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PubMedDate not supplied

The staff nurse decisional involvement scale: report of psychometric assessments.

BACKGROUND: For decades, enhancing staff nurse decisional involvement in matters of nursing practice and patient care has been identified as a long-term strategy to improve the quality of the nursing work environment and the safety and quality of patient care. OBJECTIVE: To describe psychometric assessments of the Decisional Involvement Scale (DIS), a diagnostic and evaluative measure of nurse decisional involvement. METHODS: A series of assessments were conducted to evaluate the psychometric performance of the scale. Content validity was assessed by experts in the field. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the use and performance of the scale. The contrasted groups approach was used to assess construct validity. Item analysis was used to explore evidence of the internal consistency of items and subscales across multiple samples. Structural modeling was used to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis using data from two independent samples of staff registered nurses (RNs; n = 849 and 650). RESULTS: Acceptable content validity indexes (CVIs) were independently generated by three content experts. Construct validity was supported, as hypothesized; nurses working on professional practice units scored significantly higher for all items when compared to nurses working on units without professional practice models in place. Internal consistency (coefficient alpha) was high and nearly identical for the total measure and all subscales across the two independent nurse samples. Six subscales were identified using factor analysis, and these were confirmed by structural modeling. CONCLUSION: Psychometric findings support that the DIS is a valid and reliable measure of staff nurse decisional involvement.

Cooperative Behavior↗

PubMed2001

Instruments to measure cancer management knowledge of rural health care providers.

BACKGROUND: Instruments to measure cancer management knowledge of rural physicians, nurses, and pharmacists were needed to evaluate the effect of an educational intervention. Since such instruments did not exist, the authors designed and validated a new instrument for each discipline. METHODS: The design and validation process for these instruments are described. RESULTS: These three instruments were shown to be practical and to have high content and construct validity. Content validation demonstrated that all items were rated as essential or useful by 90% or more of the respondents. Construct validation show highly significant differences in mean scores among several levels of learners and practitioners as expected. CONCLUSIONS: These instruments may be useful to other investigators for measuring cancer management knowledge of rural physicians, nurses, and pharmacists.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Preclinical models relevant to Tourette syndrome.

Preclinical models, if used appropriately, can greatly accelerate the understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders. A number of animal models have predictive validity for antidopaminergic compounds that have traditionally been used to suppress motor and vocal tics in TS. Other models have been proposed that may have construct validity for specific hypotheses of infectious/immune and neural circuit etiologies of TS. A more comprehensive set of models is described, based on the hypothesis that primary symptoms of TS, including sensory tics and premonitory urges, result from dysfunction in brain mechanisms that regulate sensorimotor gating. These models utilize operational measures of central gating mechanisms, including PPI of the startle reflex, to achieve predictive validity across a number of different chemical classes of drugs, and to achieve construct validity across broad domains of neurodevelopmental, immune and genetic etiologies of TS. PPI-based animal models offer a number of strong advantages for predictive and mechanistic studies of TS. Ultimately, the utility of these "deficient gating" models will be judged by their ability to bring us closer to identifying the causes and effective treatments of this disorder.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The development and standardization of the Children Activity Scales (ChAS-P/T) for the early identification of children with Developmental Coordination Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have emphasized the importance of early identification of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) to prevent the development of secondary academic, emotional and social manifestations of the disorder. The aim of this study was to develop a valid parent and teacher questionnaire--the Children Activity Scales for parents (ChAS-P) and for teachers (ChAS-T)--to identify children aged 4-8 years at risk for DCD and to examine the reliability and validity of these questionnaires. METHODS: The questionnaires' content and face validity were established, and then cut-off scores were determined based on responses of 355 teachers and 216 parents. Internal consistencies were also calculated. Factor analyses were performed, and construct validity was determined by examining the questionnaires' ability to discriminate between 30 children aged 5-6.5 years diagnosed with DCD and 30 typically developing children. Concurrent validity was examined by comparing questionnaire scores with those of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC). RESULTS: High values were obtained for internal consistency (0.96-0.94) for the ChAS-T and the ChAS-P respectively. Factor analysis revealed four distinct factors within the ChAS-P and three within the ChAS-T, reinforcing the theoretical validity of the items selected and appropriateness for identifying DCD. Construct validity was indicated by finding significant differences between the groups' scores on the ChAS-T and the ChAS-P. Significant correlations between the children's scores on the questionnaires and those of the M-ABC confirmed their concurrent validity. CONCLUSIONS: Initial results suggest that the ChAS-T and Chas-P are reliable tools to identify children at risk for DCD.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1999

Validation of the MOS SF-36 for quality of life assessment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Singapore.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and construct validity of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) in a multiracial cohort of Asian patients with lupus in Singapore. METHODS: A cross sectional study was performed on 118 English speaking patients with lupus attending a specialist rheumatology unit between March and August 1996. Patients completed a questionnaire containing the UK standard version of the SF-36 twice within a 14 day period. All patients were assessed for disease activity using the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group score (BILAG), and for disease related damage using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) damage index (DI). Relationships between SF-36, BILAG, and DI scores were studied using Spearman's rank correlation. Internal consistency of the SF-36 was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, and stability using the repeatability coefficient of Bland and Altman. RESULTS: SF-36 subscales showed high internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranging from 0.84 to 0.94. Test-retest reliability was acceptable, with Spearman's rank correlation >0.70 for all subscales except role-physical, and mean differences in test scores of <2 points for 5 of 8 subscales. SF-36 subscale scores were weakly correlated with BILAG scores (Spearman's p -0.37 to 0.15) and SLICC/ACR DI scores (Spearman's p -0.25 to 0.23), suggesting divergent construct validity of the SF-36. CONCLUSION: These data suggest the SF-36 is a reliable and valid measure of the quality of life of patients with lupus in Singapore.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed2004

Motor capacities of upper limbs in tetraplegics: a new scale for the assessment of the results of functional surgery on upper limbs.

STUDY DESIGN: Metrological investigation. OBJECTIVES: To study the validity and the reliability of a Motor Capacities Scale (MCS) specifically designed for tetraplegics who undergo a functional surgery of upper limbs. SETTING: Bouffard-Vercelli Centre, Cerbere, France. METHODS: From diverse sources (observation of patients, review of literature, discussions with occupational therapists and physicians), we compiled a list of 300 activities relating to daily living tasks. From this list, 80 items of motor capacities were retained. They correspond to the abilities of a patient to perform basic and functional tasks regardless of contextual factors (environmental and personal factors). In a preliminary study, items were reviewed by occupational therapists and by 40 tetraplegics for criticism. An open study and an intermediate study were conducted to assess, respectively, the feasibility and the reliability of the MCS. A prefinal study was focused on construct validity. Convergent and divergent hypotheses were formulated and tested against other measures. Four criteria were identified for the elimination of some of the 36 remaining items: a variance of the item equal to 0, a low reproducibility, a high level of redundancy studied by item-to-item correlation and a low level of comprehension. RESULTS: In all, 52 tetraplegics were included in the prefinal study. Global inter-rater reproducibility was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99). In accordance with the criteria of elimination, the number of items was reduced to 31. Correlations with the Sollerman test and the Asia Motor Score were, respectively, 0.959 and 0.7444 (P<0.0001). Correlation with the interval since the onset of the tetraplegia and the educational level were, respectively, 0.20 and 0.195 (P=0.163). CONCLUSION: MCS displays a good apparent and content validity, and excellent reproducibility and construct validity. Metrological properties were good enough to allow the evaluation of sensitivity to change in the final study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Validity and reliability of the oral health-related quality of life instrument for dental hygiene.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine reliability, construct validity, and produce a concise instrument for assessing Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQL). METHOD: The OHRQL model for dental hygiene served as the theoretical basis in the development of this instrument. The survey utilized five-point Likert scale items, designed to assess the domains of symptom status, functional status, and health perceptions. The instrument was administered to 321 functionally independent older adults from six Area Agency on Aging nutrition centers and three retirement communities in the Kansas City and St. Louis areas in Missouri. Scale reliability was demonstrated by calculating the coefficient alpha for each subscale. Item analysis was subsequently conducted to provide additional supportive evidence for reliability. Construct validity was assessed using a one-way multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA to examine the effect of known subgroups. Analysis of variances (ANOVA) for groups on each subscale was conducted as a follow-up test to the MANOVA. RESULTS: Coefficient for the seven subscales ranged from 0.74 to 0.89. No significant difference was found among males and females. However, there were significant differences in patterns of subscale means (p < .05) for subgroups reporting 'good' versus 'poor' denture fit; 'presence' or 'absence' of recent toothache; 'presence' or 'absence' of loose teeth; 'presence' or 'absence' of gingival recession; 'presence' or 'absence' of dentures interfering with eating; and self-report of 'good' versus 'poor' general health. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results provided initial supportive evidence of the OHRQL's reliability and validity. Future studies are needed to confirm this preliminary conclusion.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

The validity of children's self-reported exposure to traffic.

This paper reports on a series of studies of the validity of children's self-reported exposure to traffic. The studies were conducted within a larger case-control study carried out in the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia. For these validity studies, subjects were randomly selected from the original pool of case (n = 100) and control (n = 400) subjects. Three techniques were used to assess the validity of the self-reported 'habitual exposure', namely, the 'moving observer' technique, pedestrian diaries, and a test of construct validity. The child's regular walking activities during the course of a typical week was considered the child's 'habitual exposure'. The 'moving observer' technique involved either the researcher or research assistant following a random sample of children on their walking trips. A further sample of children maintained a 'diary' of their weekly walking trips, and a number of constructs, in this case variables which related, indirectly, to the child's level of exposure to the road environment, were included in the interview schedule. As two researchers were involved in all aspects of this study, intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed and tape-recordings of the interviews were used to determine the reliability of the coded data. No significant differences were found between the child's reported exposure to the road environment and either the observed exposure or exposure recorded in pedestrian diaries. For some exposure variables, namely, the number and duration of walking trips, children tended to underestimate their exposure (when compared to the observations of the researchers). For case subjects, the number of roads crossed was also underestimated. The test of construct validity indicated that time spent in 'out-of-home activities' (activities other than going to or from school, which involved time spent in the road environment) does not correlate strongly with 'habitual exposure'. Intra- and inter-rater reliability and the reliability of transcribed data from taped interviews were all found to be very sound. The studies indicate that children's self-reported 'habitual exposure' data is a valid measure of his or her actual exposure in the road environment.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2004

Validation of the Detroit Area Study Discrimination Scale in a community sample of older African American adults: the Pittsburgh healthy heart project.

This study examined the construct validity of the Detroit Area Study Discrimination Questionnaire (DAS-DQ) in 49 healthy African American adults, with respect to its association with global measures and daily experiences of psychological demand. Daily experiences of psychological demand were obtained using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods. Everyday Mistreatment, as measured by the DAS-DQ, was significantly related to global reports of perceived stress and depression but was unrelated to measures of hostility and social desirability. Everyday Mistreatment was significantly related to average EMA score measures of Negative Affect and Social Conflict but was unrelated to daily experiences of Task Demand or Decisional Control. Negative Affect mediated the relation between Everyday Mistreatment and global reports of perceived stress. In contrast, Lifetime History of Discrimination, as measured by the DAS-DQ, was unrelated to global measures or daily experiences of stress. Thus, this study lends support to the construct validity of the DAS-DQ.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Institution and validation of an observed structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS) for obstetrics and gynecology residents and faculty.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to further evaluate the construct validity of the observed structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS) by comparing resident scores to faculty scores. STUDY DESIGN: This study is a prospective blinded observational study. Four residents from each year (1-4) and 5 faculty members were examined. The OSATS examination was in the form of a dry laboratory with 10 stations: 4 laparoscopic and 6 open surgical skills. The sessions were videotaped and graded by the senior authors who used a task-specific checklist. The scoring of the videos was performed by the 2 senior authors blinded to the other examiners results. The examinations were videotaped, and the identity of the participants was blinded. The scores for each station were determined by adding all the numbers from the skills rating with a time score. Higher scores denote superior performance. Statistical analysis was performed with a nonparametric test (Kruskal-Wallis) for a total score with resident years divided into junior residents (first and second year), senior residents (third and fourth year), and faculty status as the independent variable. To determine the interrelater reliability between the 2 scores, the Kendall tau beta statistic was used. RESULTS: The results show definite trends for 7 stations, with junior residents performing the worst and faculty performing the best. This trend was statistically significant for 6 of the 10 stations. CONCLUSION: The OSATS examination has good construct validity that extends beyond residency to faculty.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2004

Quality of Life in Depression Scale (QLDS): adaptation and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version.

Despite the prevalence of depression, few studies on the quality of life of depressed patients have been conducted. The Quality of Life in Depression Scale (QLDS) is the first depression-specific measure. Since its publication in 1992, the measure has been adapted and re-validated for use in several countries. This paper describes the adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Norwegian version of the QLDS. The QLDS was translated into Norwegian by means of bilingual and lay translation panels. Face and content validity was assessed, and a validation study was conducted with 72 depressed patients in order to establish the new adaptation's internal consistency, reproducibility, construct validity and responsiveness. No major problems were experienced during the translation of the QLDS into Norwegian and patient interviews indicated that the questionnaire was both acceptable to and relevant for depressed patients. The validation/adaptation of the QLDS into Norwegian had been successful. High test-retest correlations indicated excellent reproducibility with no evidence of excessive random measurement error. The internal consistency of the measure was confirmed, with items adequately inter-related. Evidence of construct validity and responsiveness is also encouraging. The Norwegian QLDS is a reliable and valid measure of quality of life.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of the Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale in a multicenter controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of the five-item Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale (WHIIRS) by comparing women taking hormone therapy (HT) versus those taking a placebo and by comparing women known to differ in vasomotor symptoms. METHODS: The WHIIRS was included in two phase III randomized trials intended to evaluate the efficacy of a combination estradiol plus and norethindrone acetate transdermal delivery system in reducing vasomotor symptoms. In all, 850 healthy postmenopausal women participated in these studies. Both trials were double-blind, one was placebo-controlled and the other was positive-controlled. The former trial admitted women with > or =8 hot flashes/day and lasted 12 weeks with data collected on the WHIIRS at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The other trial had no entry criteria pertaining to hot flashes and lasted 52 weeks with WHIIRS data collected at baseline, 12, 24, and 52 weeks. RESULTS: The WHIIRS was sensitive to the effect of HT on sleep disturbance over time. The WHIIRS also detected differences in self-reported sleep disturbance between women with mild vasomotor symptoms compared with those with moderate to severe symptoms. As expected, the study using a positive control revealed that sleep improved over time (p <.0001). Also as predicted, the study using a placebo control found that sleep disturbance in the treatment groups improved at a faster rate than in the control groups (p = .035). CONCLUSION: The construct validity of the WHIIRS was supported because it was successfully used to detect self-reported sleep disturbance differences in women taking HT versus those taking a placebo as well as in groups known to differ in severity of their vasomotor symptoms.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2001

Psychometrics of a Chinese translation of the swallowing questionnaire.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of a swallowing questionnaire. BACKGROUND/RATIONALE: Impaired swallowing may lead to serious complications if health care professionals do not accurately assess the problem and promptly intervene. The recognition of symptoms indicative of a swallowing problem is essential for nurses. The swallowing questionnaire could provide nurses with a valid instrument to assess patients' impaired swallowing. DESIGNS/METHODS: Phase I consisted of experts doing the initial translation into Chinese and back-translations of the questionnaire. Five experts then determined content validity of the Chinese version, and 35 bilingual subjects determined equivalence of the Chinese translation and English version. Phase II determined concurrent validity and internal consistency using 113 screened medical patients as subjects. Phase III used 105 screened long-term care subjects to determine construct validity. RESULTS/FINDINGS: In Phase I, rating on the appropriateness of items on the Chinese version yielding a content validity index of 0.988. The coefficient of equivalence between the Chinese and English versions of the instrument was 0.81, while per cent agreement for all items on the two versions ranged from 0.80--1.00. Phase II established internal consistency with a K-R20 of 0.74, and concurrent validity yielded a correlation between the swallowing questionnaire and the neurological swallowing exam of 0.675 (P < 0.01). Phase III determined construct validity with significant positive correlations found between the swallowing questionnaire and stroke history and masticatory ability. Significant negative correlations were found between swallowing and cognitive status, functional status and albumin. CONCLUSIONS: Although useful as a tool for nursing assessment and intervention, further work on the swallowing questionnaire such as conducting video fluoroscopy and a swallowing speed test, are recommended to further validate its accuracy.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2004

A process for systematically reviewing the literature: providing the research evidence for public health nursing interventions.

BACKGROUND: Several groups have outlined methodologies for systematic literature reviews of the effectiveness of interventions. The Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) began in 1998. Its mandate is to provide research evidence to guide and support the Ontario Ministry of Health in outlining minimum requirements for public health services in the province. Also, the project is expected to disseminate the results provincially, nationally, and internationally. Most of the reviews are relevant to public health nursing practice. AIMS: This article describes four issues related to the systematic literature reviews of the effectiveness of public health nursing interventions: (1) the process of systematically reviewing the literature, (2) the development of a quality assessment instrument, (3) the results of the EPHPP to date, and (4) some results of the dissemination strategies used. METHODS: The eight steps of the systematic review process including question formulation, searching and retrieving the literature, establishing relevance criteria, assessing studies for relevance, assessing relevant studies for methodological quality, data extraction and synthesis, writing the report, and dissemination are outlined. Also, the development and assessment of content and construct validity and intrarater reliability of the quality assessment questionnaire used in the process are described. RESULTS: More than 20 systematic reviews have been completed. Content validity was ascertained by the use of a number of experts to review the questionnaire during its development. Construct validity was demonstrated through comparisons with another highly rated instrument. Intrarater reliability was established using Cohen's Kappa. Dissemination strategies used appear to be effective in that professionals report being aware of the reviews and using them in program planning/policymaking decisions. CONCLUSIONS: The EPHPP has demonstrated the ability to adapt the most current methods of systematic literature reviews of effectiveness to questions related to public health nursing. Other positive outcomes from the process include the development of a critical mass of public health researchers and practitioners who can actively participate in the process, and the work on dissemination has been successful in attracting external funds. A program of research in this area is being developed.

Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic↗

PubMed2004

Reliability and validity of the Dental Satisfaction Questionnaire in a population of 23-year-olds in Norway.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the internal structure, reliability, and construct validity of the Dental Satisfaction Questionnaire (DSQ) in a population of young adults in Norway. METHODS: The DSQ scale was mailed to a representative sample of 968 subjects aged 23 years in two Norwegian counties. The reliability assessment of the instrument was based on internal consistency analysis (Cronbach's alpha). A factor analysis (principal component) was used to confirm the internal structure of the scale. The construct validity of the DSQ was indicated by: (i) its correlation with the patients' beliefs regarding the way dentists deliver care, indexed by the Dental Beliefs Survey (DBS); and (ii) differences in DSQ scores between subjects who had dropped out from dental care at the age of 23 years and regular attenders. RESULTS: The response rate was 69%. The alpha (Cronbach's) coefficient for the overall construct of DSQ was 0.81 (n = 655), and 0.65 or more for the subscales pain management, quality, and access. The correlation coefficient between the sum-scores of DSQ and DBS for the entire sample was r = -0.69. Subjects in the dropout group had significantly lower satisfaction with dental care than the rest of the group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study generally confirms the structure of the DSQ instrument and indicates that it is a reliable and valid instrument in cultures other than the one for which it was previously tested.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Development of a COPD severity score.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based on symptom control. This suggests that COPD severity can be determined by analyzing treatment intensity. The objective of this analysis was to develop and validate a severity score for adult COPD based on treatments. RESEARCH DESIGN: Using principal components analysis, a COPD severity score was developed using data based on treatments extracted from an employer claims database (development group). Variables included were identified from literature review and clinical expert opinion. External validity was tested in a separate group of adult chronic bronchitis patients in whom principal components analysis was re-conducted and factor loadings were compared to the development group. Construct validity was tested by comparing the incidence of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) in patients with high and lower severity scores. To illustrate the use of the COPD severity score, effectiveness of alternative AECB antibiotic treatments was compared in a separate patient sample categorized by severe versus mild/moderate COPD. RESULTS: In the development group (n = 2068), principal components analysis produced a single main factor for severity scoring. Of the 12 variables contributing to this factor, the 6 with the highest factor loadings were treatment related. The factor performed similarly in the external validity group (n = 9127) as it did in the development group. In construct validity testing, severe COPD patients were 4 times more likely to have AECB episodes than mild/moderate patients. Patients with severe COPD and an AECB were more likely to fail treatment with antibiotics than those with mild/moderate COPD. Based on the COPD severity score developed, we found that treatment of patients with severe COPD and an AECB with fluoroquinolones was more likely to result in treatment failure than treatment with macrolides (OR = 2.01; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis was successful in developing and validating a method to score COPD severity based on treatments. This method may prove useful in providing insights about the benefits of COPD treatments.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2004

[Validation of the motor capacities scale: a specific evaluation of manual abilities in tetraplegics who undergo functional surgery of the upper limbs].

OBJECTIVE: Metrological investigation to develop a motor capacities scale (MCS) specifically designed for tetraplegics who undergo a functional surgery of upper limbs. METHODS: From diverse sources-review of literature, discussion with patients and therapists-, 328 daily life activities were compiled. Eighty of them were identified as motor capacities and correspond to basic and functional tasks performed by tetraplegics independently of contextual and environmental factors. Because of the absence of a reference test, a process of validation was required. In the preliminary study, patients and occupational therapists were asked to criticize the pertinence of the study. In the pilot study, patients were assessed on the basis of a protocol. Feasibility of the evaluation was also studied. The intermediate study was focused on the interrater reproducibility. The prefinal study aimed at assessing construct validity. In the final study, the external structure of the scale and responsiveness to change provided by functional surgery were analyzed. RESULTS: The preliminary and pilot studies revealed the good acceptability of the scale by both the patients and the therapists. Face and content validity were enhanced by the multidisciplinary and multicenter approach. Global reproducibility was found to be excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99). MCS was correlated with the Sollerman test, the functional independence measure (FIM), the ASIA motor score, dynamometric scores of Jamar and Preston. No correlation was found with the interval since the onset of the tetraplegia, the educational level and the age at the time of the evaluation. A factorial analysis was performed in 125 patients (146 observations) and revealed one main dimension that appears to reflect manual abilities. Responsiveness to change was important regarding the short time following surgery. The final version of the MCS comprises 31 items classified in six functional categories: transfers, positioning on a Bobath's couch, positioning in a wheelchair, locomotion, motor capacities of spatial exploration and motor capacities for grasping and gripping. CONCLUSION: The MCS displays satisfactory metrological properties: a good apparent and content validity, an excellent reproducibility and a good construct validity. The data showed that sensitivity to change was good enough to consider the MCS as a valid means of assessment of the effectiveness of upper limb functional surgery in tetraplegics.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1994

Reliability and validity of the Ego and Discomfort Anxiety Inventory.

This article reports significant test-retest reliability scores for the Ego and Discomfort Anxiety Inventory. Positive significant correlations with the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale supported the construct validity of the Ego Anxiety Scale. Positive significant correlations with the Costello-Comrey Anxiety Scale supported the construct validity of the Discomfort Anxiety Scale. The sample included 28 graduate social work students in a research methods class and 28 undergraduate students in an introductory social work class at Michigan State University.

Adolescent↗