TWO EXPERIMENTS IN THE SELECTIVE MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN.2. LANGLEY, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL.
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Child↗
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Results for “statistical physics”
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EXAMINATION OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN OF WELFARE FAMILIES IN WINNIPEG.
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Biometry↗
[Assessment of physical and psychological strain during the climbing up of high broadcasting masts using physiological parameters].
Heart rate, breathing rate, electromyogram, skin resistance and skin temperature were measured when 11 experienced technicians climbed up a mast of 135 m height by means of a digital memory system, a new method for recording demand profiles. To separate physical and psychological strain the same parameters were measured in a laboratory simulating the physical strain with a bicycle ergometer. It could be shown, using non-parametric statistical methods, that the short-time physical strain seems to be superimposed by an emotional component.
Heart Rate↗
Effects of physical activity and menopausal hormone replacement therapy on postural stability in postmenopausal women--a cross-sectional study.
OBJECTIVES: Poor postural stability and muscular strength in postmenopausal women are associated with increased risk of falls and fractures. This study examined whether these risk factors for falls differed according to habitual physical activity and menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use. METHODS: Subjects were 117 postmenopausal women (mean age 65.3+/-6.0 years); of whom 70 had taken HRT for at least 5 years (42 tibolone and 28 transdermal oestradiol), whilst 47 had not received HRT. Duration of physical activity was assessed with monitors worn on a waist belt. Subjects were grouped into low (LPA; < or = 15 min day(-1)) or high (HPA; >15 min day(-1)) physical activity. Postural stability was assessed using a swaymeter which measured displacement at the waist. Maximal isometric strength of knee flexors was determined in 23 of the tibolone group, 26 of the oestrogen group and 12 of the no therapy group. RESULTS: Stature and body mass did not differ according to physical activity participation or HRT use, although the more active women were on average 2.5 years younger than the less active women. Body sway was lower in more physically active women in three of the four measurement conditions (P<0.05) and this effect persisted after inclusion of age as covariate. Body sway tended to be highest in the no therapy group, although not significantly so. Mean knee extensor strength was higher in women taking tibolone and oestrogen than in those not on therapy (115.3 (5.2), 118.2 (7.2) and 97.6 (9.3) Nm, respectively), although again this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The more physically active postmenopausal women had significantly better postural stability than less active women, whilst HRT had no significant effect. Physical activity might thus have a role in reducing the risk of fracture through reducing the risk of falling.
Accidental Falls↗
Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of multilayer adsorption.
The multilayer adsorption models of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer are reconsidered. The relationship between the fitting parameters and the physical parameters of the equation is discussed. The preexponential factors of the parameters are shown to be in general far different from unity, contrary to a widespread use. A thermodynamical derivation illuminates the hypothesis on which the multilayer sorption equation is dependent and frees it from too restrictive hypothesis usually taken as necessary for its validity. Equations are derived for the number fraction of sorption sites occupied by different numbers of molecules. The Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer equation is shown to imply incomplete occupation (jamming) of the first sorption layer at saturation.
Absorption↗
[The effectiveness of physical therapy methods (Bobath and motor relearning program) in rehabilitation of stroke patients].
The purpose of this study was to examine whether two different physiotherapy regimes caused any differences in outcome in the rehabilitation after stroke. We examined 240 patients with stroke. Examination was carried out at the Rehabilitation Center of Kaunas Second Clinical Hospital. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Bobath method was applied to the first (I) group (n=147), motor relearning program (MRP) method was applied to the second (II) group (n=93). In every group of patients we established samples according to sex, age, hospitalization to rehab unit as occurrence of CVA degree of disorder (hemiplegia, hemiparesis). The mobility of patients was evaluated according to European Federation for Research in Rehabilitation (EFRR) scale. Activities of daily living were evaluated by Barthel index. Analyzed groups were evaluated before physical therapy. When preliminary analysis was carried out it proved no statically reliable differences between analyzed groups (reliability 95%). The same statistical analysis was carried out after physical therapy. The results of differences between patient groups were compared using chi(2) method. Bobath method was applied working with the first group of patients. The aim of the method is to improve quality of the affected body side's movements in order to keep both sides working as harmoniously as possible. While applying this method at work, physical therapist guides patient's body on key-points, stimulating normal postural reactions, and training normal movement pattern. MRP method was used while working with the second group patients. This method is based on movement science, biomechanics and training of functional movement. Program is based on idea that movement pattern shouldn't be trained; it must be relearned. CONCLUSION. This study indicates that physiotherapy with task-oriented strategies represented by MRP, is preferable to physiotherapy with facilitation/inhibition strategies, such the Bobath programme, in the rehabilitation of stroke patients (p< 0.05).
Activities of Daily Living↗
[Effect of physical training on growth and total cardiovascular and respiratory capacity in pupils from schools with different physical training programs].
AIM: Influence of physical exercise on psychomotor growth of children is well known. In present study we tried to evaluate influence of two different physical training programs carried out in schools, on parameters of cardiovascular and respiratory system. In addition we tried to evaluate the possible influence of diet on children growth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Children from two schools were studied. Group I: 56 children (aged 10-12) from swimmers classes of the School of Sport Championship, who participated in 8 hours/week of physical exercises in addition to 10 hours/week of swimming exercises. Group II: 28 children (aged 10-12) from standard school, who participated in 3 hours/week of physical exercises. In both groups medical examination, spirometry, blood pressure and heart rate measurement, and diet analysis were performed at baseline and after maximal physical extortion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 1. Spirometry analysis showed statistical differences between the groups, which were impaired in children from school with standard physical training program. 2. We observed worse adaptation to physical exercise of cardiovascular and respiratory system in from school with standard physical training program, as compared to children from group I. 3. No statistical differences in nutrition were shown between the groups. 4. Vitamins, iron and magnesium seem to have good influence on respiratory system adaptation to physical exercise. 5. In general, we observed better total capacity of cardiovascular and respiratory system in connected with better interest in correct nutrition in group I as compared to group II.
Blood Pressure↗
A retrospective, descriptive study of shoulder outcomes in outpatient physical therapy.
STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective, descriptive study of clients with shoulder dysfunction referred to physical therapy. OBJECTIVES: To (1) describe the clinical and functional outcomes of clients with shoulder dysfunction following outpatient physical therapy, and (2) to compare the outcomes by type of shoulder dysfunction. BACKGROUND: Although individuals with shoulder dysfunction are commonly referred to physical therapy few large descriptive studies regarding outcomes following physical therapy are available. METHODS AND MEASURES: Data for 878 clients (468 female, 410 male) were retrieved and analyzed. This database was developed between 1997 and 2000 and included 4 outpatient facilities from 1 healthcare system in the southwest corner of Michigan. Clients were classified by type of shoulder dysfunction, and standardized tests were performed upon admittance and discharge to physical therapy. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated for all data. RESULTS: Of all clients, 55.1% had shoulder impingement, while 18.3% had postoperative repair, 8.9% had a frozen shoulder, 7.6% had a rotator cuff tear, 3.0% had shoulder instability, 2.1% were post fracture, and the remaining 4.9% had miscellaneous diagnoses. The average (+/-SD) age of the patients was 53.6 +/- 16.4 years, with an average (+/-SD) number of treatment sessions of 13.7 +/- 11.0. All groups showed significant changes following physical therapy intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Clients with diverse types of shoulder dysfunction demonstrated improvement in both clinical and functional measures at the conclusion of physical therapy, although it is not possible to determine whether these changes were due to the interventions or due to time. The type of shoulder dysfunction appears to affect the prognosis, thus expected outcomes should be based upon initial diagnosis and specific measures.
Ambulatory Care↗
Socio-economic position and its relationship to physical capacity among elderly people living in Jyväskylä, Finland: five- and ten-year follow-up studies.
Socio-economic differences in self-reported disability are well described but much less is known about their associations with more objective measures of physical capacity. The aim was to study socio-economic differences in performance-based physical capacity in 75-year-old persons, examining changes in performance at five- and ten-year follow-up intervals. At the baseline 350 residents of the city of Jyväskylä, Finland, aged 75 were interviewed and 295 of them took part in clinical examinations. The corresponding figures at the five-year follow-up were 234 and 191 and at the ten-year follow-up 139 and 103. The statistical significance of differences in physical capacity between the socio-economic groups and genders were tested using ANOVA in univariate and repeated measures models and ANCOVA, with confounders added to the models. Generally, higher education and income were separately related to better maximal walking speed and vital capacity at every measurement point. In addition, higher income was related to better maximal isometric hand grip strength at both follow-ups. When education and income were in the same model, only income was related to physical capacity, almost without exception. Similarly, in the five- and ten-year follow-up periods, both education and income groups showed a parallel decline in physical capacity. The association between income and physical capacity remained even after adjusting for smoking, physical activity and number of chronic diseases. The results indicate that elderly people in disadvantaged socio-economic groups show lower levels of performance in almost all domains of physical capacity, but change in capacity over time does not differ significantly between either markers of socio-economic position.
Activities of Daily Living↗
The impact of a community-based heart disease prevention program in a low-income, inner-city neighborhood.
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the impact of a 4-year, community-based cardiovascular disease prevention program among adults aged 18 to 65 years living in St-Henri, a low-income, innercity neighborhood in Montreal, Quebec. METHODS: Awareness of and participation in the program were monitored in 3 independent sample telephone surveys. Self-reported behaviors were compared in St-Henri and a nearby comparison community before and after program implementation in both a 3-year repeat independent sample survey and a 5-year longitudinal cohort telephone survey. RESULTS: Awareness of the program reached 37.4%, but participation was low (2%-3%). There were no secular declines in smoking or high-fat diet; physical inactivity increased in both communities. There were no statistically significant program effects detected in the independent sample surveys, although physical inactivity increased more in the comparison community than in St-Henri. In the longitudinal cohort sample, there was a small, statistically significant increase favoring St-Henri in frequency of cholesterol checkups. CONCLUSIONS: Despite careful adaptation of the program to the local social context, there were few community-wide program effects. However, several component interventions showed promise in terms of community penetration and impact.
Adult↗
[Psychological and physical presentations of severe acute respiratory syndrome].
OBJECTIVE: To study the relation between psychological symptoms and physical parameters in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) at different stages of the disease. METHODS: Physical parameters such as SCL-90, chest CT, T lymphocytes and subset and SaO2 were studied in 29 SARS patients at three different stages (initial stage, serious stage, rehabilitating stage). RESULTS: Patients with SARS showing severe psychological symptoms constituted about 41% (group I) and patients with SARS showing mild psychological symptoms (group II) constituted about 59%. There were no change of the psychological symptoms at the three stages in group I and II (P > 0.05). Statistical differences were found between physical parameters of group I and II in rehabilitating stage. CONCLUSIONS: Severe psychological symptoms such as obsession, depression and anxiety were found in a minority of patients with SARS and the psychological symptoms were not related with the change of physical parameters. The majority of the patients with SARS did not have severe psychological symptoms. Whether or not psychological symptoms were related to their personality needs further study.
Adolescent↗
[Statistical methods of evaluating results of sanitary-hygienic examinations].
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Humans↗
Moderate exertion lasting only seconds reduces intraocular pressure.
Intense physical exertion is known to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP). However, the effect of physical exertion on IOP in the first few seconds after beginning exertion has not been studied previously. IOP was determined twice within 15 s in 32 healthy, young men. Seventeen performed six deep knee bends within 8-10 s preceding the second IOP measurement, while 15 did not. The mean reduction in IOP immediately after such brief and moderate exertion was 1.9 +/- 0.3 mmHg, compared with 0.8 +/- 0.2 mmHg in the control group. The difference between both groups was statistically significant. Thus, even moderate physical exertion may reduce IOP. As the relative decrease in IOP correlated with the relative increase in heart rate, the observed reduction in IOP after brief, moderate physical exertion may be due to sympathetic activity.
Adult↗
[RELIABILITY OF STATISTICS ON CAUSES OF DEATH AND THE DIAGNOSTIC BASIS OF DEATH CERTIFICATIONS].
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Autopsy↗
Statistical methods in rehabilitation research.
Of 128 articles in Volume 63 (1982) of the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 48 (37.5%) utilized some form of statistical methodology. The most commonly encountered methods were: mean (with or without standard deviation or standard error); analysis of variance (ANOVA); t-tests; simple correlation/linear regression; and chi-square analysis. A critical review of the analytic statistics used in 40 of these articles revealed that only 23 (57.5%) were considered satisfactory in descriptive and methodologic terms. The most frequently encountered deficiencies were: inadequate description of methods; misuse of t-tests; absence of appropriately complex statistical analysis. A greater understanding of and familiarity with biostatistics is essential for all readers of the Archives to allow critical evaluation of the rehabilitation literature.
Humans↗
High-dose sequential chemotherapy with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and repeated stem-cell support for inflammatory breast cancer patients: does impact on quality of life jeopardize feasibility and acceptability of treatment?
PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the quality of life (QOL) of patients enrolled onto the High-Dose Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer Study Group trial (PEGASE 02), a French pilot multicenter trial of the treatment of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) aimed at evaluating (1) toxicity and feasibility of sequential high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) and stem-cell support and (2) response to HDC in terms of pathologic response and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: QOL measures were performed at inclusion and four times subsequently up to 1 year using an ad hoc side-effect questionnaire (19 physical symptoms) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30). RESULTS: Of the 95 patients entered, the overall QOL questionnaire completion compliance was 75.6%. During cycle 3 of HDC, the number of symptoms was high (mean +/- SD QOL score, 10 +/- 3), with fatigue, hair loss, appetite loss, nausea, change in taste, vomiting, fever, and weight loss reported by more than 60% of patients. Toxicity and distress associated with HDC were reflected in the decline of four EORTC QLQ-C30 scores: global QOL (P =.001), and physical, role, and social functioning (P <.001 for all statistics). However, QOL deterioration disappeared after treatment completion, except for physical functioning (P =.025). One year after inclusion, most QOL scores returned to baseline, and both emotional functioning and global QOL scores were even higher than baseline (P =.030 and P =.009, respectively). CONCLUSION: If it is confirmed that improvements in pathologic response rates with HDC effectively translate into increased probabilities of survival for IBC patients, adoption of such treatment as PEGASE 02 will not involve crucial choices between length of life and QOL and should not be delayed for QOL arguments.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Assessment of free-living physical activity in humans: an overview of currently available and proposed new measures.
The number of physical activity measures and indexes used in the human literature is large and may result in some difficulty for the average investigator to choose the most appropriate measure. Accordingly, this review is intended to provide information on the utility and limitations of the various measures. Its primary focus is the objective assessment of free-living physical activity in humans based on physiological and biomechanical methods. The physical activity measures have been classified into three categories: Measures based on energy expenditure or oxygen uptake, such as activity energy expenditure, activity-related time equivalent, physical activity level, physical activity ratio, metabolic equivalent, and a new index of potential interest, daytime physical activity level. Measures based on heart rate monitoring, such as net heart rate, physical activity ratio heart rate, physical activity level heart rate, activity-related time equivalent, and daytime physical activity level heart rate. Measures based on whole-body accelerometry (counts/U time). Quantification of the velocity and duration of displacement in outdoor conditions by satellites using the Differential Global Positioning System may constitute a surrogate for physical activity, because walking is the primary activity of man in free-living conditions. A general outline of the measures and indexes described above is presented in tabular form, along with their respective definition, usual applications, advantages, and shortcomings. A practical example is given with typical values in obese and non-obese subjects. The various factors to be considered in the selection of physical activity methods include experimental goals, sample size, budget, cultural and social/environmental factors, physical burden for the subject, and statistical factors, such as accuracy and precision. It is concluded that no single current technique is able to quantify all aspects of physical activity under free-living conditions, requiring the use of complementary methods. In the future, physical activity sensors, which are of low-cost, small-sized, and convenient for subjects, investigators, and clinicians, are needed to reliably monitor, during extended periods in free-living situations, small changes in movements and grade as well as duration and intensity of typical physical activities.
Acceleration↗
The role of hip arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of hip disease.
Injuries to the hip are commonly encountered by orthopedic surgeons and will, for the most part, respond well to conservative therapy. When a patient's hip pain has not responded to the appropriate treatment and radiographic measurements have not shown any specific pathology, arthroscopy of the hip can be a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. We retrospectively reviewed 94 consecutive patients who experienced refractory hip pain that persisted longer than 6 months (average: 2.1 years) and who had an average follow up of 2.5 years. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's Exact Test (P value) and Pearson (r value) correlation coefficient to compare preoperative symptomatology and physical examination findings with intraoperative pathology. Statistically significant results were obtained when comparing preoperative symptoms of a painful hip click and mechanical symptoms of locking with acetabular labral injuries (P = .000, r = .896) and loose bodies (P = .000, r = .896), respectively. Radiologic studies were nondiagnostic in 76% of patients in this series. Hip arthroscopy can be a valuable and viable procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of protracted or progressive hip pain lasting more than 6 months.
Adult↗