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PubMedDate not supplied

Availability of laboratory testing services for identification of periodontal pathogens in dental plaque.

Microbiologic monitoring of key subgingival plaque organisms has been proposed to enhance management of some patients with destructive forms of periodontal disease. However, isolation and identification of many of these species is available only through selected microbiology laboratories possessing special expertise with periodontal microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the availability of periodontal microbiology laboratory services in the U.S. and Canada that identify suspected periodontal pathogens for dentists in clinical practice. A survey questionnaire was mailed to all U.S. and Canadian dental schools. Six laboratories that process plaque samples for dentists in private clinical practice were identified. All of the testing services examine plaque specimens for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Bacteroides gingivalis. Four of the laboratories used bacterial culturing to characterize a wide range of plaque species and to determine antibiotic sensitivity of isolates. Two other laboratories use indirect immunofluorescence microscopy or DNA probes to screen for three putative periodontal pathogens. All but one of the testing services analyze plaque samples that are collected by private practitioners in their offices and forwarded to the laboratory through next-day delivery services or regular mail. The availability of these adjunctive diagnostic services may enhance the ability of dentists in clinical practice to apply recent advances in knowledge on periodontal microbiology into routine preventive and therapeutic patient care.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1989

Drug availability in Jamaica.

The availability of drugs and the supply system in Jamaica were examined. The Jamaica Commodity Trading Company imports all drugs through an international tendering system for the public health sector, and vital drugs for private distributors. For the 18-month period from January 1988, 652 awards were made, consisting of 426 (65%) brand and 226 (35%) generic drugs. There were several strengths and formulations for many drugs, including 19 preparations of 2 antibiotics. The University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) has been experiencing recurrent delays in the supply of several important drugs. In contrast, the private hospitals and pharmacies surveyed were adequately supplied. Many brands of several classes of drugs were available, including 51 antibiotics and 18 different anti-inflammatory analgesic and anti-hypertensive agents. However, several drugs used in special situations were only available at the UHWI. There is a need for the supply of drugs to be a priority in the public health sector and for the use of several drugs to be rationalized.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed1986

Ileal loss of available carbohydrate in man: comparison of a breath hydrogen method with direct measurement using a human ileostomy model.

The breath hydrogen technique has suggested that a considerable amount of available plus unavailable carbohydrate enters the large intestine after the consumption of starchy foods (white bread 11%, wholemeal bread 8%, and red lentils 18%). Direct measurement of the available carbohydrate in ileal effluent after the consumption of test meals by three individuals with ileostomies gave values similar to those determined by the breath hydrogen technique (white bread 10%, wholemeal bread 8%, and red lentils 22%). These studies confirm that considerable amounts of "available carbohydrate" may be lost to the small intestine and physiologically must be considered as dietary fiber. The implications of this with respect to metabolism and colonic disease remain to be investigated.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

The availability of physician services: a geographic analysis.

This article describes a new technique for estimating the availability of physician services in small geographic areas. Given counts or estimates of the number of physicians practicing in small geographic areas (e.g., zip codes), the technique allocates a portion of the services of each physician in an area to his home area and to nearby areas in proportion to both the propensity of patients to travel for medical care and the availability of potential patients. The longer the time required for a patient to travel to the physician, the smaller the proportion of the physician's services allocated to the patient's area, with the precise relationship determined by a special analysis. The final estimate of the availability of physician services in each small area is the sum of the service proportions of every physician in all of the small areas. The total supply of physician services is the same as the original total, but the distribution is adjusted to reflect the time that patients are willing to spend traveling to obtain medical care. Although this technique requires considerable data processing, it permits more accurate estimation of the supply of physician services in small geographic areas than is possible with traditional methods. It better represents the probabilistic and interpenetrating nature of physician service areas than alternative techniques and appears to be particularly applicable in estimating the supply of primary care physician services. Actual data for pediatricians and children in northeastern New York using zip codes as the geographic units illustrate the technique. Limitations, applications, and possible extensions are discussed.

Catchment Area, Health↗

PubMed1988

Relating food composition data to iron availability from plant foods.

Correlation studies were performed relating iron availability estimated in vitro using a simulated digestion system to the concentration of protein, sugar, fibre, phytate, ascorbate and citrate in 33 different plant foods. Protein, sugar and fibre showed no significant correlation with iron availability. Phytate was significantly negatively correlated with diffusible iron in cereals, legumes and nuts. Both ascorbate and citrate were highly positively correlated with diffusible iron in vegetables and fruits. It is concluded that iron availability may be related on a quantitative basis to certain components of plant foods.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1987

Availability and utilisation of mental illness and mental handicap beds in New Zealand.

Using data from a variety of sources the availability and utilisation of beds for the treatment of the mental illness and mental handicap for hospital board populations have been determined. There is a wide variation in bed availability between such populations and this is significantly correlated with utilisation variables such as rates of first and total admissions, bed days and length of stay. There is little evidence of underprovision in low availability areas. On the other hand provision above the average is associated with both population-based overfunding and the possibility of serious detrimental effects due to institutionalisation. Excess beds may therefore lead to both expensive and poorer quality care. Guideline figures for New Zealand are suggested which are well below current provision.

Bed Occupancy↗

PubMed1986

Donor availability as the primary determinant of the future of heart transplantation.

Heart transplantation has now achieved a therapeutic status similar to that of cadaveric renal transplantation. Depending on patient selection criteria, it is estimated that as many as 15,000 people per year could conceivably benefit from a heart transplant, but the actual number of persons who will benefit is severely constrained by donor supply. Availability of heart donors was estimated based on data obtained on 1,955 organ donors in the United States. The results show that because of age and other contraindications, only 400 to 1,100 viable donor hearts may be available each year. Donor supply is the most critical determinant of the future of heart transplantation since it will dictate the number of transplants performed, the survival of transplant recipients, the total program expenditures associated with heart transplantation, the nature of the legal and ethical issues involved, the number of cardiac transplant programs required to make optimal use of the available donor hearts, and the future role of mechanical circulatory support systems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Protein quality and iron availability of intermediate moisture beef stored at 38 degrees C.

The longissimus dorsi of a bull and steer were cut into cubes 1.5 cm3 and processed to a water activity (aw) 0.85 by canning in a solution of 9.5 p. 100 sodium chloride, 0.5 p. 100 potassium sorbate and a pre-determined amount of glycerol and water for sixteen hours with continuous tumbling on an end over shaker. After partial drying the intermediate moisture (i.m.) meat pieces were stored at 38 degrees C for periods up to 24 weeks and then freeze-dried before milling and incorporation into test diets fed to rats. Protein quality of fresh cooked beef and i.m. meat stored at 38 degrees C was measured in terms of net protein utilisation (NPU). There was no significant difference in NPU between cooked beef and freshly processed i.m. beef. There were no changes in NPU of i.m. meat from bull up to 9 weeks of storage. After 3 weeks of storage of the meat from the steer however, the NPU fell to 53.0, a level characteristic of cereal protein. This fall in NPU was associated with a decrease in the levels of all essential amino acids (in the protein hydrolysate). Valine and threonine being first and second limiting amino acids. Further storage of i.m. beef after 3 weeks produced a slower rate of decrease in NPU, the value at 24 weeks being 32.1 (61 p. 100 fall). Available lysine decreased by only 15 p. 100 after twenty-four weeks, this measurement under-estimating the fall in protein quality. The decrease in solubility of the meat in SDS/beta-mercaptoethanol on storage was of similar magnitude to that of NPU. Iron availability of i.m. meat, measured by haemoglobin regeneration in rats, showed improved iron availability compared to freshly cooked beef, even though marked changes had occurred in the meat heamatin complexes.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Ipecac syrup for poisonings at home: availability, compliance, and response monitored by telephone.

Ipecac syrup administration at home, following advice by a poison center, was evaluated with respect to the availability of ipecac syrup, length of storage time, compliance with recommended procedures for administration, and time for emetic response. In a three-month period, staff pharmacists of the center completed a survey from when they advised 60 callers to administer ipecac syrup at home. Two follow-up phone calls were made to collect additional data. Fifty-five callers provided adequate data for analysis. Ipecac syrup was available at home for 36%, from a pharmacy for 53%, and from a neighbor for 11% of the callers. Compliances with the recommended doses of ipecac syrup and fluids (+/- S.D.) were 92 +/- 20% and 71 +/- 29%, respectively. Following one dose of ipecac syrup, 86% vomited in 19 +/- 8 minutes; after a second dose, 13% responded in 34 +/- 21 minutes after the first dose. By comparison with those who had ipecac syrup at home, there was an insignificant delay in administration when it was obtained from a neighbor; a significant delay (p less than 0.005) occurred when it was obtained by a pharmacy. The onset of emesis did not correlate with the length of time the ipecac syrup had been stored at home. The findings support the use of ipecac syrup at home based on ready availability, adequate compliance, and rapid emetic response.

Child↗

PubMed1982

The impact of on-line search availability on literature retrieval patterns of researchers.

The ready availability of on-line information resources may have resulted in a change in biomedical researchers' patterns of use of resources which are not available on-line. To investigate the occurrence and extent of these changes, the distribution patterns by date of citations from every major article published in ten high-impact biomedical journals in 1959, 1969, and 1979 were analyzed. The analysis showed that in all three time periods approximately 89% of the references fell within fifteen years of the journal's publication date. In 1979, however, references were more evenly distributed over the fifteen years available on-line. In addition, a marked increase was noted in the number of cited references per article. To verify the citation analysis results, a random selection of senior authors of 1979 papers was surveyed. Major findings showed that: (1) approximately 29% of the respondents had used a computer bibliography to prepare the paper which was analyzed; (2) approximately 73% of those using a computer search used it in combination with a manual search; and (3) less than 22% of all respondents had never used a computer-generated bibliography.

Bibliographies as Topic↗

PubMed1978

Evaluation and characteristics of currently available inulin.

Inulin was not available for clinical testing in the United States between February 1973 and July 1975 because the raw material received in the United States differed from previously manufactured lots in molecular weight, glucose content, optical rotation, melting point, and water solubility. The comparability of the "new" and "old" inulin preparations was assessed in 12 adult male spinal cord injury patients, seven with normal renal function and five with compromised function. The "new" inulin proved to be as accurate and safe an agent for the determination of glomerular filtration rate as the previously available material in both groups of patients, and was made available for general clinical use in the United States in July 1975.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Community availability of contraceptives and family limitation.

This study examines the impact of contraceptive service availability on contraceptive use in Korea, Mexico, and Bangladesh. Using World Fertility Survey Data on once-married females and their communities of residence, the multivariate analysis finds that the community level of contraceptive availability directly affects the likelihood of current use, net of the effects of community development, education, parity, and marital duration. The results are supportive of the recent policy emphasis on maximizing the geographic availability of contraceptive services.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The effect of three commercially available dentifrices containing triclosan on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis: a six month clinical study.

In order to compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis activity of three commercially-available triclosan containing dentifrices with that of a placebo dentifrice without triclosan, a double-blind clinical study was conducted on 194 subjects over six months. Following baseline supragingival plaque and gingivitis examinations and a complete oral prophylaxis, subjects were stratified by their whole mouth baseline plaque (modified Quigley-Hein) and gingivitis (modified Löe-Silness) scores and then randomly assigned to one of four dentifrice using groups. Plaque and gingivitis examinations were then performed after six weeks, three months and six months use of the dentifrices. Subjects brushed twice daily in their customary manner. The triclosan/soluble pyrophosphate and the triclosan/zinc citrate commercially available dentifrices did not provide statistically significant reductions in either supragingival plaque accumulation or gingivitis at any of the examination intervals, as compared to the placebo dentifrice. The subjects using the commercially available triclosan/copolymer dentifrice had, after six months, statistically significant reductions in supragingival plaque (11.3 per cent), plaque severity (18.8 per cent), gingivitis (19.9 per cent) and gingivitis severity (27.8 per cent), as compared to the placebo dentifrice.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Protein quality of feeding-stuffs. 7. Collaborative studies on the microbiological assay of available amino acids.

1. Twenty-two samples of high-protein feeding-stuffs, sixteen of them fish meals, were used in a collaborative study of the precision and the limits of discrimination of the Streptococcus zymogenes assay procedure, as applied to the estimation of available methionine, tryptophan and isoleucine contents. 2. All the participating laboratories ranked the test samples in much the same sequence with respect to content for all three amino acids. There were apparently systematic differences between laboratories which impaired the precision of some of the estimates, and these were greatly reduced by including common reference sample in the tests as an auxilliary standard. 3. Values for available methionine content for eleven test samples were highly correlated (r 0.86) and quantitatively similar to those obtained for chick growth assays, but those for available tryptophan content were markedly lower and were probably in error.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1993

Child accident data: accessible and available?

The accessibility, availability and content of health service data on accidental injuries occurring in childhood was investigated. Death data, admission data and Accident and Emergency (A&E) data were examined. Considerable problems were experienced with the availability of routine data, and the available information was found to be limited by the nature and content of the data collected by computerized systems. Data were limited both in terms of providing information to the local Accident Prevention Working Group and for the monitoring of preventive activity. It was also determined that none of the data were being audited. It was concluded that there is a need for national agreement concerning both cause of injury coding and severity coding.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMed1993

Preimplant radiographic assessment of available maxillary bone support. Comparison of tomographic and panoramic technique.

For maxillary implants it is essential that presurgical radiographic examination provides reliable assessment of the available bone support. Radiographic confirmation of the inclination of the alveolar crest is also necessary, to select optimum sites for insertion of implants. When preimplant radiographic assessment is based solely on a panoramic radiograph, only the bone height can be assessed and not the available bone volume or the inclination of the alveolar crest. Tomographic examination techniques allow for assessment not only of available bone height and volume but also of the inclination of the crest. In the present work tomographic and panoramic examinations of two cases are compared. The radiographic appearance of different alveolar crest forms is discussed. For preimplant assessment of the maxilla, tomography is the method of choice.

Alveolar Process↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing the Peru service availability module and situation analysis.

This report reviews the experience of the World Fertility Surveys and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in collecting community-level data on family planning. It assesses the validity of the community data for Peru that were collected via a service availability module, much like that which is used for the DHS, through a comparison with data from the Situation Analysis. The analysis indicates that the knowledgeable informant, the main source of information about family planning in each community for the service availability module, may not be an accurate source of data. Information about the availability of family planning services is more reliable when it is obtained by means of visits to service sites. However, given cost considerations, sampling problems, and analysis issues, routine linkage of Situation Analyses to household surveys such as the DHS is not recommended at this time.

Contraception Behavior↗

PubMed1995

[Clinical comparison of the calculus inhibiting effect of three commercially available toothpastes].

A twelve-week independent and double-blind clinical study was conducted on a sample of 143 calculus forming adult male and female subjects--with the average age of 39.11 years--to compare directly the anticalculus efficacy of three commercially-available dentifrices, as compared to a placebo dentifrice. The three commercially-available dentifrices were: Colgate Total toothpaste, Colgate Tartar Control toothpaste and Pepsodent Ultra toothpaste. All these three dentifrices provided statistically significant reductions in supragingival calculus formation, as compared to a placebo dentifrice. There was no statistically significant difference among the three commercially-available dentifrices with regard to anticalculus efficacy.

Adolescent↗