidermidis infections which are relatively resistant to antibiotic therapy. This resistance has been ascribed to the formation by the bacteria of a protective matrix on the catheter surface enclosing the bacteria to form a bacterial biofilm. The rate of action of 14 antibiotics on standardized S. epidermidis bacterial biofilms over a 5 day exposure period and the modifying effects of fresh and spent peritoneal dialysis fluids were assayed. There were significant differences in the rates of antibiotic action. Fresh dialysis solution markedly augmented rifampin activity, and to a lesser extent, vancomycin, cloxacillin and teicoplanin but antagonized ciprofloxacin. Spent dialysis fluid generally augmented the activity of antibiotics, notably cloxacillin and cephalothin. Rifampin was bactericidal in both fresh and spent dialysis fluids. Fusidic acid was a poor performer in all tests.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2001

Adhesion to a polymeric biomaterial affects the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The antibiotic-resistance both of adherent bacteria to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and of bacteria which, although exposed to the material, had not undergone adhesion, was measured as bacterial growth inhibition area onto a plate antibiogram, according to Kirby-Bauer and using a dedicated image analyzer system. The adhesion onto PMMA induces a marked (about 30%) increase in resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics (cefamandole, cefazolin, imipenem and ampicillin) and a lower (about 15%) but significant increase to the macrolide erythromycin, to two aminoglycosides (amikacin, netilmicin) and to vancomycin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Aminoglycosides↗

PubMed1989

[Role of Staphylococcus epidermidis in outer eye infections].

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) from 57 patients with outer eye infections and healthy control eyes were isolated according to the Schleifer and Cloos classification and the sensitivity to antibiotics of the isolated CNS was examined. The pathogenicity of CNS in rabbit cornea was studied by direct inoculation of CNS. The results showed that of 57 strains of CNS, 25 strains (43.9%) belonged to S. epidermidis, 22 (38.6%) belonged to non-detectable strains, 4 (7%) belonged to S. capitis, 3 (5.3%) belonged to S. hominis and 2 (3.5%) belonged to S. saprophyticus. Furthermore these CNS were resistant to aminoglycoside and machloride antibiotics which are commonly used as eye drops for ocular infectious diseases. Control rabbit corneas inoculated with CNS almost became clear within 24 hours. Therefore, it was suggested that ocular CNS infections can occur in immunologically compromised host patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Digestive and cutaneous colonization of Staphylococcus epidermidis in hairless axenic mice].

In order to determine the cutaneous and digestive colonization of S. epidermidis in germ-free HRS mice, several groups of animals were contaminated with this strain according to different methods. The bacterial cutaneous enumerations were performed after preliminary crushing of the cutaneous biopsy. In this study, whatever the method of contamination of germ-free HRS mice, the kinetics of S. epidermidis cutaneous colonization was parallel to the kinetics of intestinal colonization. The isolation of bacteria on skin was possible only when microorganisms were eliminated in faeces (6 h after contamination). During a single experiment, there was only slight variability in colonization, whether intestinal or cutaneous. Some differences could be found from one experiment to another, but all animals in the same trial showed the same cutaneous bacterial count. This experimental model is characterized by an interrelation between the intestinal and cutaneous ecosystems.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

In vitro activity of fleroxacin and 14 other antimicrobials against slime- and non-slime-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The in vitro activity of the 4-quinolone compound fleroxacin (Ro-23-6240) was compared with that of 14 other antimicrobials against a total of 50 recent clinical isolates of 25 slime- and 25 non-slime-producing coagulase-negative staphylococci. Susceptibility testing (MIC/MBC) was performed by a microtiter broth dilution technique and the combination effect of fleroxacin plus rifampin was studied by checkerboard titration in microtiter trays. Fleroxacin inhibited the most slime- and non-slime producing coagulase-negative staphylococci at MIC90 0.25 and I micrograms/ml, respectively. Overall fleroxacin was as active or even better as ofloxacin, cefotiam, cefazolin, cefamandole, clindamycin or vancomycin but 2- to 8-fold less active than rifampin. The fleroxacin-rifampin combination was indifferent in 17%, additive in 78.7% and synergistic in 4.3%.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2001

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis peptide pheromones produced by the accessory gene regulator agr system.

The accessory gene regulator (agr) system of staphylococci regulates the expression of virulence factors in response to cell density. The extracellular signaling molecule encoded by this system is a thiolactone-containing pheromone peptide whose primary sequence varies among staphylococcal strains. A post-translational modification of the peptide is believed to be carried out by an enzyme with a novel function, AgrB. Staphylococcal pheromones show cross-inhibiting properties: Pheromones of self and pheromones of non-self induce and suppress the agr response, respectively, and have therefore been proposed as novel anti-staphylococcal drugs. As inhibition of agr leads to diminished expression of toxins, but to increased expression of colonization factors and biofilm formation, their therapeutic potential remains yet to be evaluated in depth.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2005

[Effect of glucose on biofilm and the gene ica expression in Staphylococcus epidermidis with different biofilm-forming capability].

The infection of S. epidermidis, an opportunistic human pathogen, depends on biofilm formation, and biofilm formation is closely related to environment. Researches in the thesis focused on two strains of S. epidermidis with different capability of biofilm formation. To find the mechanism of response to environment on biofilm formation, biofilm formation and expression of ica, icaR, AtlE in theses S. epidermidis cultivated in different grow environment and in media with glucose for different time were assayed. Glucose can induce the biofilm formation by inducing ica gene, but the inducing do not need continued ica expression, and other genes also contribute to the regulation; anti-ODN specially binding icaADBC can withstand biofilm inducing from glucose. These results suggest that biofilm formation closely related to growth environment, which is a complex regulation mechanism. Biofilm formation is closely related to bacteria energy metabolism and cell wall synthesis. Some crucial factors in the complex and integrated regulation system have not been known yet.

Biofilms↗