PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Behavior, Addictive”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Behavioral frequency and psychological commitment: necessary concepts in the study of excessive exercising.

Efforts to understand the associations among exercising, personality factors, and disordered eating have been the focus of much debate. However, research has been plagued by inconsistent findings, and there is evidence that classification and measurement differences are fundamental to these problems. To date, there are no studies which have defined exercise as a multifaceted construct. The purposes of this study were to establish the factor structure of a questionnaire developed to assess the core features believed to characterize excessive exercisers and to assess relationships between exercise (operationally defined as a function of behaviors and attitudes) and a number of putative risk factors. Results indicated that exercise was strongly related to weight preoccupation among women and men and that, among men, obsessive-compulsiveness was also positively related--findings which support claims that exercising and dieting tend to coexist, and they are associated with an obsessive-compulsive personality profile.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Stimulation of 5-HT1B receptors decreases cocaine- and sucrose-seeking behavior.

Serotonin systems have been implicated in incentive motivation for cocaine, yet little is known about the role of 5-HT(1B) receptors in these processes. We used the extinction/reinstatement model to examine the effects of the 5-HT(1B/1A) receptor agonist, RU24969, on reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior. Rats trained to self-administer cocaine subsequently underwent extinction. They were then tested twice for cue and cocaine-primed reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior, receiving saline pretreatment 1 day and their assigned dose of RU24969 (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) the other day. Rats were later trained on a schedule of sucrose reinforcement in novel chambers and then tested for effects of RU24969 on cue reinstatement of sucrose-seeking behavior and locomotion. RU24969 decreased cue and cocaine reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior and cue reinstatement of sucrose-seeking behavior. Locomotion was increased only at the highest RU24969 dose (3 mg/kg). A subsequent experiment demonstrated that the effects of RU24969 (1 mg/kg) on extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior were reversed by the 5-HT(1B) antagonist GR127935 (3 mg/kg). These findings suggest that the effects of RU24969 on cue and cocaine reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior are 5-HT(1B) receptor-mediated. Overall, the results suggest that stimulation of 5-HT(1B) receptors may produce a general decrease in motivation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Childhood hyperactivity, gender, and Cloninger's personality dimensions in alcoholics.

Cloninger described a classification system for subtyping alcoholics based on personality dimensions of novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), and reward dependence (RD). The relationship between these dimensions and childhood hyperactivity was examined. Mild to moderate alcohol-dependent adults (68 male and 34 female) were administered Tarter's HK/MBD Childhood Symptom Checklist, Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Alcoholics with childhood hyperactivity (38% of sample), regardless of gender, exhibited greater NS than did alcoholics without childhood hyperactivity. Female alcoholics scored significantly higher on RD compared to males. Findings suggest that high NS, proposed by Cloninger as a predominantly male feature, is related to childhood hyperactivity, independent of gender.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Quantitative trait loci mapping of three loci controlling morphine preference using inbred mouse strains.

Quantitative trait loci mapping was used to identify the chromosomal location of genes which contribute to oral morphine preference (in a two-bottle choice paradigm) of C57BL/6J mice, compared to DBA/2J mice. An F2 intercross of these two strains (606 mice) was phenotyped for morphine preference and those mice demonstrating extreme values for morphine consumption (the highest and lowest 7.7%) were genotyped for 157 murine microsatellite polymorphisms. Maximum likelihood methods revealed three loci on murine chromosomes 1, 6 and 10 which are responsible for nearly 85% of the genetic variance observed between the two parental strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Science and society: applications of behavioural genetics: outpacing the science?

Human behavioural genetics is an established research discipline of the genomic age, and applications for behavioural genetic information are most likely to emerge in areas such as criminal justice, education, employment and insurance. However, behavioural genetic research into personality traits and antisocial behaviour poses several risks; for example, tentative or preliminary research findings might be misused in legal and commercial settings. Scientific caution, public and media education, expert consultation and confidentiality protection are essential for the responsible use of behavioural genetics.

Aggression↗
PubMed2001

Cues paired with a low dose of alcohol acquire conditioned incentive properties in social drinkers.

RATIONALE: Drug-related cues may acquire incentive properties through classical conditioning. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated whether arbitrary stimuli paired with a low dose of alcohol would evoke differential skin conductance, salivary, craving and attentional orienting responses compared to arbitrary stimuli paired with vehicle in a sample of social drinkers. METHODS: A discriminative classical conditioning procedure was employed, in which subjects repeatedly consumed two drinks, which differed in terms of the flavour of the drink and the colour of the glass in which it was administered. One of the drinks (CS+) always contained 0.2 g/kg ethanol in flavoured tonic water and the other drink (CS-) always contained flavoured tonic water only. Alcohol craving, amount of salivation, and skin conductance level were measured in response to CS+ and CS- during conditioning training. After conditioning training, the frequency with which subjects directed their attention to CS+ and CS- drinks and their choice of drinks was assessed. RESULTS: Comparable taste intensity ratings were given for alcohol and placebo drinks. Higher ratings of craving in the presence of CS+ and higher feelings of "lightheaded", "relaxed" and "contented" after consumption of the CS+ drink (compared with CS-) were observed over successive conditioning sessions. Skin conductance level was also higher in response to CS+ compared to CS-. After conditioning sessions were completed, subjects shifted their gaze more frequently towards CS+ than CS-, although they did not choose to consume more CS+ than CS- drinks when instructed to choose between them. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that conditioned responses to an arbitrary cue paired with alcohol will develop rapidly and provide further support for incentive salience theories of drug addiction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Pathological gambling. An empirical study of the desire for addictive substances].

Drug craving, the irresistible urge for drug intake, is being discussed as a central construct for the explanation of addictive behaviour and for relapses so far only in substance-related addiction. Based on learning models for the maintenance of addiction, in this study, cue-induced craving and psychological variables that influence craving were investigated in subjects with excessive rewarding behaviour such as pathological gambling. Based on the cue-reactivity paradigm, pathological gamblers and healthy controls were exposed to gambling and other cues. Emotional processing of the gambling cues, cue-induced craving, and the influence on craving of depression, anxiety, and stress-coping strategies were investigated. The results demonstrate disorder-specific processing of cues in pathological gamblers, even after abstinence for more than a year. In addition, craving is influenced by psychological disabilities. Data are discussed with respect to comparable data in studies about substance-related addicts.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Attentional and approach biases for smoking cues in smokers: an investigation of competing theoretical views of addiction.

RATIONALE: Different theories of addiction make conflicting predictions about whether attentional and approach biases for smoking-related cues are enhanced, or reduced, as a function of the level of nicotine dependence. OBJECTIVE: These theoretical views were evaluated by examining cognitive biases in smokers. METHODS: We monitored the eye movements of 41 smokers (predominantly young adults, who smoked from one to 40 cigarettes per day) as they completed a visual probe task in which smoking-related and matched control pictures were presented. Participants also completed a stimulus-response compatibility task, which measured the tendency to approach smoking-related cues, and a rating task. RESULTS: Smokers with lower levels of nicotine dependence showed greater maintained attention and faster approach responses to smoking-related cues. Longer gaze times for smoking cues were associated not only with lower levels of nicotine dependence, but also with higher levels of craving. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results seem consistent with an integrated 'incentive-habit' model of addiction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Amphetamine primes motivation to gamble and gambling-related semantic networks in problem gamblers.

Previous research suggests that gambling can induce effects that closely resemble a psychostimulant drug effect. Modest doses of addictive drugs can prime motivation for drugs with similar properties. Together, these findings imply that a dose of a psychostimulant drug could prime motivation to gamble in problem gamblers. This study assessed priming effects of oral D-amphetamine (AMPH) (30 mg) in a within-subject, counter-balanced, placebo-controlled design in problem gamblers (n=10), comorbid gamblerdrinkers (n=6), problem drinkers (n=8), and healthy controls (n=12). Modified visual analog scales assessed addictive motivation and subjective effects. A modified rapid reading task assessed pharmacological activation of words from motivationally relevant and irrelevant semantic domains (Gambling, Alcohol, Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Neutral). AMPH increased self-reported motivation for gambling in problem gamblers. Severity of problem gambling predicted positive subjective effects of AMPH and motivation to gamble under the drug. There was little evidence that AMPH directly primed motivation for alcohol in problem drinkers. On the reading task, AMPH produced undifferentiated improvement in reading speed to all word classes in Nongamblers. By contrast, in the two problem gambler groups, AMPH improved reading speed to Gambling words while profoundly slowing reading speed to motivationally irrelevant Neutral words. The latter finding was interpreted as directly congruent with models, which contend that priming of addictive motivation involves a linked suppression of motivationally irrelevant stimuli. This study provides experimental evidence that psychostimulant-like neurochemical activation is an important component of gambling addiction.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Animal models and brain circuits in drug addiction.

Animal models in the field of addiction are considered to be among the best available models of neuropsychiatric disease. These models have undergone a number of refinements that allow deeper understanding of the circuitry involved in initiating drug seeking and relapse. Notably, the demonstrable involvement of classic corticostriatal habit circuitry and the engagement of prefrontal cortical circuits in extinction training may have relevance to the therapeutic modulation of habit circuitry and drug addiction in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation.

Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of addiction requires an integration of basic neuroscience with social psychology, experimental psychology, and psychiatry. Addiction is presented as a cycle of spiralling dysregulation of brain reward systems that progressively increases, resulting in compulsive drug use and a loss of control over drug-taking. Sensitization and counteradaptation are hypothesized to contribute to this hedonic homeostatic dysregulation, and the neurobiological mechanisms involved, such as the mesolimbic dopamine system, opioid peptidergic systems, and brain and hormonal stress systems, are beginning to be characterized. This framework provides a realistic approach to identifying the neurobiological factors that produce vulnerability to addiction and to relapse in individuals with a history of addiction.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

A factor-analytic investigation of computer 'addiction' and engagement.

Evidence supporting the application of Brown's (1991, 1993) conception of behavioural addiction to computing behaviour is presented. Questionnaire items tapping Brown's addiction criteria were factor-analysed along with others, including computer apathy-engagement and computer anxiety-comfort items of Charlton and Birkett (1995). Items relating to some of Brown's criteria (tolerance, euphoria, and cognitive salience) were found to be complex, an Addiction factor loading upon them but an Engagement factor loading more highly. Items tapping other criteria (conflict, withdrawal, behavioural salience, and relapse and reinstatement) were shown to be factor pure, with only the addiction factor loading highly upon them. It is concluded that Brown's conception of behavioural addiction can be applied to computer-related behaviour, although the relationship of milder facets of addiction, which are also merely indicative of high engagement, to computer-related addictions is non-unique. It is also concluded that classifying individuals as exhibiting pathological computer use using checklists based upon adaptations of DSM criteria for pathological gambling is likely to overestimate the number of people addicted to computing activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Negative addiction in male and female runners and exercisers.

72 male and 26 female runners and 60 male and 30 female exercisers were tested on the Negative Addiction Scale of Hailey and Bailey along with demographic questions to examine the relationships among gender, age, years of exercise experience, and addiction to exercise. Analysis showed no differences in addiction scores by age, gender, or type of activity. A trend showed longer involvement in physical activity was associated with higher addiction scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Working and "drugging" in the city: economics and substance use in a sample of working addicts.

Employment status is often treated as a "risk factor" in epidemiologic studies of drug use. The process that underlies the supposed relationship has remained, however, essentially unexamined. This article uses life history data to look at the relationship between work and drug use in a sample of addicts from Baltimore City, Maryland. The narratives constructed by these individuals demonstrate that the processes involved in creating and maintaining drug- and nondrug-related identities are neither linear nor straightforward. Rather, managing complex, emergent identities is a product of the economic situation, the organization of the drug scene, and the larger milieu in which these addicts operate.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Methamphetamine: putting the brakes on speed.

In only recent history, illicit use of methamphetamine, once isolated to urban areas on the West Coast, has spread into rural areas of the Midwest and southern United States. Although past and current methamphetamine legislation has increased penalties for methamphetamine manufacturers and tightened restrictions on sales of known precursors, the problem still persists. In fact, a 2004 survey indicates that an alarming 6.2% of high school seniors have tried methamphetamine. A number of biological, genetic, and environmental factors influence children's and adolescents' paths to substance abuse. Nurses should recognize the symptoms of methamphetamine abuse, which include agitation; aggressive behavior; rapid mood swings; hypertension; tachycardia; and eventually lesion-marked skin, clinical depression, and paranoid psychosis. Treatment for methamphetamine addiction includes behavioral therapy. Research on pharmacologic therapy is lacking. Educating youth on methamphetamine prevention appears to be the best approach to curb the spreading use of this addictive and deadly drug.

Acute Disease↗