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PubMed1999

An alternative medicine study of herbal effects on the penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes and the integrity of sperm deoxyribonucleic acid.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of certain herbs on sperm DNA and on the fertilization process. DESIGN: Prospective comparative study. SETTING: Clinical and academic research environment. PATIENT(S): Donor sperm specimens. INTERVENTION(S): Zona-free hamster oocytes were incubated for 1 hour in saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), echinacea purpura, ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), or control medium before sperm-oocyte interaction. The DNA of herb-treated sperm was analyzed with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Oocyte penetration and integrity of the sperm BRCAI exon 11 gene. RESULT(S): Pretreatment of oocytes with 0.6 mg/mL of St. John's wort resulted in zero penetration. A lower concentration (0.06 mg/mL) had no effect. High concentrations of echinacea and ginkgo also resulted in reduced oocyte penetration. Exposure of sperm to echinacea purpura and St. John's wort resulted in DNA denaturation. In contrast, saw palmetto and ginkgo had no effect. Sperm exposed to 0.6 mg/mL of St. John's wort showed mutation of the BRCA1 exon 11 gene. CONCLUSION(S): High concentrations of St. John's wort, echinacea, and ginkgo had adverse effects on oocytes. Saw palmetto had no effect. The data suggested that St. John's wort, ginkgo, and echinacea at high concentrations damage reproductive cells. St. John's wort was mutagenic to sperm cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Ginkgo biloba for the prevention of severe acute mountain sickness (AMS) starting one day before rapid ascent.

Previous studies suggest that 5 days of prophylactic ginkgo decreases the incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) during gradual ascent. This trial was designed to determine if ginkgo is an effective prophylactic agent if begun 1 day prior to rapid ascent. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 26 participants residing at sea level received ginkgo (60 mg TID) or placebo starting 24 h before ascending Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Subjects were transported from sea level to the summit (4205 m) over 3 hours, including 1 hour at 2835 m. The Lake Louise Self-report Questionnaire constituted the primary outcome measure at baseline, 2835 m, and after 4 h at 4205 m. AMS was defined as a Lake Louise Self-report Score (LLSR) >/= 3 with headache. Subjects who developed severe AMS were promptly transported to lower altitude for the remainder of the study. The ginkgo (n = 12) and placebo (n = 14) groups were well matched (58% vs. 50% female; median age 28 yr, range 22-53 vs. 33 yr, range 21-53; 58% vs. 57% Caucasian). Two (17%) subjects on ginkgo and nine (64%) on placebo developed severe AMS and required descent for their safety (p = 0.021); all recovered without sequelae. Median LLSR at 4205 m was significantly lower for ginkgo versus placebo (4, range 1-8 vs. 5, range 2-9, p = 0.03). Ginkgo use did not reach statistical significance for lowering incidence of AMS compared with placebo (ginkgo 7/12, 58.3% vs. placebo 13/14, 92.9%, p = 0.07). Twenty-one of 26 (81%) subjects developed AMS overall. This is the first study to demonstrate that 1 day of pretreatment with ginkgo 60 mg TID may significantly reduce the severity of AMS prior to rapid ascent from sea level to 4205 m.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Medicinal herbs: a primer for primary care.

Used for centuries as folk remedies, herbs are enjoying a surge of public interest. Some empiric findings have been supported by formal research results. In order to advise patients about such preparations, physicians need to be aware of the indications, contraindications, drug interactions, and potential side effects. Eight popular herbs are reviewed.

Aloe↗
PubMed2002

[Herbal preparations have both effects and side effects. Widespread usage dictates knowledge among physicians].

The article gives a clinically oriented overview of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, ginseng, Echinacea, saw palmetto and kava based on American experiences. Clinical data support the efficacy for some of these drugs. None of them is free of adverse effects. Generally speaking, trials of herbal medicinal products have been too few, too small and too short. The lack of long-term studies is especially unfortunate since many of the drugs are used for a long time. The difference between American and Swedish legislation on herbal medicine products is described.

Echinacea↗
PubMed2004

[Study on antitumor activities of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo sarcotestas in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of ginkgolic acids on human tumor cells and normal cells. METHODS: Ginkgolic acids (total concentration 90%) was prepared from ginkgo sarcotestas. The inhibitive effect of ginkgolic acids on human tumor cells and normal cells lines was examined by MTT assay. RESULTS: When the concentration was 5.0 micrograms/ml, ginkgolic acids obviously inhibited the growth of tumor cells and didn't influence the normal cells. Inhibitive rate of ginkgolic acids on LTEP-a-2 was 59.1%. High-concentration ginkgolic acids had inhibitive effect on the growth of tumor cells and normal cells. CONCLUSION: Ginkgolic acids had a obvious inhibitive effect on tumor cells in vitro. When the concentration was under 5.0 micrograms/ml, ginkgolic acids didn't influence the growth of normal cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[The assessment of medical therapy effectiveness of patients with lower limb chronic venous insufficiency: the results of prospective study with Ginkor Fort].

The results of prospective study on combined agent Ginkor Fort are presented. The study included 60 patients with variceal disease and clinical picture of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), II-IV CEAP class. Besides the registration of common and well known subjective signs (lower limb pain, heaviness and discomfort feelings, night palsies and paresthesia, edema), the main outcome measures included the results of digital photo-plethysmography (PPG). Initial assessment demonstrated the decrease of both venous return time (To) and muscular-venous pump capacity (Vo) with the increase of CEAP class; the trend of To appeared to be statistically significant (p=0.0318). The treatment resulted in the regression of main clinical complaints according to the 6-score analog scale. PPG showed the rise of to from 19.5+/-4.9 s to 20.5+/-3.7 s, though this trend was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Vo elevated significantly from 3.69+/-2.4% to 4.04+/-2.3% (p<0.05), demonstrating the grown functional capacities of leg pump. PPG with To and Vo analysis can be used in combination with ultrasonic examination for the quantitative assessment of venous outflow disturbances and accordingly, of the CVI severity. This method can serve as an indicator of conservative treatment effectiveness. Combined agent Ginkor Fort is feasible for adjunctive therapy in complex treatment of patients with lower limb CVI symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

BN 52021, PAF-receptor antagonist, improves diminished antioxidant defense system of lungs in experimentally induced haemorrhagic shock.

The purpose of our experiments was to determine whether BN 52021, PAF-receptor antagonist, has any influence on the production of reactive oxygen species in the lung induced by haemorrhagic shock. The results showed, that the activities of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the lung after haemorrhagic shock were decreased in comparison with control and sham groups while the activity of glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) was unchanged. The content of SH-groups was decreased while thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBA-rs) after haemorrhagic shock were increased. Infusion of BN 52021 (5.0 mg/kg i.v.) in haemorrhagic animals caused significantly increased activities of Cu,Zn-SOD, GSH-Px, GSSG-R in the lung. The SH-group level was slightly increased while TBA-rs returned to normal values.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

New perspectives for (S)-dolichol and (S)- nor dolichol synthesis and biological functions.

A procedure is described for the preparation of (S)-dolichol and (S)- nor dolichol starting from the polyprenyl fraction extracted from Gingko biloba integer or exhausted leaves. The procedure appears extremely valuable in obtaining the two chiral isoprenoid compounds in good chemical yields and retention of a high degree of enantiomeric excess. Also, the (S)- nor dolichol represents a good chiral precursor for the preparation of (14)C-labelled (S)-dolichol to be used in biological investigations into the (S)-dolichol catabolism in the functional living cell. Furthermore, the possible role of (S)-dolichol as a free radical scavenger in the cell membrane was preliminarily evaluated by means of a (1)H-NMR analytical method. Apparently, experimental results substantiate this hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Inhibition of extracts from 17 Chinese herbs on periodontal pathogenic microbes].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficiency of 17 Chinese herbs on periodontal pathogenic microbes. METHODS: 17 efficient substances from Chinese herbs were purchased from Chinese Drug Identification Bureau, including magnesium lithospermate B, magnolol, tetramethyl pyrazine, matrine, dycyrrhizin, gentiopicrin, aloperin, baicalin, oleanolic acid, ginkgo seed, total glucosides of paeony capsules, anisldehyde, archin, cablin patchouli, hydrochloric acid Berberine, forsythin, and kakonein. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests of broth microdilution methods on 96-microwell plate were carried out for identification of the antimicrobial activity of extracts against six species of microorganisms: Actinobacillus actinomycete mitans(Aa) Y4, Actinomycetes viscosus(Av) 19246, Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) 33277, Fusobacterium necrophorum(Fn) 25286, Actinomyces naeslundii(An) wvl 45 and Prevotella nigrescens(Pn). RESULTS: It was found that magnesium lithospermate B and magnolol showed the most efficient inhibition on microorganism of Pn and Fn, with the MIC being 0.053 and 0.313 mg/ml for Pn and Fn, respectively. Tetramethyl pyrazine, matrine, dycyrrhizin, gentiopicrin, aloperin, baicalin, and oleanolic acid had better inhibition than total glucosides of paeony capsules, anisldehyde, archin, cablin patchouli, hydrochloric acid berberine, forsythin, and kakonein. CONCLUSION: The Chinese herbs, magnesium lithospermate B and magnolol are efficient agents for inhibition against periodontal pathogenic microbes.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2001

N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins from Ginkgo biloba pollen, an allergenic pollen.

The pollen of Ginkgo biloba is one of the allergens that cause pollen allergy symptoms. The plant complex type N-glycans bearing beta1-2 xylose and/or alpha1-3 fucose residue(s) linked to glycoallergens have been considered to be critical epitopes in various immune reactions. In this report, the structures of N-glycans of total glycoproteins prepared from Ginkgo biloba pollens were analyzed to confirm whether such plant complex type N-glycans occur in the pollen glycoproteins. The glycoproteins were extracted by SDS-Tris buffer. N-Glycans liberated from the pollen glycoprotein mixture by hydrazinolysis were labeled with 2-aminopyridine and the resulting pyridylaminated (PA-)N-glycans were purified by a combination of size-fractionation HPLC and reversed-phase HPLC. The structures of the PA-sugar chains were analyzed by a combination of two-dimensional sugar chain mapping, IS-MS, and MS/MS. The plant complex type structures (GlcNAc2Man3Xyl1Fuc1GlcNAc2 (31%), GlcNAc2Man3Xyl1GlcNAc2 (5%), Man3Xyl1Fuc1GlcNAc2 (13%), GlcNAc1Man3Xyl1Fuc1GlcNAc2 (8%), and GlcNAc1Man3Xyl1GlcNAc2 (17%)) have been found among the N-glycans of the glycoproteins of Ginkgo biloba pollen, which might be candidates for the epitopes involved in Ginkgo pollen allergy. The remaining 26% of the total pollen N-glycans have the typical high-mannose type structures: Man8GlcNAc2 (11%) and Man6GlcNAc2 (15%).

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dangshen (Codonopsis pilosula) and Bai guo (Gingko biloba) enhance learning and memory.

CONTEXT: An exploration of the usefulness of several common Chinese herbs used for Acquisition and Retention singly or in combination is required. OBJECTIVE: To test (1) whether Gingko biloba (Bai guo) in combination with Codonopsis pilosula (Dangshen) or Gingko biloba (GB) alone could enhance memory acquisition and retention of normal human subjects, better than a placebo and (2) to investigate whether the overall health status can be affected by these supplements. DESIGN: A double blind randomized placebo controlled trial design was used to determine the efficacy of these two products compared to placebo. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Sixty participants, aged 21- 60 years, who were either students or faculty of the Southern California University of Health Sciences. INTERVENTION: Each combination capsule was made up of 75mg of Codonopsis pilosula total glycosides and 40mg GB extract. Each GB capsule consisted of 40mg of Gingko biloba as an aqueous extract and. The placebo pill was similar in shape and color to that of the other two capsules. All the participants regardless of the group were instructed to take one pill twice a day with food. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was a computerized, standardized acquisition and retention test provided by Digital Acumen, Inc. The secondary outcome measures were the SF-12 and the Medical Symptom Questionnaire ( 1997 healthcomm International, Inc. And Immuno Laboratories, Inc.) RESULTS: Mean age was 28 years; almost two thirds of the sample were males. The study adopted repeated measure analysis using data from three measurement points for between group analysis. GB group was compared to placebo, and CPG/GB group was also compared to placebo. These individual comparisons were made to determine whether the active products produced better results than chance. The between groups findings indicate that both products are better than placebo at producing improvements in acquisition and retention and overall health status. CONCLUSION: In our participant population, the combination product seems to be better than GB alone in improving the cognitive function and overall health.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Chromatographic and electrochemical determination of quercetin and kaempferol in phytopharmaceuticals.

An NP-HPLC method both with diode-array (DAD) and electrochemical detection (ED) was developed and validated for the determination of quercetin and kaempferol, the principal active constituents in phytopharmaceuticals of Ginkgo Biloba. Calculated retention of the two flavonoids was contrasted with experimental values in five different reversed phase columns for methanol-water, acetonitrile-water, THF-water and dioxane-hexane binary mixtures as mobile phases. The capacity factor k, selectivity alpha and asymmetry factor F were evaluated and compared in DAD-RP-HPLC, DAD-NP-HPLC, ED-RP-HPLC and ED-NP-HPLC. The methods were used for the quantitative analysis of acid hydrolyzed extracts of tablet phytopharmaceuticals. Calibration curves were linear within the range 10 and 40 microg ml(-1) for the DAD and 10-270 microg ml(-1) for the ED, whereby limits of detection ranged from 0.5 microg ml(-1) (quercetin) to 0.1 microg ml(-1) (kaempferol). The electrochemical method based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with a C-PVC electrode resolved the quercetin and kaempferol peaks and exhibited a two orders higher sensitivity in comparison with a carbon fiber electrode. DPV calibration curves were linear within the range 96-300 microg ml(-1) for quercetin and 68-960 microg ml(-1) for kaempferol. The respective oxidation peaks appeared at 462 and 518+/-2 mV and were used in the direct determination of quercetin in extracts of commercial phytopharmaceuticals.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2003

Selective extraction of functional components derived from herb in plasma by using a molecularly imprinted polymer based on 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butanol trimethacrylate.

To make molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) solid-phase extraction (SPE) capable of direct clean-up of aqueous biological samples, an anti-quercetin MIP with evident hydrophobic matrix was synthesized using acrylamide (AA) as the functional monomer and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butanol trimethacrylate (TRIM) as the crosslinker. The affinity and selectivity were evaluated by liquid chromatography, and the binding sites and the dissolution constants were measured by frontal chromatography. Compared with the AA-co-ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) MIP, the anti-quercetin AA-co-TRIM MIP exhibited stronger binding and possessed improved column efficacy. A linear plot of the peak area versus sample size (in the range of 0.4-2.2 microg) was obtained, which made it promising for the MIP columns to be directly used for analysis. Before MIP-SPE of the sample of plasma, several washing solvents were tested and it was shown that the careful choice of the right washing solvent is the key step to successful sample extraction. The anti-quercetin AA-co-TRIM polymer selectively extracted quercetin, the effective component in the plasma of rats fed the hydrolyzed extract of Gingko biloba L. The recovery (67%) for MIP-SPE was calculated using spiked plasma. The results of the present work showed that the properties of MIP could be improved by modifying the polymerization and that MIP-SPE could be used for direct clean-up of biological samples for the analysis of functional components in vivo originating from an extract of medicinal herbs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fluorophotometric thin-layer chromatography of ginkgo terpenes by postchromatographic thermochemical derivatization and quality survey of commercial ginkgo products.

Terpenoid lactones in Ginkgo biloba leaves are the main active constituents and the content of these terpenes is therefore the key factor for evaluating the quality of the leaves, the extract, and its preparations distributed on the market. The precleanup sample solutions were applied onto the silica gel plate modified with sodium acetate solution and developed with a solvent system of toluene-ethyl acetate-acetone-methanol, and a fluorescence chromatogram was generated by means of postchromatographic thermal chemical reaction. Fluorescence scanning was conducted quantitatively. The methodology validation confirmed that it is a practical alternative for routine quality control for ginkgo terpenes and the results are comparable with those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). On the basis of the method established, a quality survey of the various commercial ginkgo products from different sources was undertaken. The obtained data demonstrated that the fluctuation of the content of individual terpene and/or the total terpenes among replicate samples is so significant as to cast doubts on the consistency of their pharmacological and clinical efficacy.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed2005

Green tea and the skin.

Plant extracts have been widely used as topical applications for wound-healing, anti-aging, and disease treatments. Examples of these include ginkgo biloba, echinacea, ginseng, grape seed, green tea, lemon, lavender, rosemary, thuja, sarsaparilla, soy, prickly pear, sagebrush, jojoba, aloe vera, allantoin, feverwort, bloodroot, apache plume, and papaya. These plants share a common character: they all produce flavonoid compounds with phenolic structures. These phytochemicals are highly reactive with other compounds, such as reactive oxygen species and biologic macromolecules, to neutralize free radicals or initiate biological effects. A short list of phenolic phytochemicals with promising properties to benefit human health includes a group of polyphenol compounds, called catechins, found in green tea. This article summarizes the findings of studies using green tea polyphenols as chemopreventive, natural healing, and anti-aging agents for human skin, and discusses possible mechanisms of action.

Animals↗