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PubMed1992

Papillomavirus found in anorectal squamous carcinoma, not in colon adenocarcinoma.

We used polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification methods for the detection and typing of genital human papillomaviruses in paraffin-embedded tissue sections of five patients with anorectal squamous cell carcinoma and 22 patients with colonic adenocarcinoma. The cases were further tested by in situ hybridization with biotin-labeled probes specific for human papillomavirus types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35. By polymerase chain reaction, human papillomavirus DNA was demonstrated in all of the cases of anorectal squamous cell carcinoma and in none of the cases of colonic adenocarcinoma for which analyzable DNA was available. Tumor cell nuclei stained for human papillomavirus DNA by in situ hybridization in four of the five cases of squamous cell carcinoma and in none of the cases of colonic adenocarcinoma. We conclude that human papillomavirus types usually associated with malignant transformation are uniformly present in anorectal squamous cell carcinoma but are absent from adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1998

Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in the south of Israel: a study of 50 cases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vulvar carcinoma accounts for 4.9% of all female genital tract malignancies in the south of Israel. The most common histologic type is squamous cell carcinoma (82%). The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical findings, treatment, and outcome of patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in the south of Israel. METHODS: Data from the files of 50 patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma who were managed at the Soroka Medical Center between January 1961 and December 1996 were evaluated. RESULTS: Mean age at diagnosis was 67.1 years. The most prevailing presenting symptoms were vulvar lump, ulcer, and itching. Mean patient delay in seeking medical help was 48.2 months. Clinical palpation as a test for detecting groin lymph node metastases had a sensitivity and specificity of 57.1% and 61.5%, respectively. The 5-year survival rate was 60.3% overall. By means of univariate analysis, a significant worsening in survival was demonstrated with advancing stage of disease (P < 0.001), tumor >4 cm (P < 0.001), and positivity of surgical margins (P < 0.0001). In a multivariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards model) in a group of 45 patients, stage of disease was the strongest and the only significant predictor of survival (P = 0.0098). CONCLUSIONS: Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma predominantly affects older women. Stage of disease, tumor size, and status of surgical margins are sensitive predictors of survival. The treatment of choice for most patients is surgery consisting of radical vulvectomy and bilateral groin lymphadenectomy.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

p53 gene alterations and p53 protein in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma.

To examine the expression of p53 protein and gene alterations in oral epithelial lesions including epithelial dysplasias and primary squamous cell carcinomas, immunohistochemical and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) methods were applied to formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Morphologically normal mucosal epithelium stained negatively for p53 protein. Three out of 11 (27.3 per cent) epithelial dysplasias and 19 out of 57 (33.3 per cent) primary squamous cell carcinomas stained positively for p53 protein. Although more than half of the cases were positive for p53 protein in stage I, the positive cancer cases were found at other stages with variable frequency. Immunoreactive products were localized in the nucleus, especially in the basal and suprabasal layers. The analysis by TGGE revealed gene alterations in exons 5-8 in 3 out of 3 epithelial dysplasias and 17 out of 19 (89.5 per cent) primary squamous cell carcinomas which were immunohistochemically positive for p53 protein. These results suggest that p53 gene mutation may be involved in carcinogenesis in the oral squamous epithelium even in the early stage of the dysplasia-carcinoma sequence.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of integrin, cadherin, and catenin expression in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity.

In addition to their role in maintenance of tissue integrity, cell adhesion molecules regulate the growth and differentiation of stratified squamous epithelia. Reduced expression of E-cadherin and the alpha 2 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 4 integrins is already reported to correlate with poor histological differentiation in oral squamous cell carcinomas. However, it is not clear how closely cadherin and integrin loss are related in any given tumour, nor whether cadherin loss is correlated with changes in expression of the cytoplasmic regulatory proteins known as catenins. Double-label immunofluorescence has been used to stain a panel of 22 oral squamous cell carcinomas with antibodies to ten proteins, including E- and P-cadherin, the major keratinocyte integrin subunits, and alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin. Overall, E-cadherin expression and integrin expression correlated well with tumour grade, while P-cadherin staining was more variable. All tumours, regardless of differentiation status, showed reduced staining for at least two of the catenins, implying that the adhesive function of E- and P-cadherin could be impaired even when cadherin expression is normal. It is concluded that in all squamous cell carcinomas, regardless of degree of histological differentiation, there is some perturbed expression of cell adhesion molecules and that integrin and E-cadherin loss are closely related.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Urokinase gene expression indicates early invasive growth in squamous cell lesions of the uterine cervix.

The plasminogen activating system plays a key role in the cascade of tumour-associated proteolysis leading to extracellular matrix degradation and stromal invasion. Changes in the expression of this system, consisting of urokinase- and tissue-type plasminogen activators (uPA and tPA, respectively), plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAI-1, PAI-2) and uPA receptor, have been associated with tumour aggressiveness in a variety of solid malignant tumours. This paper describes a study of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs, n=36), squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs, n=42), and normal mucosa (n=5) of the uterine cervix by in situ hybridization with (35)S-labelled RNA probes. uPA transcripts were absent from normal mucosa and non-invasive lesions, but present in atypical epithelial cells of all microinvasive carcinomas ( n=19) and in some of the more advanced invasive carcinomas (n=11). PAI-1 transcripts were found in stromal cells of most tissue samples with, however, significantly increased levels in invasive SCC compared with SIL, microinvasive SCC, and normal mucosa. uPA-positive invasive carcinomas often displayed additional PAI-1 expression by tumour cells. At variance with uPA, tPA transcripts were found in atypical epithelial cells of low- and high-grade SILs. In the majority of SCCs tested (27/29 cases), the HPV 16 E6/E7 oncogene and uPA transcription were correlated. uPA and PAI-1 expression indicates invasive growth when expressed by atypical epithelial cells of squamous cervical lesions. Moreover, the presence of uPA transcripts is indicative of early invasive growth. uPA and tPA seem to have different functions in the development of invasive properties in uterine cervical squamous epithelium.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2000

Up-regulation of pS2 expression during the development of adenocarcinomas but not squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix, independently of expression of c-jun or oestrogen and progesterone receptors.

The pS2 gene product was firstly identified as an oestrogen-induced molecule in a breast cancer cell line, while recent studies demonstrate a close association with mucus-secreting epithelia. To assess pS2 expression in uterine cervical adenocarcinomas (C-ACas) and invasive squamous cell carcinomas (C-ISCCs), a series of 94 and 86 cases, respectively, as well as 77 samples of normal cervix, were immunohistochemically investigated and the results compared with data for expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) and c-jun. RT-PCR and western blot assays were also applied to 21 cervical carcinomas and 24 normal tissues. With cervical glandular lesions, significant up-regulation of pS2 expression at both the mRNA and the protein levels was observed for adenocarcinomas in situ (AISs) and overt carcinomas, closely linked with mucinous differentiation and tumour grades. pS2 scores were inversely related to ERalpha status for all cervical glandular categories, while there was no association with ERbeta and PR values. In squamous lesions, pS2 values did not differ between normal and malignant lesions, in contrast to the significant down-regulation of ERalpha expression with tumour development. Although c-jun expression significantly correlated with ERalpha values for all squamous categories, it did not relate to pS2 status in either C-ACas or ISCCs. These results indicate that alterations in pS2 expression may occur relatively early in the development of cervical glandular, but not squamous lesions, independently of factors known to promote transcription of the pS2 gene.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1996

Two distinct p53 immunohistochemical patterns in human squamous-cell skin cancer, precursors and normal epidermis.

Specimens of squamous-cell neoplasms (81 invasive cancers, 36 in situ cancers, 70 dysplasias, 5 keratoacanthomas, 19 papillomas) and normal skin were immunostained with p53 antibody. Nuclear accumulation of p53 was visualized as following 2 distinct patterns: dispersed or compact. The former is interpreted as a reversible reaction to sunlight, whereas the latter, after microdissection and sequencing of DNA, has been shown to reflect clonal multiplication of keratinocytes with mutated p53. The dispersed pattern was diffusely distributed and usually only involved a small proportion of epidermal cells. The compact pattern was characterized as a contiguous area of homogeneously stained cells sharply demarcated from its surroundings. It involved patches of normal epidermis or large areas of dysplastic or malignant squamous epithelium. Immature cells were always stained, whereas immunoreactivity was variably present in differentiating keratinocytes. Dispersed patterns occurred in 94.7% of strongly UV-exposed skin (mainly face) and to a lesser extent in less exposed parts of the body. It showed no correlation to the age of the individual. About two-thirds of biopsies from individuals over age 50 displayed compact patterns in sun-exposed, otherwise normal, epidermis. About 65% of pre-malignant and malignant squamous-cell neoplasms had a compact pattern. The presence of p53 immunoreactivity as a compact pattern supports the idea that mutations of the p53 gene are early events in the sequence from dysplasia to invasive squamous-cell cancer of the skin. Also, even in the absence of cellular atypia, patches of epidermal cells can accumulate p53 in a way that is indistinguishable from that of cancer and pre-cancer.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed1997

Prevalence and predictive value of p53 mutation in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas: a prospective clinico-pathological study and survival analysis of 70 patients.

The tissues from 70 Chinese patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma were prospectively collected to study for the pattern of p53 mutations and its relationship with clinico-pathological features and prognosis using immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing. p53 over-expression and p53 mutations were detected in 73% and 44% of the patients. These p53 aberrations had no relationship with the patient age, sex, smoking/drinking habits and tumor site, size or stage. The p53 over-expression was more intense in moderately/poorly-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Thirty-three p53 mutations were noted in 31 patients; 18.2% in exon 5, 15.2% in exon 6, 33.3% in exon 7 and 33.3% in exon 8. Mutations were primarily point mutations and common in codons 248, 273 and 285. There were 46% transversions, 36% transitions and 18% frameshift. The survival of the patients depended mainly on the extent of resection. In patients with stage III oesophageal cancer, the median survival of those with p53 mutations was 6.8 months whereas those without was 12.5 months. The results were of clinical importance although the value did not reach statistical significance. Thus, there was a definite role of p53 mutations in the pathogenesis of oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas. p53 mutations were not synonymous with p53 over-expression. The distribution of p53 mutations in oesophageal cancers suggested that the etiologic contribution might be complex and probably involve different exogenous and endogenous exposures. p53 mutations also appear to play a role in predicting the survival of patients with stage III oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

p150 expression and its prognostic value in squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

To investigate p150, a recently cloned protein, and its prognostic value in esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma, 100 samples were analyzed immunohistochemically and 30 fresh samples by the immunoblot method. All 100 patients, from Northern China, over-expressed p150 as compared with controls in the immunohistochemical study, and the same was found for the tumors of the 30 patients analyzed by Western-blot analysis. A close correlation could be observed between p150 over-expression and the state of differentiation, since well-differentiated cancers showed high p150 expression, and vice-versa (p < 0.0001). In addition, patients with high p150 expression had significantly fewer tumor metastases (local or distant, p < 0.005). Furthermore, and prognostically more relevant, survival analysis showed that patients with high p150 expression had significantly better overall survival (p < 0.0026). This somehow unexpected result may, however, be typical for squamous carcinoma, since in human cervical carcinoma, another squamous carcinoma, the p150 values were reported to rise early in all tumors, to stay high in patients with longer survival as well. In addition, patients with regional lymph-node metastasis and high p150 expression survived longer than those with regional lymph-node metastasis and lower p150 expression (p < 0.0066). Multivariate analysis showed that p150 is an independent factor for predicting patient survival. The results suggest that p150 may be a new biomarker for squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus, with specific prognostic value.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Squamous cells in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of salivary gland lesions: potential pitfalls in cytologic diagnosis.

A spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the salivary glands may contain squamous cells. These include chronic sialadenitis, lymphoepithelial cyst, pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin's tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. The squamous cells may be a defining feature of the lesion, or an occasional and thus unexpected finding, with a consequent potential for misdiagnosis. Clinical management of these lesions differs significantly, and careful evaluation of the squamous elements, along with attention to other cellular and background components, facilitates accurate diagnosis.

Adenolymphoma↗

PubMed1997

Cytodiagnosis of pure primary squamous-cell carcinoma of the breast by fine-needle aspiration cytology.

In this communication five cases of pure primary squamous-cell carcinoma of the breast are presented in which the diagnosis was made by fine-needle aspiration cytology. All patients were women. The aspiration cytodiagnosis was further confirmed by subsequent examination of cell blocks from the aspirated material and biopsy of the breast mass. The cytohistologic features in all cases were characterized by numerous malignant squamous cells with keratinizing cytoplasm, hyperchromatic dense nuclei, coarse chromatin, thickened nuclear membranes, keratin debris, and background necrosis. The identification of malignant squamous cells as predominant cells in aspirate samples from the breast is quite important and should be followed by a search for other sources of a primary tumor before a diagnosis of pure primary squamous-cell carcinoma of the breast is accepted. The value of immunocytochemical study despite immunopositivity for cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and immunonegativity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and B72.3 was considered to be somewhat uncertain.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma arising in a pilonidal sinus, with literature review.

Fewer than 50 cases of carcinoma arising in a pilonidal sinus have been reported, with only 5 patients having documented inguinal lymph node metastases. This is the first report of the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of this uncommon clinical situation of squamous-cell carcinoma arising in a pilonidal sinus, metastatic to an inguinal lymph node. We report on a 59-yr-old male with squamous-cell carcinoma arising in a pilonidal sinus who presented with inguinal adenopathy. FNA biopsy of a lymph node was performed, resulting in a diagnosis of metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma. FNA biopsy is useful in the evaluation of patients with inguinal adenopathy and a history of malignancy arising in a pilonidal sinus. The possibility of this rare complication should also be considered when metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma to an inguinal lymph node is diagnosed by FNA cytology in patients having an unknown primary except for a change in a long-standing pilonidal cyst.

Biopsy, Needle↗

PubMed1997

Frequency and therapeutic implications of "skip metastases" in the neck from squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue.

BACKGROUND: Supraomohyoid neck dissection is an adequate operation for the elective treatment of the neck for patients with oral cavity cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue, however, metastasize to clinically negative nodes in 20% to 30% of patients. These nodes usually are located in levels I-III. METHODS: The medical records of 277 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue were reviewed between the years 1970 and 1990. All patients had a glossectomy and neck dissection as part of their initial treatment. Patients were evaluated as to the findings in their neck. The following group of patients were included: (1) patients who had level III nodes positive, without disease in levels I and II; (2) patients with disease in level IV; (3) patients with disease in level IIB or IIIB, and; (4) patients who were electively dissected and whose neck did not demonstrate any pathologically involved nodes, but level IV was not included in the dissection and the patient subsequently developed pathologically positive nodes in level IV. RESULTS: Of all patients, 15.8% had either level IV metastasis as the only manifestation of disease in the neck or the level III node was the only node present without disease in level I-II. CONCLUSION: The usual supraomohyoid neck dissection is inadequate for a complete pathologic evaluation of all the nodes at risk for patients with squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue. This may create a dilemma in determining whether postoperative radiotherapy is necessary. Consequently, all patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue should have levels I-IV nodes removed if an elective neck dissection is part of their initial therapy.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed1998

Can we detect or predict the presence of occult nodal metastases in patients with squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue?

BACKGROUND: When to do a neck dissection as part of the surgical treatment for a patient with squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue is controversial, particularly when the primary can be resected without entering the neck. If the patient who is at high risk for having occult nodal disease in the neck can be identified, node dissection with the glossectomy could be justified. To better identify patients for this procedure, we correlated various tumor and patient factors along with preoperative diagnostic studies with the presence or absence of pathologically positive nodes in a group of patients who underwent node dissection. METHODS: Ninety-one previously untreated patients with biopsy-proved squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue were prospectively studied. All patients had a glossectomy and neck dissection as their initial treatment. The pathology findings (ie, lymph nodes with squamous cancer) were correlated with many preoperative and intraoperative factors, and a statistical analysis was made. RESULTS: The use of computed tomography and ultrasound was not better than the clinical examination in determining the presence or absence of nodal metastases. The best predictors were depth of muscle invasion, double DNA aneuploidy, and histologic differentiation of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: All patients with stage T2-T4 squamous cancers of the oral tongue should have an elective dissection of the neck. Patients with T1N0 cancer who have a double DNA-aneuploid tumor, depth of muscle invasion > 4 mm, or have a poorly differentiated cancer should definitely undergo elective neck dissection. Ultrasound and computed tomography are of little value in predicting which patients have positive nodes.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Postoperative radiation for squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary site: outcomes and patterns of failure.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study assesses the outcomes and patterns of failure in patients with squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary site treated with combined surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. METHODS: One hundred thirty-six patients with squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary source were treated postoperatively with radiotherapy at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between the years 1968 and 1992. Stage distribution was: N1, 31 patients; N2a, 49; N2b, 25; N2c, 3; N3, 18; and Nx, 10. Thirty-nine patients had excisional biopsies only, 64 patients underwent modified neck dissections, and 33 had radical neck dissections. Extracapsular extension was present in 87 cases. Fifty-nine patients had multiple nodes involved. The median duration of follow-up for surviving patients was 8.7 years. RESULTS: Twelve patients, all with extracapsular nodal disease, developed regional relapse. The 5-year actuarial rates of regional relapse in patients with and without extracapsular nodal disease were 16% and 0%, respectively (p = .004). Nine patients (22%) with extracapsular disease and multiple nodes relapsed compared with three patients (7%) with extracapsular disease and a solitary node (p = .02). None of the patients treated with excisional biopsy and radiotherapy relapsed regionally. No statistically significant relationship between dose, treatment duration, time interval between surgery, and the start of radiotherapy and relapse was detected. The 2-, 5-, and 10-year actuarial disease-specific survival rates were 82%, 74%, and 68%, respectively. Fourteen patients developed cancers in head and neck mucosal sites; six of these cancers were located in unirradiated tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Relapse occurred infrequently in patients treated with excisional biopsies and postoperative radiotherapy. Extracapsular extension and multiple nodes were associated with worse regional control and disease-specific survival. These results appear consistent with those expected for patients with advanced neck disease and a known primary site, and the absence of a primary site should not exclude patients from studies aiming to improve outcomes in patients with extensive neck disease from a head and neck squamous cell cancer. We continue to recommend radiation to the necks and pharyngeal axis for patients suspected of having residual microscopic disease following surgery for squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the neck from an unknown primary site.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Bioreductive alkylating agent porfiromycin in combination with radiation therapy for the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Porfiromycin (methyl mitomycin C) has been shown in laboratory studies to have increased preferential cytotoxicity to hypoxic cells and therefore may provide enhanced therapeutic efficacy over mitomycin C when used in combination with radiation therapy (RT). The purpose of the two clinical studies reported here is to evaluate the concomitant use of porfiromycin with RT in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Between October 1989 and July 1992, 21 patients presenting with locally advanced stage III/IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were entered into a phase I toxicity trial evaluating porfiromycin as an adjunct to RT. Patients were eligible if they had biopsy documented squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with a low probability of cure by conventional means. Patients were treated with standard fractionated daily RT to a total median dose of 63 Gy, with porfiromycin administered on days 5 and 47 of the course of RT. Upon completion of this phase I trial, a phase III trial was initiated in November 1992 randomizing patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck to RT with mitomycin C vs. RT with porfiromycin. There is no radiation only arm in this current trial. To date, 75 patients have been entered on this trial and acute toxicity data are available on 67 patients (34 porfiromycin, 31 mitomycin C) who have completed their entire course of treatment. Median follow-up of the 21 patients enrolled in the phase I porfiromycin trial is 58.5 months. Of the 21 patients, 5 were treated at a dose of 50 mg/M2, 4 at 45 mg/M2, and the final 12 at 40 mg/M2, which appeared to result in acceptable acute hematological and nonhematological toxicities. As of December 1995, 14 of the 21 patients have died with disease and 7 remain alive and free of disease, resulting in a 5-year actuarial survival of 32%. Of the patients enrolled to date in the phase III randomized trial of mitomycin C vs. porfiromycin, there have been no statistically significant differences between the two arms with respect to white blood cell count (WBC), platelet, or hemoglobin nadirs. Acute nonhematological toxicities including mucositis, epidermitis, odynophagia, and nausea have also been comparable. Two patients in this current randomized trial died during treatment, apparently of nondrug-related causes. We conclude that the bioreductive alkylating agent porfiromycin has demonstrated an acceptable toxicity profile to date. Final analysis of the phase I trial, which revealed a 5-year no evidence of disease survival rate of 32% in patients with locally advanced disease and a low probability of cure, appears encouraging. We anticipate completion of the current ongoing trial comparing mitomycin C to porfiromycin in the next 2 years. Further investigations, including large-scale multiinstitutional trials employing bioreductive alkylating agents or other hypoxic cell cytotoxins as adjuncts to RT, are warranted.

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic↗

PubMed1976

Intramural squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising from an esophageal intramural squamous epithelial cyst is reported. Review of the literature reveals no previous reports of malignant transformation of esophageal cysts, although there have been reports of approximately 64 cases of benign esophageal cysts, and 35 cases of carcinoma arising in esophageal diverticula. In the present case, there was a history of increasing dysphagia for 2 months. Esophagram demonstrated a 4.5-cm concentric narrowing of the proximal esophagus just below the superior esophageal ring. Esophagoscopies revealed an esophageal stricture with intact mucosa, and bronchoscopy showed the lesion to be producing tracheal deviation. Multiple esophageal biopsies revealed mild mucosal hyperplasia with deep submucosal inflammatory changes suggesting an underlying lesion. Despite lack of histologic proof of malignancy, the patient underwent radiation therapy and bleomycin chemotherapy on the basis of the highly suggestive radiographic findings, but died with bilateral bronchopneumonia 6 months after admission. Autopsy demonstrated a 1.5-cm long intramural esophageal squamous epithelial cyst, from which arose a locally invasive squamous cell carcinoma, without mucosal involvement or metastases. There was no demonstrable evidence of any associated esophageal diverticulum.

Aged↗

PubMed1978

Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the endometrium and fallopian tube as superficial extension of invasive cervical carcinoma.

Five cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix associated with widespread squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the endometrial surface are reported. In one case, carcinoma in situ was also found in one fallopian tube in continuity with the cervicoendometrial lesion. A survey of the literature reveals only 20 cases with similar surface endometrial involvement by cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Of these, the fallopian tubes were involved by an identical lesion in six cases only. Pyometra and cervical stenosis were reported in about 66% of the cases. This rare form of upward cervical cancer extension was present in five of 680 cases (0.7%) of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in the file of the Tumor Registry of Magee-Womens Hospital.

Adult↗