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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of hypocaloric dextrose and amino acids on body composition and nitrogen balance in rats.

Studies were conducted to compare the effects of isocaloric intake of glucose, amino acids, and combinations of these nutrients on nitrogen balance, body composition, and selected metabolic parameters of adult rats. Diets were administered either orally or intravenously at 20% (semi-starvation) of the daily caloric requirement. Although nitrogen balance was improved when all calories were supplied as amino acids when compared to glucose alone, one-half the amino acids could be replaced with glucose without sacrificing nitrogen balance. Animals from the semi-starvation treatment showed similar weight and body composition changes, there was no apparent difference whether the diets were administered orally or intravenously. These results indicate that replacement of at least one-half the calories of an all amino acid hypocaloric diet with glucose does not adversely affect body composition weight change or nitrogen balance, but may reduce blood urea nitrogen, ketosis, and cost of nutritional support.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1998

Resting energy expenditure and body composition in children with HIV infection.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether alterations in body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and dietary energy intake are associated with growth retardation in HIV-positive children. Body composition (deuterium oxide dilution, skinfold measurements), REE (indirect calorimetry), and energy intake (24-hour weighed food intake) were evaluated in three groups: HIV-positive with growth retardation (HIV+Gr), HIV-positive with normal growth (HIV+); and HIV-uninfected with normal growth (HIV-). Children were between 2 and 11 years of age, afebrile, and free from acute infection. Forty-two children (13 HIV+Gr, 19 HIV+, 10 HIV-) were studied. Lean body mass was significantly reduced in HIV+Gr compared with HIV- (p < .05), and fat mass was significantly reduced in HIV+Gr and HIV+ compared with HIV- (p < .05). The percentages of lean and fat mass were not significantly different between groups, suggesting that differences in lean and fat mass were proportional to differences in body size. Consistent with reduced lean body mass, mean REE was significantly lower in HIV+Gr compared with HIV- (p < .05). Differences in mean REE/kg of body weight or lean body mass between groups were not statistically significant. A significant negative correlation was found between REE (kcal/kg/day) and weight-for-age (p = .04), and a trend with height-for-age Z-score (p = .07). Mean energy intake was not significantly different between groups. This study suggests that lean and fat mass are proportionately reduced in HIV-positive children with growth retardation. Further studies are necessary to delineate the relationship between energy balance and growth in children with HIV infection.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Serum IGF-I levels are similar in Samoan, Māori and European populations despite differences in body composition.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if serum IGF-I concentrations are similar in healthy adult subjects from the Samoan, Māori and European populations in New Zealand. DESIGN: Serum IGF-I concentration was measured in 75 healthy adults, aged 18-50 years, of Samoan (n=23), Māori (n=22) and European (n=30) descent. Body composition was assessed using standard anthropomorphic measures. In addition all subjects had body composition assessed by Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: Weight, body mass index (BMI), and fat mass were significantly greater in Māori and Samoan subjects than European subjects (ANOVA p=0.006, p=0.0003, p=0.03, respectively). However, serum IGF-I concentration was similar between the groups (European 186.8 SEM 14.9 microg/l, Māori 204.8 SEM 17.1 microg/l, Samoan 180.0 SEM 17.5 microg/l, p=0.58). IGF-I levels were similar between ethnic groups after adjustment (ANCOVA) for age, sex or BMI (p=0.5) or age, sex and fat mass (p=0.44). In multivariate analysis the only independent predictor of IGF-I was age (p<0.001) and explained 22% of the variance in IGF-I level. CONCLUSIONS: Serum IGF-I concentrations were similar in Māori, Samoan and European population groups in New Zealand, despite significant differences in anthropomorphic variables and body composition.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Age-dependent changes in body composition in postmenopausal Japanese women: relationship to growth hormone secretion as well as serum levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3.

The present study was performed to investigate the age-dependent changes in body composition and the possible role of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in these changes in postmenopausal Japanese women. A total of 161 Japanese women aged 45-88 years (mean 62) were enrolled in the cross-sectional study. Body composition (bone mineral content (BMC), lean body mass (LBM) and fat) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the percentage of BMC, LBM and fat was calculated by dividing each absolute value of body composition by total body mass. Urinary GH concentration divided by creatinine in nocturnal urine samples collected just after waking was used as an index of endogenous GH secretion. Serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were measured by RIA. Urinary GH levels as well as serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 declined with age. BMC, %BMC and LBM also declined with age, while fat mass and %fat did not obviously change with age. Urinary GH levels as well as serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 correlated positively with BMC, even if age was taken into account. On the other hand, urinary GH correlated negatively with fat and %fat. In contrast, serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 correlated positively with fat and %fat. LBM did not correlate with either urinary GH or serum IGFBP-3 levels but exhibited a weakly positive correlation with serum IGF-I level. The present study suggests that the GH-IGF-I-IGFBP-3 axis positively regulates bone mass, and that GH and IGF-I-IGFBP-3 inversely regulate fat mass, i.e. GH negatively and IGF-I-IGFBP-3 positively regulates it.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Body composition in children with sickle cell disease.

BACKGROUND: Impaired growth, poor nutritional status, and delayed skeletal and sexual maturation are common in children with sickle cell disease (SCD), yet the nature of associated body-composition deficits has not been fully described. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess growth, nutritional status, and body composition in 36 African American children with type SS SCD (20 females and 16 males) and 30 healthy control children (15 females and 15 males) of similar age (5-18 y) and ethnicity. DESIGN: Height, weight, bone age, pubertal status, skinfold thickness, and arm circumference were assessed. Height and weight were converted to z scores by comparison with national reference data and skinfold-thickness measurements were converted to z scores by comparison with African American- specific reference data. Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were estimated by using 4 methods. Prepubertal children, pubertal males, and pubertal females were analyzed separately. RESULTS: Relative to the control subjects and to a national sample, children with SCD had significantly lower z scores for weight, height, arm circumference, and upper arm fat and muscle areas. Relative skeletal maturation was significantly delayed. After adjustment for age, children with SCD had significantly lower FM (prepubertal children and pubertal males only) and FFM (all 3 groups). CONCLUSIONS: Children with SCD have impaired growth, delayed puberty, and poor nutritional status. Low z scores for upper arm fat area indicate deficits in fat (energy) stores, and low FFM coupled with low upper arm muscle area indicate muscle wasting and low protein stores. These body-composition abnormalities suggest that the nutritional needs of the African American children with SCD were not being met.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Effect of dietary gestation and lactation protein levels on reproductive performance and body composition of first-litter female swine.

A 2 X 3 factorial split-plot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary protein on the performance and calculated body compositions of 45 first-litter sows using the D2O dilution technique at various reproductive stages. Animals were initially fed 1.82 kg daily of a 14% protein diet to 14 d post-coitum. Subsequently, two gestation protein levels (5 or 14%) were daily fed at 1.82 kg from 15 d postcoitum to parturition with three dietary lactation protein levels (5, 14 or 23%) fed from parturition to 28 d postpartum. Maternal body compositions were determined at 17, 35, 70, 85 and 105 d postcoitum and 7, 14 and 28 d postpartum using prediction equations reported previously. Gravid sows demonstrated higher maternal tissue accretion of all body chemical components from 14 to 70 d than from 70 to 105 d postcoitum. Sows fed the 5% protein gestation diet had more maternal fat but less protein accretion than those fed the 14% protein at each measurement interval. During the last trimester, those sows fed the 5% protein diet catabolized body protein reserves. Gravid sows fed the 14% protein gestation diet catabolized more maternal protein and water between 105 d postcoitum and 7 d postpartum than those fed the 5% protein diet. Litter and pig birth weights were lower and postpartum mortality higher for sows fed the 5% rather than the 14% protein gestation diet. Sows fed the 5% protein lactation diet mobilized more maternal tissue, particularly fat, between 7 and 28 d postpartum than those fed 14 or 23% protein lactation diets. These results suggest that labile maternal body protein reserves are used by gravid and nursing dams to fulfill reproductive needs and that dietary protein sequence affects the dam's performance and body composition.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Body composition changes during lactation in a New Guinea population.

Some body composition changes during lactation in women of Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea, suggest that body fat reserves, measured by changes in weight, diminish during the course of lactation and that subcutaneous fat reserves diminish with parity. The data are discussed in terms of the possible nutritional control of fertility of women in a subsistence economy.

Body Composition↗

PubMed1999

Thermal and metabolic responses of women with high fat versus low fat body composition during exposure to 5 and 27 degrees C for 120 min.

BACKGROUND: Men with high fat body composition maintain higher core temperatures, and lower aerobic metabolic rates than their low fat counterparts thus, verifying the insulatory benefit of body fat. Females, on average have more body fat and less muscle mass than males, and may maintain rectal temperature (Tre) at a lower energy cost. METHODS: The present investigation dichotomized female subjects by percent fat (low fat; n = 3, LF = 19.2+/-3% vs. high fat; n = 4 HF: 29.9+/-3%) to elucidate the thermal and metabolic responses during acute exposure to 5 and 27 degrees C air for 120 min. An ANOVA was used to examine the following: Tre (degrees C), mean skin temperature (Tsk; degrees C), oxygen consumption (VO2; ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and tissue insulation (I; degrees C x m2 x W(-1)). For Tre, a significant fat x time interaction (p < 0.05) was demonstrated at both 5 and 27 degrees C, whereby Tre tended to be lower in the LF group than the HF group. VO2 at 5 degrees C demonstrated a main effect for time only. For I, a main effect for time was noted at 5 degrees C. Also for I, a trend (p = 0.06) toward a main effect of fat during exposure to 5 degrees C was noted while at 27 degrees C a main effect (p < 0.05) was demonstrated. RESULTS: From this data it appears that under these conditions, the HF group demonstrated higher Tre and I values than their LF counterparts that was not accompanied with a differential response with respect to aerobic metabolic rate. Thus, the impact of body composition on energy expenditure to maintain Tre differs between LF and HF males and females.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Body composition modulates the effects of hormone replacement therapy on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I levels in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships of body composition with basal serum estrone, estradiol, androstenedione, cortisol, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in 73 postmenopausal women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of hormone levels and body composition determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometry in women who were not taking oral hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and women taking HRT. Because high adiposity may modify hormone levels, subjects were grouped by fatness into obese (BMI >25 kg/m(2) and waist circumference >80 cm) and lean groups, as well as by HRT use. RESULTS: Total levels of estrone, estradiol, GH and cortisol were significantly higher and IGF-1 was lower in HRT users. In HRT users, estradiol levels were higher and GH levels were lower in obese than lean women. IGF-1 levels were lower in obese HRT users than lean nonusers. Total cortisol levels were significantly higher in lean HRT users than lean nonusers and obese users. GH and IGF-1 were significantly inversely correlated with trunk fat and percent body fat. Multiple regression revealed that only trunk fat was a significant (negative) determinant of GH and IGF-1 levels, whereas HRT use positively and negatively predicted GH and IGF-1, respectively. Percent body fat significantly predicted estradiol levels. Body composition did not differ by HRT use. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that trunk fat attenuates the HRT-induced increase on GH levels. In addition, trunk fat is a significant determinant of low IGF-1 levels in postmenopausal women, and IGF-1 levels decline more with HRT use.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

Body mass index, body composition, and leptin at onset of puberty in male and female rats after intrauterine growth retardation and after early postnatal food restriction.

In this study we examined the body composition at onset of puberty in intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR), postnatal food restricted (FR), and control male and female rats. IUGR was induced by ligation of the uterine artery on d 17 of gestation and FR by litter enlargement to 20 pups per mother from d 2 after birth until weaning (d 24). We defined onset of puberty as balanopreputial separation in male rats and vaginal opening in female rats. We calculated body mass index, measured body composition with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and measured leptin concentrations in serum. It was reported previously that early malnutrition, either during late gestation or immediately postnatally, results in a delayed onset of puberty in IUGR and FR male rats and in IUGR female rats, but not in FR female rats. In IUGR male rats at balanopreputial separation and in IUGR female rats at vaginal opening no differences were found in body mass index, body composition, and leptin levels compared with controls. FR male rats had a significantly lower percentage of fat and serum leptin concentrations at balanopreputial separation. FR female rats had a significantly lower body mass index, percentage of fat, and serum leptin concentrations at vaginal opening. We conclude that the onset of puberty in the rat is not dependent on a certain percentage of body fat or a certain threshold of circulating levels of leptin and that food deprivation during different "critical" time periods around birth results in different effects in later life.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

The computation of body composition data using a programmable calculator.

A body composition programme has been developed for the Texas Instruments TI 59 programmable calculator and printer. The methodology involves the determination of body density by underwater weighing with the ventilated residual volume being measured by helium dilution. Some of the labelled output variables included on the printout are: body density, percent body fat, fat mass and fat free mass.

Body Composition↗

PubMed1999

Validity of methods of body composition assessment in young and older men and women.

We examined the validity of percent body fat (%Fat) estimation by two-compartment (2-Comp) hydrostatic weighing (Siri 2-Comp), 3-Comp dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA 3-Comp), 3-Comp hydrostatic weighing corrected for the total body water (Siri 3-Comp), and anthropometric methods in young and older individuals (n = 78). A 4-Comp model of body composition served as the criterion measure of %Fat (Heymsfield 4-Comp; S. B. Heymsfield, S. Lichtman, R. N. Baumgartner, J. Wang, Y. Kamen, A. Aliprantis, and R. N. Pierson Jr., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52: 52-58, 1990.). Comparison of the Siri 3-Comp with the Heymsfield 4-Comp model revealed mean differences of </=0.4 %Fat, r values >/= r = 0.997, total error values </= 0.85 %Fat, and 95% confidence intervals (Bland-Altman analysis) of </=1.7 %Fat. Comparison of Siri 2-Comp, DEXA, and anthropometric models with the Heymsfield 4-Comp revealed that total error scores ranged from +/-4. 0 to +/-10.7 %Fat, and 95% confidence intervals associated with the Bland-Altman analysis ranged from +/-5.1 to +/-15.0 %Fat. We conclude that the Siri 3-Comp model provides valid and accurate body composition data when compared with a 4-Comp criterion model. However, the individual variability associated with the Siri 2-Comp, DEXA 3-Comp, and anthropometric models may limit their use in research settings. The use of anthropometric estimation methods resulted in large mean differences and a considerable amount of interindividual variability. These data suggest that the use of these techniques should be viewed with caution.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1999

Relationship between urinary albumin excretion, body composition, and hyperinsulinemia in normotensive glucose-tolerant adults.

OBJECTIVE: Elevated urinary albumin excretion (UAE) has been associated with insulin resistance and is suggested to be elevated in prediabetic individuals. Upper body obesity, especially visceral obesity, predicts insulin resistance and development of type 2 diabetes. We examined whether UAE clusters with obesity-associated insulin resistance traits in healthy glucose-tolerant normotensive subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: There were 49 volunteers with a wide range of body fat and body fat distribution studied. All had normal blood pressure and glucose tolerance and were maintained on a controlled diet for 2 weeks. UAE was assessed from three overnight urine collections, and body composition was assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning and abdominal computed tomography scanning. RESULTS: Fasting insulin and insulin responses to oral glucose were significantly increased in obese subjects, who also tended to have more dyslipidemia, greater blood pressure, and more visceral fat than lean subjects. These differences were more apparent in upper body obese subjects. UAE was normal in obese and upper body obese subjects and not different from that of lean subjects. UAE ranged from 0.3 to 8.3 micrograms/min in lean subjects and from 0.2 to 7.2 micrograms/min in obese subjects. UAE was not significantly correlated with body composition, plasma insulin, glucose, or lipids. CONCLUSIONS: Obese subjects (even upper body obese subjects) with increased visceral and total body fat, high plasma insulin and triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol concentrations do not have elevated UAE. This suggests that UAE is not closely associated with these characteristics and implies a later onset of abnormal albuminuria in the course of the insulin resistance syndrome.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women.

This study examined the interaction of 2 diets (high protein, reduced carbohydrates vs. low protein, high carbohydrates) with exercise on body composition and blood lipids in women (n = 48, approximately 46 y old, BMI = 33 kg/m(2)) during weight loss. The study was a 4-mo weight loss trial using a 2 x 2 block design (Diet x Exercise). Diets were equal in total energy (7.1 MJ/d) and lipids ( approximately 30% energy intake) but differed in protein content and the ratio of carbohydrate:protein at 1.6 g/(kg . d) and <1.5 (PRO group) vs. 0.8 g/(kg . d) and >3.5 (CHO group), respectively. Exercise comparisons were lifestyle activity (control) vs. a supervised exercise program (EX: 5 d/wk walking and 2 d/wk resistance training). Subjects in the PRO and PRO + EX groups lost more total weight and fat mass and tended to lose less lean mass (P = 0.10) than the CHO and CHO + EX groups. Exercise increased loss of body fat and preserved lean mass. The combined effects of diet and exercise were additive for improving body composition. Serum lipid profiles improved in all groups, but changes varied among diet treatments. Subjects in the CHO groups had larger reductions in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, whereas subjects in the PRO groups had greater reductions in triacylglycerol and maintained higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol. This study demonstrated that a diet with higher protein and reduced carbohydrates combined with exercise additively improved body composition during weight loss, whereas the effects on blood lipids differed between diet treatments.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The associations of body size and body composition with left ventricular mass: impacts for indexation in adults.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between body size, body composition and left ventricular mass (LVM) in adults, and assessed the impact of different indexations of LVM on its associations with gender, adiposity and blood pressure. BACKGROUND: The best way to normalize LVM for body size to appropriately distinguish physiologic adaptation from morbid heart morphology was discussed. METHODS: We undertook a community survey of 653 men and 718 women, aged 25 to 74 years. Lean body mass (LBM) was determined by bioelectric impedance analyses and LVM was assessed by two-dimensional guided M-mode echocardiography. RESULTS: After traditional indexations to body height, body height2.7, or body surface area, men had higher LVM than women (p < 0.001). These gender differences disappeared (p > 0.05) when LVM was indexed to LBM. The type of indexation also modified the strength of the association between adiposity and LVM. The estimated impact of body fat on LVM indexed to LBM was less than half that obtained with traditional indexations. In contrast, the magnitude of the associations of blood pressure with LVM was entirely independent of the type of indexation. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the prominent influence of body composition on adult heart size. Indexation for LBM removed gender differences for LVM and reduced the impact of adiposity, but left the effects of blood pressure unchanged. We suggest that this approach be used for clinical and research applications.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1981

Body composition, metabolic and hormonal characteristics in unselected male hypertensives.

Body composition, glucose metabolism and indices of sympathetic nervous activity were studied in two different samples of unselected normotensive and hypertensive middle-aged men. The hypertensive subjects were more often obese and had more often an impaired glucose tolerance and a higher fasting insulin compared with the normotensives. The metabolic differences were not explained simply by the higher degree of obesity in the hypertensives, but seemed also to be related to an increased excretion of noradrenaline, ie to an increased overall sympathetic activity. The impaired glucose metabolism might be one of the factors explaining the variable prognosis in essential hypertension.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of body composition assessments by bioelectrical impedance and by anthropometry in premenopausal Chinese women.

Fat-free mass (FFM) was estimated in forty-seven premenopausal Chinese women, aged 18-43 years, from anthropometric data (skinfolds, body mass index (weight/height2; BMI)) or bioelectrical impedance, using several prediction formulas for body composition from the literature, and values compared with the mean of these three individual methods used as a frame of reference. In thirty-six women these values could be compared with FFM calculated from total body water (TBW) determined by D2O dilution. The prediction formulas used were developed from studies on Caucasian adults and their validity will have to be shown in populations with different ethnic backgrounds. The mean difference between FFM predicted from BMI and the frame of reference was 0.1 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.1, 0.4), from bioelectrical impedance it was 0.5 kg (95% CI 0.3, 0.7), and from skinfolds it was -0.6 kg (95% CI -0.9, -0.4). The mean difference between FFM calculated from TBW and the frame of reference was higher (2.2 kg, 95% CI 1.2, 3.3). The results of the present study indicate that the three methods may be valid for predicting body composition in adult Chinese females, but further research is needed on development and cross-validation of prediction equations for body composition for Chinese.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Umbilical venous IGF-1 concentration, neonatal bone mass, and body composition.

UNLABELLED: IGF-1 is a key growth factor during fetal life. Using DXA, we found that the concentration of IGF-1 in umbilical cord serum is strongly related to neonatal whole body bone mineral content, lean mass, and fat mass. However IGF-1 did not explain the relationships of maternal smoking, fat mass, and physical activity with neonatal bone mass. The study supports a direct role for circulating IGF-1 in growth of the fetal skeleton. INTRODUCTION: Evidence is accumulating that the risk of osteoporosis in later life may be determined in part by environmental influences during intrauterine and early postnatal life. We previously reported that maternal birthweight, smoking, fat stores, and physical activity during pregnancy predict neonatal bone mass. While the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH/IGF-1) axis is an important determinant of postnatal skeletal growth, there are few data relating the concentration of growth factors in umbilical cord blood to bone mineral content (BMC) and other indices of body composition in the newborn infant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based study in a cohort of full-term, newborn infants whose mothers were characterized for lifestyle, body composition, and nutrition through their normal pregnancies. In a sample of 119 infants from the cohort, we related cord serum IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 concentrations to neonatal body composition measured by DXA and evaluated the extent to which this cytokine mediates the previously reported effects of maternal diet and lifestyle on neonatal bone mass. RESULTS: There were strong positive associations between cord serum IGF-1 concentration and whole body BMC (r = 0.38, p < 0.001), whole body lean mass (r = 0.40, p < 0.001), and whole body fat mass (r = 0.50, p < 0.001) after adjusting for gestational age and sex. There was no association between cord serum IGF-1 and BMC adjusted for bone size. Neither cord serum IGF-1 nor IGFBP-3 explained the relationships that we previously reported between maternal influences and neonatal bone mass. CONCLUSIONS: Cord serum IGF-1 is more closely related to the size of the neonatal skeleton than to its degree of mineralization. Documented maternal determinants of neonatal bone mass seem to mediate their effects independently of variations in cord serum IGF-1 in healthy pregnancies.

Adult↗