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PubMed1987

Effect of saline adaptation and renal portal sodium infusion on glomerular size distributions and kidney function in domestic fowl.

Experiments were designed to evaluate acute and chronic effects of sodium on glomerular size distributions and kidney function of Single Comb White Leghorns. Chicks were raised on either tap water (control) or .6% NaCl (saline) drinking water. Kidney function studies were conducted when the birds reached 14 to 16 weeks of age. Saline-adapted birds had significantly lower glomerular filtration rates and significantly higher sodium and potassium excretion rates when compared with birds raised on tap water. Acute effects of sodium on kidney function were assessed by infusing 25 mM tetrasodium pyrophosphate unilaterally into the renal portal system. For birds raised on tap water, unilateral sodium infusion caused a significant unilateral reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. However, neither the acute nor the chronic reductions in glomerular filtration rates in response to sodium were associated with a reduction in the number of filtering nephrons. Saline-adapted birds had significantly hypertrophied glomeruli.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ionostatic control of food intake in the domestic fowl.

It has been suggested that there is ionostatic control of food intake in which calcium, acting in the hypothalamus, alters food intake. This study was conducted to determine the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of calcium on food and water intake in both broiler and Leghorn cockerels. The ICV injection of 50, 100, or 150 mM CaCl2 had no significant affect on food or water intake in Leghorn cockerels. In broilers, the ICV injection of 50 mM CaCl2 significantly increased food intake. This effect appeared to be due to Ca++ as equivalent amounts of Cl- given as NaCl had no effect on food intake nor did isosmotic solutions of NaCl. The effect of Ca++ on water intake in broilers is equivocal as it increased water intake in one experiment while decreasing it in another. Whereas these results support the hypothesis of a role for calcium in food intake regulation in broilers, they do not support the existence of a specific ionostatic control mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effect of age and protein restriction on the clearance and secretion of growth hormone in the domestic fowl.

Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and secretion rates for growth hormone (GH) were determined in young (6-wk-old) chicks and adults (1 yr old) as well as in chicks fed low protein diets for 2 wk. Birds were either conscious or anesthetized during these determinations in the latter study. Age-related differences in plasma concentrations of GH reflect greater secretion of GH in younger chicks (3.5-fold increase). The MCR was reduced by 35% in chicks compared with adults, but when expressed per unit metabolic body weight, was higher in the young chickens. The MCR in protein-restricted chicks was 28% lower than in that of controls. However, when the MCR was calculated on a metabolic body weight basis, protein-restricted and control chicks did not differ in MCR. Elevated plasma concentrations of GH in unanesthetized, protein-restricted chicks were due to greater GH secretion (2.4-fold) of these chicks compared with secretions of chicks fed control diets. Basal secretions of GH, determined in the anesthetized chicks, did not differ between dietary treatments. These results indicate that secretion of GH but not clearance was affected by protein restriction in conscious birds.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Antibiotic-associated inhibition of steroidogenesis during short-term culture of ovarian tissues of the domestic fowl.

The effects of antibiotics on bovine luteinizing hormone (bLH)-stimulated output of androstenedione were examined in intact small white follicles (SWF, n = six hens), aliquots of 100,000 F1 and F2 theca cells (n = six hens), and aliquots of 10,000 F1 and F2 granulosa cells (n = eight hens). Cells and SWF were isolated from ovaries of Leghorn hens killed 20 h prior to ovulation and were incubated for 3 h in 1 mL of Medium 199 (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) at 37 C. Cells and follicles were incubated with 10 ng bLH and Penicillin-streptomycin (Pen-Strep; 20, 100, and 200 micrograms), gentamicin sulfate (gentamicin; 10, 50, and 100 micrograms), and fungizone (.5, 2.5, and 5.0 micrograms). Two control treatments consisted of tissues incubated alone (no bLH, no antibiotic) and tissues incubated with 10 ng bLH (no antibiotic). Androstenedione output by SWF and F1 and F2 theca cells and progesterone output by F1 and F2 granulosa cells were determined by radioimmunoassay of incubation media. The steroid contents of the incubation media were significantly increased in SWF and theca and granulosa cells with the addition of bLH. Neither Pen-Strep nor gentamicin significantly affected steroid output. Progesterone output by F1 and F2 granulosa cells was significantly reduced by the inclusion of fungizone. The inhibition of steroid output with the use of fungizone should be considered when using this antibiotic in studies of steroidogenesis in preparations of ovarian cells.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1989

Histological study on seminal plasma absorption and spermiophagy in the epididymal region of domestic fowl.

Absorption of seminal plasma and spermiophagy in the fowl epididymal region were studied ultrastructurally and histochemically. Epithelial cells of the rete testis had sparse coated vesicles and rarely showed spermiophagy. Many macrophages in the lumen of the rete testis actively phagocytosed spermatozoa. Nonciliated cells in the proximal efferent ductules had well-developed microvilli, coated vesicles, numerous tubular structures, and lysosomes in their apical cytoplasm. They rarely contained fragments of spermatozoa. Intense alkaline phosphatase activity was observed at the luminal borders of these cells. Ciliated cells had no features indicating active absorption of seminal plasma. Epithelial cells of the connecting ductules and epididymal duct had numerous microvilli, a few vesicles, and small lysosomes. They did not contain spermatozoa. Intense acid phosphatase activity was observed on the luminal and lateral surfaces of the epithelial cells of the connecting ductules and epididymal duct. After injection of horseradish peroxidase into the excurrent ducts, a large amount of reaction product was detected in the vesicles and tubular structures of the nonciliated cells of the proximal efferent ductules. These results suggest that the absorption of seminal plasma occurred mainly in the efferent ductules, and that spermiophagy by macrophages occurred in the rete testis in the fowl epididymal region.

Absorption↗
PubMed1989

Role of the basomedial hypothalamus in regulation of adiposity, food intake, and reproductive traits in the domestic fowl.

Bilateral basomedial hypothalamic (BMH) electrolytic lesions in White Leghorn cockerels produced six main physiological categories characterized by typical sets of symptoms: 1) functional castration (FC); hyperphagia, obesity, occasional diabetes insipidus, involuted adenohypophysis, dwarfism, atrophied comb and testes, reduced hematocrit, reduced plasma testosterone and thyroid activity, involuted thymus and adrenal cortex and elevated liver fat and plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids. The FC birds demonstrated defective immune response for the first 12 to 16 wk post-surgery. 2) functional castration with large comb (FCLC); hyperphagia, obesity, transient diabetes insipidus, slight diminution of adenohypophy-seal weight with marked reduction in basophilic cell population, fully atrophied testes but only slight reduction in comb size and hematocrit, plasma testosterone levels between those found in the first category and the control. 3) obese with normal testes (ONT); hyperphagia, obesity, high level of plasma lipids, normal histological organization of the adenohypophysis, normal testes, semen production and comb size. The next three categories exhibited physiological syndromes identical to the former three categories except for food intake, which operationally could be defined as normal. A marked difference among the BMH-lesioned birds was found in sexual behavior when the FC birds completely lost their libido. None of the replacement therapy regimens caused complete rehabilitation from adiposity or restoration of reproductive traits. Lipoprotein lipase activity increased at an early stage postlesioning and preceeded the development of hyperphagia. Placement of BMH lesions in newly hatched chicks resulted in marked dwarfism and obesity without hyperphagia. The BMH-lesioned heavy breed White Rock cockerels exhibited a lesser degree of adiposity than the light White Leghorn birds. Removal of the olfactory bulbs and destruction of the septal area resulted in increased thyroid activity, with secondary hyperphagia without obesity. In a short-term study, administration of sodium pentobarbital to the BMH area resulted in increased feeding. Conversely, glucose administration to the same area suppressed feeding in satiated but not in food-deprived chickens.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Variability in preincubation embryo development in domestic fowl. 1. Effects of nest holding time and method of egg storage.

Embryos of eggs from Single Comb White Leghorn hens were analyzed to determine whether nest holding time and method of storage had a significant effect on postoviposition embryonic growth prior to incubation. Eggs were collected from 38- to 42-wk-old hens naturally inseminated and housed in floor pens. The experiment had a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two nest holding times and two storage methods. Eggs were collected within 1 h of oviposition, placed on cardboard egg flats, and stored unpacked (Treatment 1), or put on flats, and packed in 30-dozen egg cases (Treatment 2). Eggs in Treatments 3 and 4 were marked within 1 h of oviposition, but remained in the nest for 6 to 7 h. These eggs were separated into unpacked (Treatment 3), and packed (Treatment 4) groups. All eggs were stored at 13.8 C for 4 days. A total of 250 embryos were staged after storage for development using the Eyal-Giladi and Kochav classification. Least square means (LSM) for stage of development were: Treatment 1, 10.76; Treatment 2, 11.52; Treatment 3, 12.41; and Treatment 4, 12.36. For the main effects, nest holding time significantly affected stage of development (P = .0001), but storage method (P = .1140) and nest holding time by storage method interaction (P = .0730) did not. Comparison of LSM of Treatment 1 versus 3 (P = .0001), 2 versus 4 (P = .0152), and 1 versus 2 (P = .0214) were significant, but Treatment 3 versus 4 (P = .8595) was not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Quantification of ovarian steroidogenesis in the domestic fowl by incubation of intact large follicles.

The output of progesterone, androstenedione, and estradiol-17 beta from the five largest preovulatory follicles (F1 to F5 in descending order) of 30 57-wk-old Single Comb White Leghorn hens killed 3 to 3.5 h prior to the next midsequence ovulation was measured by radioimmunoassay of incubation media. Follicles were incubated for 3 h at 39 C with different levels of bovine luteinizing hormone (bLH) (0, .125, .25, .5, 1.0, and 2.0 micrograms per follicle) in Medium 199 and HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N'-2-ethane sulfonic acid) (pH = 7.2). The amount of incubation media used was calculated in proportion to follicular size. In the absence of exogenous bLH, the average amount of progesterone produced in vitro by the F1 preovulatory follicle was 113 ng per follicle. In contrast, the average amount of progesterone produced by the F2 to F5 follicles combined was 3.75 ng. The output of androstenedione was highest (P less than .05) in F2, when compared with any of the other follicles in the hierarchy, including F1. The low secretion (less than 2.5 ng per follicle) of estradiol-17 beta from F1 to F5 follicles supports a previous conclusion that large follicles are probably not the major source of estradiol-17 beta in laying hens. The five largest follicles removed from hens killed shortly (less than 4 h) after an in vivo surge of LH were refractory to exogenous bLH stimulation. The amount of progesterone, androstenedione, and estradiol-17 beta obtained by the incubation of intact large follicles is consistent with published results obtained by the incubation of isolated follicular cells. Incubation of intact follicles provides a relatively simple, yet reliable, procedure for the measurement of steroidogenesis of avian large follicles.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed1992

Research note: variability in preincubation embryonic development in domestic fowl. 2. Effects of duration of egg storage period.

Embryos of eggs from Single Comb White Leghorn hens were analyzed to determine whether duration of egg storage significantly affects embryonic development prior to incubation. Eggs were gathered over a period of 5 days from 25-wk-old hens that were naturally inseminated and housed in floor pens. Within 1 h of oviposition the eggs were collected and assigned randomly to one of five storage treatment groups of 0, 4, 7, 14, or 21 days. Fresh egg weight was recorded and the eggs were placed on plastic egg flats and stored at 14 C. Weight of each egg was measured after storage to determine amount of weight lost during storage. A total of 500 embryos were examined after storage. Viable embryos were staged for development using a modified Eyal-Giladi and Kochav classification. The incidence of embryonic mortality was noted. Duration of storage (P = .5815) collection date (P = .5815), and fresh egg weight (P = .3789) did not affect embryonic development significantly. A significant linear relationship was observed between duration of the storage period and loss of egg weight (P = .0001). Embryonic mortality was significantly related to loss of egg weight (P = .0001). Mortality was highest in eggs that were stored for a longer period of time. The data from the current study indicate that storing fertile eggs below physiological zero inhibits embryonic development. One of the reasons for the increased incidence of embryonic mortality in eggs that were stored for longer periods may be related to the increased egg weight loss in these eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Liquid methionine hydroxy analog (free acid) and DL-methionine attenuate calcium-induced kidney damage in domestic fowl.

To evaluate the possibility that kidney damage may be induced by the commercial practice of feeding high-Ca (HCa) prelayer rations, and to evaluate the protective efficacy of supplementing HCa diets with liquid methionine hydroxy analog free acid or DL-methionine, 12-wk-old female Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were fed one of the following corn-soybean meal-based diets until they reached 22 wk of age: normal-Ca (NC, 1% Ca); HCa (HC, 3.5% Ca); HCa supplemented with .34 or .68% liquid methionine hydroxy analog free acid (HC3A or HC6A); or HCa supplemented with .3 or .6% DL-methionine (HC3DL or HC6DL). The unsupplemented HC diet caused a significant reduction in kidney mass and a significant increase in the incidence of gross kidney damage and urolithiasis in pullets necropsied at 22 wk of age. Calcium-induced kidney damage was attenuated in a dose-response fashion by supplementing the HC diet with liquid methionine hydroxy analog and DL-methionine. None of the diets caused a significant metabolic acidosis. Plasma uric acid concentrations were not predictive of the extent of Ca-induced kidney damage. Analyses of glomerular size distributions indicated that subclinical or "hidden" kidney damage may not progressively develop into urolithiasis as hens mature. When compared with hens reared on the NC diet, rearing hens on the HC, HC3A, HC3DL, HC6A, or HC6DL diets did not consistently affect hen-day egg production, egg mass, eggshell mass, percentage eggshell, or bone mineralization.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormones enhance soluble and insoluble fibronectin production by granulosa cells of the domestic fowl in vitro.

Experiments were conducted in vitro to examine the effect of two chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormones, cGnRH-I ([Gln8]-GnRH) and cGnRH-II ([His5,Trp7,Tyr8]-GnRH), on fibronectin (soluble and insoluble) production by chicken granulosa cells isolated from the largest (F1; about 35 mm in diameter), and third largest (F3; 15 to 20 mm in diameter) preovulatory follicles as well as from a pool of immature small yellow follicles (SYF; 6 to 8 mm in diameter). The amounts of soluble fibronectin (fibronectin secreted into the incubation medium) and insoluble fibronectin (fibronectin associated with cells plus fibronectin attached to culture substratum) were quantified with a specific ELISA. Fibronectin secreted into the incubation medium (soluble fibronectin) by unstimulated cells increased with advanced stages of follicular maturation. Addition of both cGnRH-I and -II increased the amount of fibronectin secreted into the incubation medium by all follicular cell types. The amount of insoluble fibronectin in culture wells that contained unstimulated cells also increased with advanced stages of follicle development. Both cGnRH-I and -II increased the quantity of insoluble fibronectin by granulosa cells from all follicle types. Total (soluble plus insoluble) fibronectin production was elevated when cGnRH-I or -II was added to F1, F3, and SYF granulosa cells. The magnitude of cGnRH-I or -II stimulation (percentage increase) of soluble, insoluble, or total fibronectin production was calculated as a multiple of the unstimulated (control) value for each follicle type, and they were greatest in cells derived from developing and immature follicles. These results indicate that homologous cGnRH-I and -II are capable of directly modulating the physiology of the avian ovary.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of subfertility associated with homozygosity of the rose comb allele in the male domestic fowl.

Sperm metabolism and duration of fertility were compared between roosters homozygous (RR) and heterozygous (Rr) for the rose comb allele. In the absence or presence of Ca+2, a motility agonist, the metabolic rate of spermatozoa from RR males was 76 to 77% of that of spermatozoa from Rr males. In the presence of caffeine, the metabolic rate of spermatozoa from RR males was increased significantly (P < .05) to 86% of that of spermatozoa from Rr males. Although intramagnal insemination of ejaculated spermatozoa reduced the disparity in duration of fertility between RR and Rr males, the duration of fertility of RR males was still less than that of Rr males. No difference in duration of fertility was observed following intramagnal insemination of testicular spermatozoa. Subfertility associated with RR males seems to stem from an aberrant activation or regulation of spermatozoal metabolism and not a reduction in absolute metabolic capacity per se.

Alleles↗
PubMed1976

Actinobacilli in domestic fowl.

Reports on haemolytic rods from salpingitis in hens and from organs of died chicks may be found since the year 1950 (Kjos-Hanssen). Correct systematic classification on these microorganisms is still lacked because not all relations to the nearest pasteurellae were known as well as the clear differences in the Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group. The authors have isolated 34 suspected strains from 14 localities; 25 strains were from salpingitis or internal organs of died fowl inclusively chicks, and 9 strains from choanas of pullets clinically healthy. Bacteriological, serological, chemical and biological tests gave the results as follows: 1) All strains exhibit fundamental properties of Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group, and moreover, they show ability to grow on MacConkey agar with crystal violet (BioQuest) being a significant feature of the genus Actinobaccillus (Mráz, 1975). 2) From the nearest species Actinobacillus haemolyticus (Newsom and Cross, 1932) Mráz, 1969, they differ with expressive haemolysis on agar with sheep blood, single haemolytic zone on agar with lamb blood according to Smith (1962), structure of somatic antigen, with natural hosts (gallinaceous birds) and pathogenicity for 5-day-old chicks. The GC content in DNA was determined in the range 39,6-42,9% (mean value 41,5%). 3) The first who presumed an independent state of these microorganisms, was Kohlert (1968), from the work of which the epithet for correct name, i.e. Actinobacillus salpingitidis (Kohlert, 1968) comb. nov., was accepted.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1976

The ossification centers in the lower end of tibiotarsus in domestic fowl.

The morphogenesis of lower end of tibia in chick is studied commonly but the process of ossification of the same has received very little attention so far. The present study is directed to throw some light on the appearance of ossification centers in the lower end of tibiotarsus of chick. The histology of lower end of tibiotarsus was studied by procuring developing tibiotarsi from chick embryos (20) of 6th day incubation till hatching and 3 post hatched chicks. The transparancies of chick embryos at different incubation periods and post hatched chicks were prepared by Dawson's Alizarin staining method. Three cartilage center (tibial, fibulare and intermedium) appeared in 6...9 days of incubation period in the tarsal region. These gradually fused with the lower end of tibia. Three ossification centres developed in the lower end of tibiotarsus. One for intermedium appeared on 16th day and two fotibial and fibulare on 20th day. All these three centres could be located in the transparancies of the chick embryos in tarsal region. The present study proves that the three cartilages centres maintain their individuality during the ossification process even though those fuse completely with the lower end of tibia in chick. The centers for tibial and fibulare are similar to epiphyseal centres of mammals in histological details.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Age dependence of the density of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in liver cell membranes of domestic fowl].

Age dependence of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor number on hepatocytes of chickens was determined by incubation of liver cell membranes from chickens of different ages with 3H-prazosin. We showed, that there is a continuous and significant rise of alpha 1-adrenergic binding sites with increasing age of the chickens from 226 +/- 22 fmol/mg protein at the age of up to 4 weeks to 628 +/- 34 fmol/mg protein in laying hens. Changes in receptor affinity could not be registered. The KD-values ranged insignificantly from 0.34 +/- 0.03 nM to 0.50 +/- 0.06 nM in the different ages of chickens and amounted to 0.44 +/- 0.02 nM averagely. The classification of the binding sites for 3H-prazosin to the alpha 1B-subtype could be caused by the high sensitivity to chlorethylclonidine and by the low affinity for alpha A-adrenergic antagonists.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

[A preliminary study of developmental genetics of polymorphic serum esterase in domestic fowls].

Polymorphism of serum esterase was examined in 3 Super-Y 2000 broiler breeding populations differing in developmental stages (i.e. day 120, 180 and 300) using vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that both Es-1 and Es-2 loci exhibited polymorphism. Two to three polymorphic enzyme bands were detected at zone Es-1, and one band at zone Es-2 after electrophoresis. It was first discovered in this work that obvious developmental difference in products of Es-1 alleles existed with female birds, polymorphic bands of which disappeared after onset of lay. An individual tracing experiment conducted in a Super-Y 380 commercial layer population and an extensive experiment carried out in 2 ISA B380 parent CD stocks supported the previous finding. It could thus be inferred that phenotype "O" (no band at Es-1) discovered in hens was not genetically controlled by the recessive allele Es-1(0), which itself did not exist, but might be an evidence of gene regulation at laying period. For female birds, expression of Es-1 alleles was active before sexual maturity, and depressed after onset of lay, to meet their physiological need of high level of blood esterase for laying. It could also be inferred that this developmental difference in serum esterase polymorphism might be a common phenomenon in all avian species. If this hypothesis were true, the synthesis of esterase inside avian bodies could be a desirable model for investigating expression, and regulation of expression, of genes in avian populations.

Animals↗