The allergic response to stinging insects. VI. Fractionation of whole body venom sac extracts of wasp.
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Chironex fleckeri crude venom was partially purified using immobilized commercially available ovoid antivenom. The antibody preparation reacted with lethal, hemolytic, dermonecrotic and mouse writhing (pain) factors in the crude venom. The lethal activity was purified five fold, while the specific eluate contained lower quantities of hemolytic, dermonecrotic and mouse writhing activities than did the crude venom.
Certain strains of the braconid parasitoid Cotesia melanoscela carry two different viruses within their ovaries, one of which (here designated CmV2) is apparently not a polydnavirus. Virus replication occurs in the ovarian calyx and in some other tissues of both male and female parasitoids; as yet, no replication has been observed in the testis, however. In addition, CmV2 is one of only two parasitoid viruses known to replicate in host insect larvae, and we not show that this virus is also capable of replicating in vitro; the virus is nevertheless nonpathogenic for gypsy moth larvae. The virus is not transmissible per os, either to host animals or to larvae of parasitoid strains lacking it. CmV2 is stably maintained within strains carrying it apparently by a vertical transmission mode involving the maternal line; transmission via the male germ line could not be demonstrated. While purification of the virus was not achieved, preliminary work allows us to suggest the genome consists of a single double-stranded DNA molecule of approximately 125 kb.
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We isolated Cordyceps nutans from the stipe and abdominal tissues of fruit bodies using a surface sterilization method. Hyphal growth was observed in inocula from both the stipe and abdominal tissue. Some strains from discharged ascospores were obtained and colony characteristics were compared to the strains isolated from the tissues. Colonies of isolates from ascospores grew quite slowly. Isolates of 43 from the 52 examined fruit bodies formed colonies similar to those from ascospores. To confirm the success of isolation, we analyzed by PCR-RFLP of the ITS regions of rDNA samples from fruit bodies, isolates from fruit bodies, and isolates from ascospores. All the isolates obtained from stipe and abdominal tissues presented identical patterns. In this study, we report the first successful isolation of C. nutans from fruit-body tissue using a surface sterilization method.