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PubMed2004

[Developing the Japanese version of the Adult Attachment Style Scale (ECR)].

This study attempted to adapt into Japanese the Adult Attachment Style Scale (ECR: Experiences in Close Relationships inventory) that was constructed by Brennan, Clark, and Shaver (1998), based on 14 existing scales. Of 387 respondents, 231 who reported having been or are currently involved in romantic relationships were employed for final analysis. We examined validities of the Japanese version of ECR in the two ways: (1) Examining the correlations between "Anxiety" and Self-esteem scale by Rosenberg (1965) which were theoretically related to Self-view, and the correlations between "Avoidance" and Other-view scale by Kato (1999b) which were theoretically related to Other-view; (2) whether or not ECR represents the features of four attachment styles as classified by Relationship Questionnaire (RQ; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). The results supported our expectations. This Japanese version of ECR was demonstrated to have adequate psychometric properties in validity and reliability.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Effects of modification of the social environment on young monkey development.

Experiments and observations of the effects of modifications of the social environment on the young primate's relationship with its mother and its social-sexual development have begun to delineate the large number of variables that determine and affect the attachment relationship and that are contingent upon it. Attachment can occur to a number of mother substitutes, including a dog. Early experience has special importance but young monkeys are surprisingly responsive and adaptable to substitute maternal stimuli. The quality of developing social behavior is dependent on both the quantity and quality of an attachment. We have yet to learn what are the critical component stimuli which make up an adequate early social environment for young monkeys and apes.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Bereavement and neurosis.

The psychoanalytic model of mourning is necessary but not sufficient for the analysis of many disorders resulting from bereavement. A set of definitions is offered to differentiate bereavement (a set of traumatic events that are psychologically elaborated) from mourning (the resolution of the psychological attachment to the dead). This article argues that the traditional approach to bereavement, solely in terms of disturbances of mourning, has been too restrictive and has limited our understanding of other factors. After a review of the analytic bereavement literature, a multifactorial approach is suggested, which the author believes better captures the complex nature of these conditions. These factors include: (1) trauma, (2) vulnerability, (3) unconscious significance, (4) object relations, and (5) defense and adaptation. The psychoanalytic treatment of a woman who suffered the loss of her mother and possible incest in adolescence is discussed in detail. The focus of the analysis was on conflicts related to oedipal victory and narcissistic trauma. The analysis is reviewed in light of the multifactorial model.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Interaction of separation discomfort with contact comfort and discomfort in the dog.

This experiment concerns 2 issues: the time of onset of the process of social attachment in the dog, and the nature of the interaction between the emotion of separation distress and that caused by discomfort. The subjects were 48 puppies from 4 genetic backgrounds: beagles, Telomians, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. Puppies were divided into 4 groups nd isoalted for short periods under comfortable and uncomfortable conditions beginning at 3, 11, 17, and 25 days from birth. The dependent variable was distress vocalization during a 10-min period. Separation distress did not occur before 11 days and remained at a low level until 21 days, when it rose rapidly. The process of attachment is thus initiated in the transition period but does not reach a high level until some 2 weeks later. Interaction between the 2 kinds of affect is compatible and additive.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Separation and reunion behaviors as criteria of attachment to mothers and fathers.

Twenty infants were observed 4 times between 7 and 13 months of age in a short-term longitudinal study. Responses to separations from and reunions with mothers and fathers are reported. None of the measures showed a preference for either parent at any age. Other studies confirm that even young infants are attached to both parents. It is argued that greater attention must be paid to the family's role in social and personality development.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Is the concept of resilience useful or suitable?].

Having reminded various models of the concept of resilience, the author investigates this concept towards the psychoanalysis (via the concepts of maternal dreaming capacity, psychic bisexuality and malleability), and the attachment theory. Whatever is the theory to which we refer, two questions raise: what is the genetic part of the part acquired in utero of resilience, and what is the part able to report interpersonal differences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

The interpersonal experience of health care through the eyes of patients with diabetes.

Patients with chronic illness often face challenges navigating the US health care system because of the system's lack of coordination and continuity. Patients with more difficulty relying on others and with reluctance in engaging frequently or in-depth with providers, face even greater challenges obtaining optimal health care in this system. Using a self-report measure of attachment style, we selected patients with varying degrees of comfort and trust in relationships. We conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 27 patients with type 2 diabetes attending the University of Washington Diabetes Care Center in Seattle to explore issues of trust and collaboration in the health care setting. We used a constant comparative approach in which contemporaneous data collection and analysis took place. A subset of patients with fearful and dismissing attachment style reported having low levels of trust and an inability to collaborate with others of longstanding duration. Many aspects of the current health care system, such as its rushed, impersonal nature and a perceived "wall" between providers and patients were frustrating for most study patients. Patients with fearful and dismissing attachment style reported that these aspects of the health care system often interfered with their ability to partner with providers but also reported that patient-centered attitudes and behaviors by providers could improve their trust and ability to engage in the health care system. Implications of using a conceptual model of attachment theory to improve patient-centered care and customer service are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Neurocognitive impairment as a moderator in the development of borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by a pervasive instability of interpersonal relationships, affects, self-image, marked impulsivity, dissociation, and paranoia. The cognitive dimension of the disorder has received relatively little attention and is poorly understood. This paper proposes that neurocognitive impairment is a key moderator in the development of BPD and elaborates a possible pathway for the expression of the cognitive domain. Neurocognitive impairment is hypothesized to moderate the relationship between caretaking and insecure disorganized attachment and pathological dissociation in the formation of the disorder contributing to impaired metacognition and a range of cognitive difficulties. The empirical evidence from studies of cognitive processes, brain function, attachment, and dissociation that support this theory are reviewed and discussed. Areas for future research that might verify or refute this theory are suggested.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Parents' attachment histories and children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors: exploring family systems models of linkage.

Twenty-seven mothers and 27 fathers were given the Adult Attachment Interview (M. Main & R. Goldwyn, in press) when their children were 3.5 years old. Continuous ratings of narrative coherence, probable experience quality (parents perceived as loving), and state of mind (current anger at parents) were entered as latent variables in partial least squares structural equation models that included observational measures of marital quality and parenting style. Models that include fathers' attachment histories predicted more variance in kindergarten teachers' descriptions of children's externalizing behavior, whereas models that include mothers' attachment histories predicted more variance in children's internalizing behavior. Marital data added predictive power to the equations. Discussion is focused on the importance of integrating attachment and family systems approaches, and of parents' gender and marital quality, in understanding specific links between parents' attachment histories and their young children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

The relationship between quality of attachment in infancy and IQ in kindergarten.

In this study, we hypothesized that securely attached infants would in kindergarten perform better on an intelligence test than anxiously attached children. No difference was expected between children of working mothers (working more than 15 hours outside the home) and children of full-time homemakers. Mother-child pairs (N = 77; average age of child was 24 months) were observed during the Strange Situation procedure; three years later, 65 children completed the Leiden Diagnostic Test for measuring intelligence level. Results showed that the securely attached reference group attained the highest IQ. The working status of the mother did not appear to make a difference.

Child↗

PubMed1999

The efficacy of toddler-parent psychotherapy to increase attachment security in offspring of depressed mothers.

The efficacy of toddler-parent psychotherapy (TPP) as a preventive intervention for promoting secure attachment in the offspring of depressed mothers was evaluated, 63 mothers with major depressive disorder being randomly assigned to TPP (n = 27) or to a no treatment group (n = 36) and compared with a control group (n = 45) of women with no current or past mental disorder. At baseline, comparable and higher rates of attachment insecurity were found in the two depressed offspring groups as compared with the non-depressed control group. At the post-treatment follow-up, offspring in the intervention group attained rates of secure attachment that were comparable with those of youngsters in the non-depressed control group. In contrast, the children in the depressed control group continued to demonstrate a greater rate of attachment insecurity than children in the non-depressed control group. The findings support the efficacy of an attachment-theory based model of intervention for fostering developmental competence in the offspring of depressed mothers.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Deviance over the life course: the case of homeless substance abusers.

Characteristics of the homeless population highlight current and emerging social problems in America. It is estimated there are two to three million homeless people in the United States and that between 20% and 80% have substance abuse problems. In this paper I apply Hirschi's social bond theory to a qualitative study of 31 male homeless substance users from New Haven, Connecticut. I interviewed each man once in 1992 and a second time during 1993. The interview data provide evidence of non-normative attachments to families, friends, and institutions where there is little commitment to conventional goals. I conclude that for these men, being homeless and abusing substances is normative to their lives.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

History, race, and attachment to place among elders in the rural all-black towns of Oklahoma.

This research examines place attachment among older residents of the all-Black towns of Oklahoma. Social-historical occurrences, personal experiences associated with race, and expressed differences between social-historical groupings of older African Americans influence the level of social and autobiographical insideness among the elderly residents. The findings extend current conceptualizations of place attachment by showing that (a) place attachment is not a constant, even among long-term residents; (b) social-historical factors can play an important role in the level of place attachment; (c) race can be a salient element of place attachment; (d) experiences outside the community, such as racial discrimination, can influence the level of social and autobiographical bonding to the community; and (e) subgroup identity within minority groups can be associated with variations in community place attachment. The findings point to the value of carefully examining the issues of history and race in research focusing on older minority group members.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1993

Attachment among adult children of alcoholics.

Disturbed or impoverished relationships have been identified as a predominant feature of adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs). Recently, the concept of co-dependency has been advanced to depict the interpersonal difficulties of these individuals, but lacks definitional rigor. The notion that childhood experiences with parents are 'carried forward' to affect attitudes and behaviors relevant to later intimate relationships is also consistent with attachment theory. This study examined the patterns of attachment of ACOAs as compared to adult children of non alcoholics (ACONAs). A cross-sectional sample of 203 individuals attending either a short term hospital based outpatient psychiatric program or a community based alcoholism treatment program was included in this study. Results supported the hypothesis that female ACOAs had a distinctive dysfunctional attachment profile. There were no significant differences in the attachment styles of male ACOAs as compared to ACONAs, or male substance abusers as compared to non-abusers.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships among prenatal maternal attachment, presence of postnatal depressive symptoms, and maternal role attainment.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationships among a woman's attachment to her fetus, the presence of postpartum depressive symptoms, and subsequent perceptions of maternal role attainment three months after birth DESIGN: A longitudinal, panel design SETTING: Hospital-sponsored childbirth education classes PARTICIPANTS: Primiparous women (N = 136) at 24-40 weeks of pregnancy and 9-14 weeks after the birth MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceived Competence Scale, Myself as Mother Scale, and My Baby Scale RESULTS: Prenatal maternal attachments was positively related to maternal role attainment to maternal role attainment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings enhance maternal identity theory and provide a means to evaluate the transition to motherhood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Attachment and separation in young children.

Attachment theory is criticized for being based on momentary stressful situations, for being limited to behaviors and occur with the primary attachment figure, for including only overt behaviors in its paradigm, and for failing to consider multiple attachments at different stages of life. A model of psychological attonement is then presented and supported by several studies documenting behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses to separations from parents and peers.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Nonviolent offenders' and college students' attachment and social support behaviors: implications for counseling.

This study examines the relationships between adult attachment orientations and the ability to seek social support as factors in mediating behavior. Data were collected on non violent offenders (n = 57) and college students (n = 89). The results indicated the non-normative group of nonviolent offenders reported being more securely attached and having more satisfaction with their social supports than the normative group of college students. Fewer college students reported being securely attached than the nonviolent offenders but had a larger number of social supports. In the insecure categories, nonviolent offenders reported being more dismissively attached whereas college students reported being preoccupied in their attachment orientation. The study suggests that attachment and social-support-seeking behaviors across different populations may be potential factors in designing counseling services that are used for risk classification and needs assessment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The relationship between life events during adolescence and affect and personality functioning.

Bowlby's concept of the internal working model is useful in conceptualizing how a child develops a sense of self and security through the availability of significant relationships. The lack of secure attachments may lead to dysphoric moods and poor personality functioning. We have shown that a proportion of teenagers develop dysphoria as well as personality disturbance during adolescence. A study sample of 59 youths was examined at early, middle and late adolescence. Ratings were made of affect, attitudes and personality functions. At the same time, information was obtained about family status and functioning. Results showed that certain family and life events were more strongly correlated with changes in affect in early adolescence. These affects were both internalized and externalized. Middle adolescence appeared to be quiescent, without any correlations with affect or personality problems. In late adolescence, there were correlations between family changes and personality dysfunction as well as dysphoria. This shows that family changes which threaten the availability of significant attachment figures are linked to emotional and behavioural disturbance in early adolescence and personality and emotional disturbance in late adolescence.

Adolescent↗