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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Contrasting effects of resistance and aerobic training on body composition and metabolism after diet-induced weight loss.

This study examined whether exercise training facilitates maintenance of body weight at reduced levels following weight loss by attenuating weight loss-induced reductions in resting metabolism and fat oxidation. The effects of 12 weeks (three times per week) of either aerobic or weight training exercise on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism during rest and following a meal in 18 older (mean +/- SE, 61 +/- 1 years; range, 56 to 70) subjects who had recently lost a mean of 9 +/- 1 kg were studied. During the exercise training period, the aerobic training group (five women, four men) had a significant (P < .05) reduction in body weight (-2.5 +/- 0.6 kg) as compared with the weight training group (five women, four men) (0.4 +/- 0.9 kg). Eight of nine aerobic training subjects lost additional weight, while six of nine weight training subjects gained weight. Neither type of training reversed the depressions in resting metabolism or fat oxidation rates (ie, resting or postprandial) that had occurred as a consequence of the prior weight loss. Thus, alterations in resting metabolism or fat oxidation (resting or postprandial) do not appear to be the mechanism(s) by which exercise training facilitates maintenance of diet-induced weight loss.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Impact of cardiovascular fitness and physical activity level on health outcomes in older persons.

It remains unclear whether health recommendations should focus on improving cardiovascular fitness or physical activity energy expenditure in older persons. Although the literature is not abundant in this area, we first examined the association between cardiovascular fitness and physical activity. It appears that cross-sectional studies support a positive association between cardiovascular fitness and physical activity energy expenditure, whereas intervention studies suggest that when aerobic exercise is implemented later in life, older individuals either do not change or decrease physical activity energy expenditure outside of the program. We also considered the impact of improvements in cardiovascular fitness and physical activity on some commonly measured health outcomes in older persons. Based on preliminary studies, it appears that improving cardiovascular fitness has a greater impact on various health outcomes, whereas increased physical activity is also associated with health benefits, although to a lesser extent. Further work should be devoted at elucidating the individual benefits of increasing cardiovascular fitness or physical activity on health outcomes in older persons. Such information will be useful in refining exercise prescription to improve health status, particularly in older persons.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Epitope specificity of anti-FVIII antibodies during immune tolerance therapy with factor VIII preparation containing von Willebrand factor.

The study aimed at characterizing the putative changes in the epitope specificity of anti-FVIII antibodies during a successful immune tolerance treatment of the haemophilia A patient with the factor VIII (FVIII) preparation containing the von Willebrand factor (VWF). At the beginning of treatment, anti-FVIII inhibitory antibodies recognizing predominantly the light chain of FVIII were prevalent and persisted throughout the treatment. More detailed characterization of the FVIII antibody epitope specificity by using GST-fusion proteins corresponding to different FVIII domains revealed the prevalence of C1-domain-specific antibodies, while a remarkably lower amount of antibodies were targeted at the C2 and the a3 domains of the FVIII light chain and towards the A2 and the A1 domain of the FVIII heavy chain. The epitope specificity of antibodies remained rather unchanged throughout treatment except the elevated level of C2-domain-specific FVIII antibodies after a temporary interruption of treatment. The patient's antibodies were unable to interfere with the FVIII binding to VWF or to phospholipids, but inhibited FXa generation and the binding of FX to FVIII on the phospholipid monolayer. Thus, a unique pattern of the epitope specificity of FVIII antibodies and the mechanism to inhibit FVIII:C activity by FVIII-light-chain-specific antibodies were characterized.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1987

Infants born to mothers seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Preliminary findings from a multicentre European study.

As part of a project within the European Community research activities on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), infants born to human-immunodeficiency-virus-seropositive mothers are being followed up from birth. By October, 1986, 71 infants from Padua, Berlin, and Edinburgh had been followed up to a median age of 6 months (range 1-15 months). Symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) had developed in 5, 3 of whom had died. The median age at antibody loss was during the 10th month. An estimated 75% will have lost maternal antibody by 12 months, but loss of antibody did not exclude infection confirmed by virus culture. Numbers were too small to draw conclusions about the risk of AIDS/ARC and mode of delivery or breast-feeding. The study suggested that the risk of AIDS/ARC is higher in infants born to mothers who have AIDS symptoms during pregnancy.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1988

Changing prevalence of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus.

Comparison of age-specific prevalence of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus between 1946 and 1958 British cohort birth studies (up to the ages of 26 and 23, respectively) suggests that the overall prevalence of diabetes in young life has not increased, but the disease is manifest at an earlier age in susceptible individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Antenatal testing for human immunodeficiency virus. Results from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' National Study of HIV Infection in Pregnancy.

Current policies on antenatal testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the main obstetric units of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland were surveyed by postal questionnaire; 294 of 299 units responded. HIV testing was available at 192 (65%) of the 294 units that responded. 414 HIV-positive pregnancies in 386 women were reported from 74 (25%) units. Most were from Scotland, the four Thames Regions, and Ireland. In 46% of the HIV-positive women the infection was identified by antenatal testing; the remainder had been tested previously and knew that they were infected. The findings support the view that selective antenatal testing should be established in areas where no testing is offered at present and possibly that testing should be offered to all pregnant women in high-prevalence areas.

Counseling↗
PubMed1984

Are conditioned stimuli determinants of oriented exploratory behavior in the rat?

To test Bindra and Palfai's hypothesis about enhancing and inhibitory motivational effects of a conditioned stimulus on exploratory behavior, rats in a first experiment were submitted to pairings of a tone with (a) water, (b) intermittent deliveries of water after a period of constant pairing. In a control condition, the tone was presented alone. The tone was subsequently presented during oriented exploration of a novel stimulus, in the conditioning context. There was no difference in exploratory performance between conditions. In a second experiment with another kind of stimulus change and a larger number of training trials, exploration did not increase when occurring during CS presentation. The lack of facilitation which is possibly the product of competition between exploration and magazine-directed responses, can also be interpreted as indicating that the effects of a conditioned stimulus are reinforcer specific and that the diffuse activity it generates in a situation different from the training one is not equivalent, as concerns the processes involved, to oriented exploratory behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of EEG records in an epileptic patient using wavelet transform.

About 1% of the people in the world suffer from epilepsy and 30% of epileptics are not helped by medication. Careful analyses of the electroencephalograph (EEG) records can provide valuable insight and improved understanding of the mechanisms causing epileptic disorders. Wavelet transform is particularly effective for representing various aspects of non-stationary signals such as trends, discontinuities, and repeated patterns where other signal processing approaches fail or are not as effective. In this research, discrete Daubechies and harmonic wavelets are investigated for analysis of epileptic EEG records. Wavelet transform is used to analyze and characterize epileptiform discharges in the form of 3-Hz spike and wave complex in patients with absence seizure. Through wavelet decomposition of the EEG records, transient features are accurately captured and localized in both time and frequency context. The capability of this mathematical microscope to analyze different scales of neural rhythms is shown to be a powerful tool for investigating small-scale oscillations of the brain signals. Wavelet analyses of EEGs obtained from a population of patients can potentially suggest the physiological processes undergoing in the brain in epilepsy onset. A better understanding of the dynamics of the human brain through EEG analysis can be obtained through further analysis of such EEG records.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

Influence of DT diaphorase on quinone-mediated genotoxicity in human and fish cell lines.

The influence of the quinone-reducing enzyme, DT diaphorase [NAD(P)H: (quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase], on the genotoxicity of quinones was examined in two cell lines, namely a human hepatoma cell line, HepG2 and a brown bullhead fibroblast cell line, BB. The quinone-reductive characteristics of these two cell lines were examined using an acetylated cytochrome c reduction assay for enzymatic reductase activity. Subsequently, the influence of DT diaphorase on the genotoxicity of two model quinones, menadione (MND) and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) was examined in an alkaline unwinding assay for DNA single-strand breaks. Results revealed that DT diaphorase was the predominant quinone reductase in cytosols of both cell lines, and that levels of specific DT diaphorase activity were generally equivalent in the two species. Despite these similarities, results revealed marked qualitative differences between the two species in terms of the influence of DT diaphorase on quinone-mediated genotoxicity. When pretreated with the DT diaphorase inhibitor, dicoumarol, HepG2 cells exhibited a marked exacerbation of genotoxicity in the presence of either MND or PQ, indicating protective influence of the enzyme. In contrast, quinone genotoxicity in BB cells was not affected by DT diaphorase inhibition, indicating the lack of a protective effect of DT diaphorase. This study illustrates the manner in which functionally analogous enzymes may have markedly distinct influences on xenobiotic toxicity in different cellular systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A method for the detection and confirmation of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in dried blood spots.

This study describes the development and evaluation of a cost effective test rationale for the detection of anti-HCV in dried blood spots. Samples were screened using an 'in house' IgG ELISA that incorporated the recombinant proteins c22-3, c200 and NS5. Confirmation of specific antibody to HCV was by a modification of the immunoblot RIBA 3.0. An extensive panel of well evaluated anti-HCV positive and negative samples from the UK and South Africa were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the two tests. One third of the anti-HCV positive samples had been typed. All anti-HCV positive samples were detected by the 'in house' screening EIA. Test/negative optical density ratios showed that more than 95% of reactive samples produced values greater than 5.0. Antibodies to HCV could be detected in a wide range of samples derived from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients and of different genotypes, with similar sensitivity. The presence of anti-HCV could be confirmed by RIBA 3.0 in samples with low reactivity but not in anti-HCV negative samples. Furthermore the immunoblot assay successfully increased specificity by screening out false reactive EIA samples that might occur in an epidemiological survey of a multi-ethnic population.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effector cell sensitivity to sugar moieties. I. Inhibition of human natural killer cell activity by monosaccharides.

Human natural killer (NK) cells recognize multiple target antigens. The ligands (antigens) involved in the effector-target cell interaction have not been extensively identified. In the present study, assays of NK activity in the presence of a panel of monosaccharides demonstrated inhibition of cytolysis in a dose-response fashion. We propose that NK cell activity involves the recognition of carbohydrate structures on target cells via receptors on the effector cell surface.

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity↗
PubMed1984

Antigenic determinant(s) shared by the human Thy 1 and human IgG.

A human T cell differentiation antigen (p25) previously described as being the mouse theta equivalent has been examined for shared antigenic determinants with immunoglobulin. A strong cross-reactivity of an antiserum prepared against p25 antigen was established with human IgG subclasses. This antiserum does not react with human IgM or IgA, nor with primate immunoglobulins. The shared determinants appear to be associated with the disulphide-bonded cysteines in the first and third constant domains of the IgG molecule and the 9-112 disulfide bond of Thy 1.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed1984

Heterogeneity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells detected by monoclonal antibodies to monomorphic determinants of human Ia antigens.

The reactivity patterns of several monoclonal antibodies specific for monomorphic determinants of human Ia antigens were studied using flow cytometric techniques. We observed differential reactivity of these antibodies with human lymphoid cell lines, normal fresh human mononuclear cells, and lymphoblasts from PHA-activated cultures. The molecular heterogeneity of Ia antigens previously identified with immunochemical techniques was accompanied by heterogeneity of cell surface expression as identified by an immunofluorescent probe. The determinants identified by these anti-Ia monoclonal antibodies may provide useful markers in the isolation of cellular subpopulations responsive in the immune system.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2000

Competition among Streptococcus pneumoniae for intranasal colonization in a mouse model.

Widespread use of conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, by reducing carriage of S. pneumoniae serotypes included in the vaccine, may result in an increase in nasopharyngeal carriage of - and disease from - nonvaccine serotypes of the same species. Mathematical models predict that the extent of such replacement will depend positively on the degree to which carriage of vaccine-type S. pneumoniae inhibits acquisition of nonvaccine-type pneumococci, and may depend negatively on the inhibition of vaccine-type pneumococci by nonvaccine-type pneumococci. We used a mouse model of intranasal carriage of pneumococci to test whether such inhibition occurs between different pneumococcal strains. Mice carrying a streptomycin-resistant derivative of S. pneumoniae BG9163 (serotype 6B) as a resident strain showed reduced levels of colonization when challenged intranasally by optochin-resistant derivatives of the same strain and of a serotype 23F pneumococcus, BG8826. Inhibition could be overcome by increasing the dose of the challenge strain. Carriage of optochin-resistant BG9163 did not inhibit acquisition of the streptomycin-resistant variant. Colonization by a challenge strain did not significantly affect the level of colonization with the resident strain. These results provide evidence that is consistent with several hitherto untested assumptions of mathematical models of serotype replacement and suggest that a biological mechanism exists that could account for serotype replacement that is observed in clinical trials. The findings provide a basis for further studies of in vivo interactions between strains of S. pneumoniae.

Animals↗