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Results for “Cognitive Reflection”

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At least 1,207 records · Page 67Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Reversal of cognitive impairment in an elderly parkinsonian patient by transcranial application of picotesla electromagnetic fields.

A 74 year old retired building inspector with a 15 year history of Parkinson's disease (PD) presented with severe resting tremor in the right hand, generalized bradykinesia, difficulties with the initiation of gait with freezing, mental depression and generalized cognitive impairment despite being fully medicated. Testing of constructional abilities employing various drawing tasks demonstrated drawing impairment compatible with severe left hemispheric dysfunction. After receiving two successive transcranial applications, each of 20 minutes duration, with AC pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of 7.5 picotesla flux density and frequencies of 5Hz and 7Hz respectively, his tremor remitted and there was dramatic improvement in his drawing performance. Additional striking improvements in his drawing performance occurred over the following two days after he continued to receive daily treatments with EMFs. The patient's drawings were subjected to a Reliability Test in which 10 raters reported 100% correct assessment of pre- and post drawings with all possible comparisons (mean 2 = 5.0; p < .05). This case demonstrates in PD rapid reversal of drawing impairment related to left hemispheric dysfunction by brief transcranial applications of AC pulsed picotesla flux density EMFs and suggests that cognitive deficits associated with Parkinsonism, which usually are progressive and unaffected by dopamine replacement therapy, may be partly reversed by administration of these EMFs. Treatment with picotesla EMFs reflects a "cutting edge" approach to the management of cognitive impairment in Parkinsonism.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The dependence of late evoked cortical potentials on a complex of cognitive factors].

The formation of late evoked cortical responses, N150 and P300, correlates with some factors determining cognitive activity (selective attention, different types of memory, decision making process). Influence of different significance stimuli in a particular situation results in creation of an integral "psychonervous image" reflecting a context of these stimuli, whole complex of cognitive tasks to be solved. It influences significantly on the magnitude of cortical evoked reactions to different stimuli that allows to make a correspondence with the "psychological set" phenomenon and its role in the evaluation of the perceived stimuli.

Cerebral Cortex↗

PubMed2006

Dynamical structure of center-of-pressure trajectories in patients recovering from stroke.

In a recent study, De Haart et al. (Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:886-895, 2004) investigated the recovery of balance in stroke patients using traditional analyses of center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories to assess the effects of health status, rehabilitation, and task conditions like standing with eyes open or closed and standing while performing a cognitive dual task. To unravel the underlying control processes, we reanalyzed these data in terms of stochastic dynamics using more advanced analyses. Dimensionality, local stability, regularity, and scaling behavior of COP trajectories were determined and compared with shuffled and phase-randomized surrogate data. The presence of long-range correlations discarded the possibility that the COP trajectories were purely random. Compared to the healthy controls, the COP trajectories of the stroke patients were characterized by increased dimensionality and instability, but greater regularity in the frontal plane. These findings were taken to imply that the stroke patients actively (i.e., cognitively) coped with the stroke-induced impairment of posture, as reflected in the increased regularity and decreased local stability, by recruiting additional control processes (i.e., more degrees of freedom) and/or by tightening the present control structure while releasing non-essential degrees of freedom from postural control. In the course of rehabilitation, dimensionality stayed fairly constant, whereas local stability increased and regularity decreased. The progressively less regular COP trajectories were interpreted to indicate a reduction of cognitive involvement in postural control as recovery from stroke progressed. Consistent with this interpretation, the dual task condition resulted in less regular COP trajectories of greater dimensionality, reflecting a task-related decrease of active, cognitive contributions to postural control. In comparison with conventional posturography, our results show a clear surplus value of dynamical measures in studying postural control.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Neurocognitive function in monozygotic twins discordant for combat exposure: relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder.

Neuropsychological deficits have been reported among trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is often assumed that these cognitive difficulties are toxic consequences of trauma exposure. Alternatively, they may reflect preexisting characteristics that contribute to the likelihood of developing PTSD. To address this possibility, the authors evaluated cognitive performance in monozygotic twin pairs who were discordant for combat exposure. Pairs were grouped according to whether the combat-exposed brother developed PTSD. The combat-unexposed cotwins of combat veterans with PTSD largely displayed the same performance as their brothers, which was significantly lower than that of non-PTSD combat veterans and their brothers. The results support the notion that specific domains of cognitive function may serve as premorbid risk or protective factors in PTSD.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Neuropsychological functioning of siblings of children with autism, siblings of children with developmental language delay, and siblings of children with mental retardation of unknown genetic etiology.

Neuropsychological functioning of 30 siblings of children with autism (AU-S), 28 siblings of children with mental retardation of (MR-S), and 30 siblings of children with developmental language delay (DLD-S) was compared. Two siblings, both AU-S, received diagnoses of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). More siblings with cognitive disabilities were found in DLD-S than in AU-S. However, these differences disappeared after excluding diagnosed siblings or after accounting for family membership. In sum, despite the elevated incidence of PDD among AU-S, the neuropsychological functioning of the remaining siblings did not convey specific characteristics related to the genetic risk associated with autism, in contrast to the cognitive functioning of the DLD-S, which did reflect a genetic risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Effects of age, speech rate, and type of test on temporal auditory processing.

Cognitive slowing that accompanies aging may be reflected in temporal aspects of auditory processing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of age, type of test, and rate of speech on temporal auditory processing. Listeners were divided into three groups: young (25- to 35-year-olds), middle aged (45- to 55-year-olds), and older (65- to 75-year-olds). A method of time compression known as Synchronized Overlap Add (SOLA) was used to increase the rate of speech. This method provides a high-quality speech signal and limits the distortions that may confound the temporal effects on time-compressed tests of speech intelligibility. Listeners performed four speech understanding tasks: sentence repetition, sentence intelligibility rating, connected discourse intelligibility rating, and connected discourse comprehension question and answers at three time compression rates (60%, 70%, and 80%). Although the older group performed more poorly on all tests, only the connected discourse intelligibility rating test was sensitive to age differences among all three groups. This difference did not appear to increase with rate increases but was present only at the 70% compression rate. In addition, variability was especially high in the oldest group of participants.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Assessment of complex movements reflects dysfunction in Huntington's disease.

Results of various complex instrumental tools, rating scales, caudate atrophy and CAG repeat length may reflect the severity of Huntington's disease (HD). A simple assessment task for dysfunction due to disease is the standardized, computer based performance of peg insertion. The objectives of our study were to compare scored HD symptoms, computed bicaudate diameter ratio (BDR), age related genetic disease load (CAG index = [CAG-35.5 x age]) and peg insertion scores between asymptomatic 34 HD gene carriers, 89 previously untreated HD patients with psychiatric or motor symptoms, or both, and 51 treated HD patients. We measured the period of the total time taken to insert 25 pegs from a rack into a series of appropriate holes, calculated the CAG index, estimated the bicaudate diameter ratio (BDR) of a current brain CT and scored the HD patients under blind conditions. Times for the peg insertion task significantly differed between HD patients and controls, but not between HD gene carriers and controls. BDR and CAG index reflected the increase of symptoms in HD. Peg insertion results and scored severity of HD, BDR and CAG index significantly correlated with each other. Peg insertion scores are not specific diagnostic markers for HD, but they reflect clinical symptoms of neurodegeneration. The performance of peg insertion involves visuospatial cognition, self-elaboration of internal strategies, sorting and planning of movement. Therefore peg insertion particularly reflects executive dysfunction in early HD and additionally motor impairment in advanced HD.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Influence of cimetidine on oral diazepam elimination with measurement of subsequent cognitive change.

In a double-blind crossover design, the effect of cimetidine on oral diazepam pharmacokinetics and an evaluation of cognitive function change was studied in seven healthy volunteers. Subjects randomly received placebo or cimetidine 300 mg orally every 6 h for a total of five doses prior to diazepam 10 mg. A significant increase in diazepam elimination half-life from (mean +/- s.e. mean) 66.9 +/- 21.4 to 89.6 +/- 22.5 h (P = 0.006) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 5.06 +/- 1.47 to 8.93 +/- 1.88 micrograms ml-1 h (P = 0.028) was observed indicating a probable cimetidine induced inhibition of diazepam hepatic metabolism. Digit symbol substitution and visual analogue scales were used to measure the effect of an alteration of diazepam kinetics on cognitive function. An enhancement of pharmacological effect as reflected in digit symbol substitution scores and visual analogue scale measurements was not observed.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Electrophysiological responses in the human amygdala discriminate emotion categories of complex visual stimuli.

The human amygdala has been shown to participate in processing emotionally salient stimuli related to threat, danger, and aversion, data that have come primarily from functional imaging and lesion studies. Recording intracranial field potentials from five amygdalas in four patients with chronically implanted depth electrodes, we analyzed responses in the gamma frequency range, a region of the power spectrum thought to reflect especially the contribution of neuronal activity to cognitive processes. Significant changes in the power amplitude of responses were obtained selectively to visual images judged to look aversive but not to those judged to look pleasant or neutral. Several possible confounds were addressed: all four patients had been carefully selected so that the amygdalas from which recordings were obtained were distal to epileptogenic foci, making it likely that we recorded from healthy tissue, and the observed responses could not be attributed to luminance or color differences between the stimuli. A further analysis of differences in power between the high and low gamma bands revealed an additional structure that discriminated those stimuli related to bodily injury from those related to disgust. Despite the increased power amplitude in the gamma range, there was no stimulus-locked phase coherence. The observed responses in the gamma frequency range may reflect the role of the amygdala in binding perceptual representations of the stimuli with memory, emotional response, and modulation of ongoing cognition, on the basis of the emotional significance of the stimuli.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Wellness activities address inequities.

The medical model is no longer accepted by many as the best means of achieving optimal health. Financial constraints are pushing more efficient and effective ways to deliver services. In Saskatchewan, greater emphasis is being placed on wellness activities (preventive medical counselling, clinical work with other professionals, training, teaching and research and institutional medical administrative duties). We sought to determine if predicted support for these activities was related to equity of income as perceived by physicians. The study design was a cross-sectional study of all 1462 physicians actively practising in Saskatchewan during 1991/1992. The data were originally collected by Lepnurm and Henderson during the summer of 1992. ANOVA tests were conducted between predicted support for wellness activities and income equity to determine if there were significant interactions. Predicted support for wellness activities was measured by four items: preventive medicine counselling activities during office visits, clinical work with other health professionals, teaching and research, and, institutional medical administrative duties. The first income equity construct was based on: satisfaction with income, fairness of fee-for-service between general practitioners and specialists, fairness of fee-for-service between cognitive and procedural/technical specialists, and the current method of payment reflected factors important to physicians. To increase sample size a second equity construct was created by dropping fairness of fee-for-service between cognitive and procedural/technical specialists. The main effect and significant interactions with control variables were subjected to further analysis using Tukey's test. Significant relationships were found between changes in wellness activities under fee-for-service and income equity (p = 0.001 and p = 0.033) and between changes in wellness activities under salary and income equity (p = 0.002 and p = 0.037). No significant relationships (p = 0.858 and p = 0.610) were found between support for wellness activities under capitation and income equity. The findings of this study demonstrate a relationships between perceived equity of income and predicted support for wellness activities. The authors suggest that these findings were not merely a reflection of the desire by physicians to modify their tasks to accommodate perceived inequity associated with their method of remuneration. Physicians were given the option of considering which method of payment (fee-for-service, salary or capitation) best reflected factors important to them. We suggest that many physicians value wellness activities and would prefer to modify their current patterns of practice, whether they are paid by fee-for-service or by salaried methods.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Community integration and satisfaction with functioning after intensive cognitive rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive cognitive rehabilitation program (ICRP) compared with standard neurorehabilitation (SRP) for persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Nonrandomized controlled intervention trial. SETTING: Community-based, postacute outpatient brain injury rehabilitation program. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-six persons with TBI. INTERVENTIONS: Participants in ICRP (n=27) received an intensive, highly structured program of integrated cognitive and psychosocial interventions based on principles of holistic neuropsychologic rehabilitation. Participants in SRP (n=29) received comprehensive neurorehabilitation consisting primarily of physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and neuropsychologic treatment. Duration of treatment was approximately 4 months for both interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ); and Quality of Community Integration Questionnaire assessing satisfaction with community functioning and satisfaction with cognitive functioning. Neuropsychologic functioning was evaluated for the ICRP participants. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant improvement on the CIQ, with the ICRP group exhibiting a significant treatment effect compared with the SRP group. Analysis of clinically significant improvement indicated that ICRP participants were over twice as likely to show clinical benefit on the CIQ (odds ratio=2.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-7.2). ICRP participants showed significant improvement in overall neuropsychologic functioning; participants with clinically significant improvement on the CIQ also showed greater improvement of neuropsychologic functioning. Satisfaction with community functioning was not related to community integration after treatment. Satisfaction with cognitive functioning made a significant contribution to posttreatment community integration; this finding may reflect the mediating effects of perceived self-efficacy on functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive, holistic, cognitive rehabilitation is an effective form of rehabilitation, particularly for persons with TBI who have previously been unable to resume community functioning. Perceived self-efficacy may have significant impact on functional outcomes after TBI rehabilitation. Measures of social participation and subjective well-being appear to represent distinct and separable rehabilitation outcomes after TBI.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Progressive cognitive improvement in multiple sclerosis from treatment with electromagnetic fields.

It has long been recognized that cognitive impairment occurs in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) particularly among patients with a chronic progressive course. MS is considered a type of "subcortical dementia" in which cognitive and behavioral abnormalities resemble those observed in patients with a frontal lobe syndrome. The Bicycle Drawing Test is employed for the neuropsychological assessment of cognitive impairment specifically that of mechanical reasoning and visuographic functioning. It also provides clues concerning the patient's organizational skills which are subserved by the frontal lobes. Extracerebral pulsed applications of picotesla flux intensity electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been shown to improve cognitive functions in patients with MS. I present three patients with long standing symptoms of MS who, on the initial baseline, pretreatment Bicycle Drawing Test, exhibited cognitive impairment manifested by omissions of essential details and deficient organizational skills. All patients demonstrated progressive improvement in their performance during treatment with EMFs lasting from 6-18 months. The improvement in cognitive functions, which occurred during the initial phases of the treatment, was striking for the changes in organizational skills reflecting frontal lobe functions. These findings demonstrate that progressive recovery of cognitive functions in MS patients are observed over time through continued administration of picotesla flux intensity EMFs. It is believed that the beneficial cognitive effects of these EMFs are related to increased synaptic neurotransmission and that the progressive cognitive improvement noted in these patients is associated with slow recovery of synaptic functions in monoaminergic neurons of the frontal lobe or its projections from subcortical areas.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

What do older good and poor sleepers do during periods of nocturnal wakefulness? The Sleep Behaviors Scale: 60+.

To determine whether older good and poor sleepers with and without insomnia complaints differ in the nature of activities they engage in during periods of nocturnal wakefulness, the authors developed and evaluated the Sleep Behaviors Scale: 60+. Good sleepers (n = 163), low-distress poor sleepers (n = 49), and high-distress poor sleepers (n = 28) were compared on this measure as well as on sleep parameters, personality, lifestyle, and cognitive-affective variables. Findings indicate good psychometric properties for the new measure, offer a rationale for examining the frequency of the nocturnal behaviors reflected by the measure's 4 subscales (Active Behaviors, Relaxation, Cognitive Arousal, and Medication), and suggest a possible role for these behaviors in the etiology and treatment of insomnia.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1983

Lateralized cognitive style and self-description.

A scale of hemispheric preference in cognitive style was related to self-report measures of emotional functioning, with the hypothesis that persons who rely on cognition characteristic of one hemisphere may also manifest emotional characteristics of that hemisphere. In two studies, university students characterizing themselves as preferring a cognitive style representative of right hemisphere processes endorsed more positive emotional orientations. This finding may suggest a more optimistic attitude, but may also reflect a tendency to deny negative traits; a right hemispheric cognitive style was associated with a positive self-report bias. These observations in normals have interesting parallels to the changes in emotional orientation and self-description bias that follow lateralized brain lesions or temporal lobe epilepsy.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Cognitive tempo and WISC-R performance.

Forty-one reflective and 32 impulsive children were identified by the Matching Familiar Figures test and administered the WISC-R. The mean full-scale IQ score was 88.6 for impulsives and 99.9 for reflectives. Further differences in favor of reflectives were found on both verbal and performance IQ as well as Information, Arithmetic, Comprehension, Digit Span, Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, Block Design and Object Assembly subtests.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗

PubMed2002

Transverse patterning reveals a dissociation of simple and configural association learning abilities in rats with 192 IgG-saporin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis.

This experiment tests the hypothesis that the cholinergic nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) is necessary for complex or configural association learning, but not elemental or simple association learning. Male Long-Evans rats with bilateral 192 IgG-saporin lesions of the NBM (n = 12) and sham-operated controls (n = 8) were tested in the transverse patterning problem, which provides a test of both simple and configural association learning. Rats were trained in phases to concurrently solve first one, then two, and finally three different visual discriminations; Problem 1 (A+ vs B- sign) and Problem 2 (B+ vs C-) could be solved using simple associations, whereas solving Problem 3 (C+ vs A-) required the ability to form configural associations. Consistent with our hypothesis, the NBM lesion group solved the simple discriminations in Problems 1 and 2 but showed impaired configural association learning in Problem 3. Additionally, when Problem 2 was introduced, previously high levels of performance on Problem 1 suffered more in the NBM lesion group than in the control group; this finding suggests an impairment in the ability of animals with NBM lesions to divide attention among multiple stimuli or to shift between strategies for solving different problems. Results support our argument that the NBM is critically involved in the acquisition of associative problems requiring a configural solution but not in problems that can be solved using only simple associations. The observed impairments in configural association learning and the apparent loss of cognitive flexibility or capacity are interpreted as reflecting specific attentional impairments resulting from NBM damage.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1990

Differential negative air ion effects on learning disabled and normal-achieving children.

Forty normal-achieving and 33 learning disabled (LD) children were assigned randomly to either a negative ion or placebo test condition. On a dichotic listening task using consonant-vowel (CV) combinations, both groups showed an ion-induced increase in the normal right ear advantage (REA). However, the mechanisms for this effect were different for each group. The LDs showed the effect at the right ear/left hemisphere (enhancement). The normal achievers showed the effect at the left ear/right hemisphere (inhibition). The results are consistent with an activation-inhibition model of cerebral function and suggest a functional relationship between arousal, interhemispheric activation-inhibition, and learning disabilities. The LDs may have an interhemispheric dysfunction. Both groups showed superior right ear report and the normal achievers showed overall superiority. Normal achievers showed higher consonant intrusion scores, probably due to a greater cognitive capacity. Age was a significant covariate reflecting developmental capacity changes. Negative air ions are seen to be a tool with potential theoretical and remedial applications.

Air Ionization↗

PubMed1996

Mechanisms of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs: a critical analysis.

Various criteria used to define atypical antipsychotic drugs include: 1) decrease, or absence, of the capacity to cause acute extrapyramidal motor side effects (acute EPSE) and tardive dyskinesia (TD); 2) increased therapeutic efficacy reflected by improvement in positive, negative, or cognitive symptoms; 3) and a decrease, or absence, of the capacity to increase prolactin levels. The pharmacologic basis of atypical antipsychotic drug activity has been the target of intensive study since the significance of clozapine was first appreciated. Three notions have been utilized conceptually to explain the distinction between atypical versus typical antipsychotic drugs: 1) dose-response separation between particular pharmacologic functions; 2) anatomic specificity of particular pharmacologic activities; 3) neurotransmitter receptor interactions and pharmacodynamics. These conceptual bases are not mutually exclusive, and the demonstration of limbic versus extrapyramidal motor functional selectivity is apparent within each arbitrary theoretical base. This review discusses salient distinctions predominantly between prototypic atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine and haloperidol, respectively. In addition, areas of common function between atypical and typical antipsychotic drug action may also be crucial to our identification of pathophysiological foci of the different dimensions of schizophrenia, including positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and neurocognitive deficits.

Animals↗