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PubMed1997

Vocal identification of speaker and emotion activates different brain regions.

Regional cerebral blood flow was measured in six healthy volunteers by positron emission tomography during identification of speaker and emotion from spoken words. The speaker identification task activated several audio-visual multimodal areas, particularly the temporal poles in both hemispheres, which may be involved in connecting vocal attributes with the visual representations of speakers. The emotion identification task activated regions in the cerebellum and the frontal lobe, suggesting a functional relationship between those regions involved in emotion. The results suggest that different anatomical structures contribute to the vocal identification of speaker and emotion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Relevant factors in the identification of hearing loss.

This study examined factors which may affect early identification of hearing loss. The medical records of 123 children with educationally significant hearing impairment were examined. Information about each child's degree and type of hearing loss, etiology, referral source, birth and medical history, additional handicaps, age of suspicion of loss, mode of identification, age of identification, and age at which aided was entered into a database for further analysis. The age range for identification was 7 weeks to 10 yr, with a median age of 2.1 yr. Children with a greater degree of hearing loss, an additional handicap, additional medical conditions, or an etiology strongly associated with hearing loss were identified earlier than those without these factors. Unexpectedly, children with a history of middle ear dysfunction were identified no later than those without, and children with a positive family history of hearing loss were identified later than those with a negative family history. These results agree with other studies which show that, in general, children are identified and habilitated at a later age than that recommended by both the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Committee and the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

Modeling spoken word recognition performance by pediatric cochlear implant users using feature identification.

OBJECTIVE: Computational simulations were carried out to evaluate the appropriateness of several psycholinguistic theories of spoken word recognition for children who use cochlear implants. These models also investigate the interrelations of commonly used measures of closed-set and open-set tests of speech perception. DESIGN: A software simulation of phoneme recognition performance was developed that uses feature identification scores as input. Two simulations of lexical access were developed. In one, early phoneme decisions are used in a lexical search to find the best matching candidate. In the second, phoneme decisions are made only when lexical access occurs. Simulated phoneme and word identification performance was then applied to behavioral data from the Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten test and Lexical Neighborhood Test of open-set word recognition. Simulations of performance were evaluated for children with prelingual sensorineural hearing loss who use cochlear implants with the MPEAK or SPEAK coding strategies. RESULTS: Open-set word recognition performance can be successfully predicted using feature identification scores. In addition, we observed no qualitative differences in performance between children using MPEAK and SPEAK, suggesting that both groups of children process spoken words similarly despite differences in input. Word recognition ability was best predicted in the model in which phoneme decisions were delayed until lexical access. CONCLUSIONS: Closed-set feature identification and open-set word recognition focus on different, but related, levels of language processing. Additional insight for clinical intervention may be achieved by collecting both types of data. The most successful model of performance is consistent with current psycholinguistic theories of spoken word recognition. Thus it appears that the cognitive process of spoken word recognition is fundamentally the same for pediatric cochlear implant users and children and adults with normal hearing.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2002

Laryngeal mask anesthesia with intraoperative laryngoscopy for identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: A critical step in thyroidectomy involves definitive identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Using the laryngeal mask airway, identification of the RLN can be facilitated by stimulation of the nerve while monitoring vocal cord movement with a fiberoptic laryngoscope. We present this technique as an effective and safe means to identify the RLN during thyroid surgery, with significant advantages over existing techniques in appropriately selected patients. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: We performed thyroidectomy on 8 patients (13 RLN identifications) in which laryngeal mask airway anesthesia with fiberoptic laryngoscopy was used to identify the RLN. Results are reviewed with regard to postoperative vocal cord function, as well as intraoperative and postoperative courses with laryngeal mask airway anesthesia. RESULTS: In all 13 cases in which the RLN was sought, it was definitively identified by witnessing brisk vocal cord movement on a video screen with stimulation of the RLN. No patient had postoperative vocal cord paresis or paralysis. Overall recovery from laryngeal mask airway anesthesia was uneventful and had advantages when compared with general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. CONCLUSIONS: Laryngeal mask airway anesthesia with intraoperative fiberoptic laryngoscopy to identify the RLN is effective and safe in carefully selected patients. Advantages include decreased postoperative throat discomfort, absence of coughing during emergence from anesthesia, and elimination of the possibility of vocal cord mobility impairment secondary to RLN ischemia from the endotracheal tube balloon. In addition, this technique is applicable in operations besides thyroid surgery, in which definitive identification of the RLN is indicated.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Duration thresholds for target detection and identification in the peripheral visual field.

PURPOSE: In the current study, we measured threshold duration required to perform the tasks of letter identification, letter detection, grating orientation discrimination, and symmetry detection of targets presented as a function of retinal eccentricity. METHODS: Targets were presented in the nasal visual field on the horizontal meridian at eccentricities ranging from 0 degree to 22 degrees. Threshold duration was calculated using a modified staircase procedure. RESULTS: We found that for the task of letter identification, the rate of duration sensitivity loss was independent of the letter size. In contrast, for the tasks of letter detection, grating discrimination, and symmetry detection, the rate of loss was greater for smaller targets than for larger targets. CONCLUSION: At equivalent target sizes, letter identification always demonstrated the steepest decline in duration sensitivity with increasing eccentricity. This might be the case if the final stages of the identification process are rate limiting. It was hoped that by quantifying duration sensitivity of the peripheral retina, more appropriate temporal stimuli could be used in rehabilitation programs that train reading using eccentric preferred retina loci in patients with advanced macular disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

In situ hybridization for the identification of filamentous fungi in tissue section.

Identification of fungi in tissue sections can be difficult because of limited biopsy tissue with only a few organisms present, or mycelial elements may be the only forms present, rendering common organism types indistinguishable from one another. In situ hybridization may assist in the rapid and accurate identification of such fungi. In this study, DNA probes were directed against the 5S or 18S ribosomal RNA sequences of three groups of fungi with a high degree of specificity for each. Two of the three, Aspergillus and Zygomycetes species, are usually seen in tissue purely in their hyphal forms. The third, Candida species is seen less commonly as predominantly mycelial elements. Probes were tested on 61 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens, each with culture-proven involvement by one of these organisms (Candida species, n = 21; Aspergillus species, n = 27; Zygomycetes, n = 13). Accuracy of both in situ hybridization (ISH) and morphology, based on the examination of Grocott methanamine silver (GMS)- and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained slides, was compared with culture. The results showed that morphologic examination (GMS and PAS) showed a slightly greater sensitivity in detecting the presence of fungi (98%) compared with in situ hybridization (95%). DNA probes, however, were more accurate in correctly identifying those organisms present. Although ISH specific probes showed 97% positive predictive value (PPV), examination of GMS-and PAS-stained slides had an 86% PPV when compared with culture-based identification methods. These results show that ISH, directed against ribosomal RNA, provides a rapid and accurate technique for the identification of mycelial fungal organisms in histologic tissue sections. Its primary use lies in the ability to accurately distinguish between organisms that have similar or identical morphologic features by light microscopy.

DNA Probes↗

PubMed2006

Current trends in crystal identification.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review is an attempt to keep current in the sparse literature addressing the still underutilized area of crystal identification. RECENT FINDINGS: The emphasis has been on the subtleties of the microscopic identification of common crystals and other less common potentially confusing crystals. Imaging is noted to provide increasing help, but microscopic crystal identification remains the gold standard. SUMMARY: Quality control is still a concern as is the infrequency of attempted arthrocentesis for crystal identification.

Calcinosis↗

PubMed2004

Improving identification of Hispanic males in Medicare: use of surname matching.

OBJECTIVES: Medicare administrative and claims files maintained by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) are frequently used to examine racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare use. However, identification of Hispanic ethnicity for beneficiaries in the Medicare claims files is problematic, greatly limiting the use of these administrative data for examining race/ethnicity differences. This article reports on 2 studies assessing the effectiveness of a Hispanic surname match for improving the accuracy of race/ethnicity codes for elderly males in the Medicare data sets. METHODS: Study 1 used survey data to compare a Medicare race code + Spanish surname composite indicator to self-identification as Hispanic. Study 2 used Medicare administrative files and U.S. Census 2000 data to identify how well the Medicare race code alone and the Medicare race code + Spanish surname composite indicator compared with estimates obtained from census data for 16 U.S. counties dispersed across 5 states. RESULTS: Using self-identification as the gold standard, including the Spanish surname match increased accuracy for Hispanics and whites compared with the Medicare race code alone. The Spanish surname match also dramatically improved the Medicare code's estimation of elderly Hispanic and white males compared with county-level census data. CONCLUSIONS: Augmenting the Medicare race code with a match to Spanish surnames yields substantial improvement in the identification of elderly Hispanic and white non-Hispanic male Medicare beneficiaries. Using surname information to supplement the Medicare race code could greatly enhance researchers' ability to examine healthcare equity.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Pigmentation of articular surfaces of bones as an identification factor: a unique case report.

One of the classic problems of forensic pathology, the identification of a skeletal remains, involves techniques and expertise that span a number of disciplines. This forensic endeavor offers a more challenging and creative exercise because identification with medical and legal certainty often requires thinking beyond routine workups. Identification workups are creative in developing features that are unique as presented by an individual decedent. In this case report, a rare pathologic condition, ochronosis, has helped in the accurate identification of an individual from a systematic skeletal remains examination.

Bone and Bones↗

PubMed2006

Identification of the unidentified deceased and locating next of kin: experience with a UID web site page, Fulton County, Georgia.

BACKGROUND: Medical examiner and coroner offices may face difficulties in trying to achieve identification of deceased persons who are unidentified or in locating next of kin for deceased persons who have been identified. The Fulton County medical examiner (FCME) has an office web site which includes information about unidentified decedents and cases for which next of kin are being sought. METHODS: Information about unidentified deceased and cases in need of next of kin has been posted on the FCME web site for 3 years and 1 year, respectively. FCME investigators and staff medical examiners were surveyed about the web site's usefulness for making identifications and locating next of kin. RESULTS: No cases were recalled in which the web site led to making an identification. Two cases were reported in which next of kin were located, and another case involved a missing person being ruled out as one of the decedents. The web site page is visited by agencies interested in missing and unidentified persons, and employees do find it useful for follow-up because information about all unidentified decedents is located and easily accessible, electronically, in a single location. CONCLUSIONS: Despite low yield in making identifications and locating next of kin, the UID web site is useful in some respects, and there is no compelling reason to discontinue its existence. It is proposed that UID pages on office web sites be divided into "hot" (less than 30 days, for example) and "warm" (31 days to 1 year, for example) cases and that cases older than a year be designated as "cold cases." It is conceivable that all unidentified deceased cases nationally could be placed on a single web site designed for such purposes, to remain in public access until identity is established and confirmed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2005

The identification of mandible fractures by helical computed tomography and panorex tomography.

The introduction of computed tomography (CT) in 1972 revolutionized the radiographic evaluation of patients who have experienced trauma. However, panoramic tomography (PT) continued to be superior in sensitivity to CT in the identification of mandible fractures and has been considered the gold standard for the past 3 decades. In 1989, a faster, higher-resolution spiral or helical CT (HCT) became widely available, and its efficacy in multiplanar evaluation and diagnosis of fractures of the upper two thirds of the face has been well established. The sensitivity of this new-generation HCT in comparison to PT in the detection of mandible fractures has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity, physician interpretation error, and interphysician agreement of HCT and PT in the identification of mandible fractures. The number and anatomical location of mandible fractures identified by HCT and PT was not significantly different. However, the number and location of 96% of fractures identified by HCT was agreed on by neuroradiologists compared with only 91% of fractures identified by PT. Furthermore, the interphysician agreement when no fracture was identified was 96% by HCT versus only 81% by PT. In conclusion, HCT has enhanced imaging quality, equivalent sensitivity in identification of fractures, decreased interpretation error, and greater interphysician agreement in the identification of mandible fractures. HCT has surpassed PT as the current gold standard for the radiographic evaluation and diagnosis of mandible fractures.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Automated species identification: why not?

Where possible, automation has been a common response of humankind to many activities that have to be repeated numerous times. The routine identification of specimens of previously described species has many of the characteristics of other activities that have been automated, and poses a major constraint on studies in many areas of both pure and applied biology. In this paper, we consider some of the reasons why automated species identification has not become widely employed, and whether it is a realistic option, addressing the notions that it is too difficult, too threatening, too different or too costly. Although recognizing that there are some very real technical obstacles yet to be overcome, we argue that progress in the development of automated species identification is extremely encouraging that such an approach has the potential to make a valuable contribution to reducing the burden of routine identifications. Vision and enterprise are perhaps more limiting at present than practical constraints on what might possibly be achieved.

Classification↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of arbitrarily primed PCR analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of large genomic DNA fragments for identification of enterococci important in human medicine.

The increasing problems encountered with enterococcal nosocomial infections and the intrinsic and acquired resistance of the enterococci to different antimicrobial compounds highlight the need for a rapid identification technique. Enterococcus faecalis is readily identified by biochemical tests, but species differentiation within the Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus gallinarum species groups is less well established. In the present study, 66 strains representing the most prevalent human enterococci were used to develop a PCR-based species-specific identification protocol. Whole-cell protein analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used as a reference method for species identification. In addition, the genomic SmaI macro-restriction fragment distribution of all of the strains was examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Oligonucleotide D11344-primed PCR was as discriminative as whole-cell protein analysis and resulted in more easily interpreted band patterns. This PCR-based technique allowed identification of clinical isolates by visual examination of the DNA profiles obtained. The inability of both methods to discriminate between Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus flavescens brought into question the species status of E. flavescens. PFGE did not result in species-discriminative DNA bands or band patterns, but proved to be superior for interpretation of interstrain relationships.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed1999

Identification of yeasts by RFLP analysis of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the two ribosomal internal transcribed spacers.

The identification and classification of yeasts have traditionally been based on morphological, physiological and biochemical traits. Various kits have been developed as rapid systems for yeast identification, but mostly for clinical diagnosis. In recent years, different molecular biology techniques have been developed for yeast identification, but there is no available database to identify a large number of species. In the present study, the restriction patterns generated from the region spanning the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene were used to identify a total of 132 yeast species belonging to 25 different genera, including teleomorphic and anamorphic ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts. In many cases, the size of the PCR products and the restriction patterns obtained with endonucleases CfoI, HaeIII and HinfI yielded a unique profile for each species. Accordingly, the use of this molecular approach is proposed as a new rapid and easy method of routine yeast identification.

Genes, Fungal↗

PubMed2000

Rapid identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis.

During the collection of airborne bacteria in a museum in England some bacterial strains were isolated which due to their fatty acid profiles were clearly identified as members of the genus Staphylococcus. As fatty acid compositions of coagulase-negative staphylococci are very similar, differing only in quantities but not in qualities, further identification at the species level without a fatty acid database was not achieved. Investigation of the isolates using the Staph ID 32 API system resulted in an identification of the isolates as Staphylococcus epidermidis (probabilities of 79.7-95.5%). For further genotypic characterization of these isolates, some Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from different sources and the type strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus warneri and Staphylococcus xylosus were subjected to repetitive-sequence PCR, including enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR, BOX-PCR and repetitive extragenic palindromic unit sequence (REP) PCR. ERIC- and BOX-PCR yielded a species-specific banding pattern for all Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. Furthermore, all staphylococcal reference strains investigated exhibited distinct banding patterns, clearly distinguishable from that of Staphylococcus epidermidis. No species-specific banding patterns could be observed after REP-PCR. As species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci by fatty acid analyses and biochemical tests is known to be difficult ERIC- and BOX-PCR seem to be excellent tools for the identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates.

Air Microbiology↗

PubMed2001

Comparative performance of Fungichrom I, Candifast and API 20C Aux systems in the identification of clinically significant yeasts.

To compare the performance of current chromogenic yeast identification methods, three commercial systems (API 20C Aux, Fungichrom I and Candifast) were evaluated in parallel, along with conventional tests to identify yeasts commonly isolated in this clinical microbiology laboratory. In all, 116 clinical isolates, (68 Candida albicans, 12 C. parapsilosis, 12 C. glabrata and 24 other yeasts) were tested. Germ-tube production, microscopical morphology and other conventional methods were used as standards to definitively identify yeast isolates. The percentage of isolates identified correctly varied between 82.7% and 95.6%. Overall, the performance obtained with Fungichrom I was highest with 95.6% identification (111 of 116 isolates). The performance of API 20C Aux was higher with 87% (101 of 116 isolates) than that of Candifast with 82.7% (96 of 116). The Fungichrom I method was found to be rapid, as 90% of strains were identified after incubation for 24 h at 30 degrees C. Both of the chromogenic yeast identification systems provided a simple, accurate alternative to API 20C Aux and conventional assimilation methods for the rapid identification of most commonly encountered isolates of Candida spp. Fungichrom seemed to be the most appropriate system for use in a clinical microbiology laboratory, due to its good performance with regard to sensitivity, ease of use and reading, rapidity and the cost per test.

Candida↗

PubMed1989

New probability matrices for identification of Streptomyces.

The character state data obtained for clusters defined in a previous phenetic classification were used to construct two probabilistic matrices for Streptomyces species. These superseded an original published identification matrix by exclusion of other genera and the inclusion of more Streptomyces species. Separate matrices were constructed for major and minor clusters. The minimum number of diagnostic characters for each matrix was selected by computer programs for determination of character separation indices (CHARSEP) and a selection of group diagnostic properties (DIACHAR). The resulting matrices consisted of 26 phena x 50 characters (major clusters) and 28 phena x 39 characters (minor clusters). Cluster overlap (OVERMAT program) was small in both matrices. Identification scores were used to evaluate both matrices. The theoretically best scores for the most typical example of each cluster (MOSTTYP program) were all satisfactory. Input of test data for randomly selected cluster representatives resulted in correct identification with high scores. The major cluster matrix was shown to be practically sound by its application to 35 unknown soil isolates, 77% of which were clearly identified. The minor cluster matrix provides tentative probabilistic identifications as the small number of strains in each cluster reduces its ability to withstand test variation. A diagnostic table for single-membered clusters, constructed using the CHARSEP and DIACHAR programs, was also produced.

Computers↗

PubMed1986

Rapid identification of gram-negative bacilli from blood cultures.

Blood-culture broths showing macroscopic or radiometric evidence of growth of gram-negative bacilli were examined by a rapid automated bacterial identification system. A differential centrifugation technique was developed to prepare suitable inocula. The identification results obtained were confirmed by the API 20E method, with single colonies of the strains isolated 24 h later. Of 90 organisms tested, seven did not give the same identification by the two systems. With the rapid automated technique a presumptive identification of gram-negative bacilli can be made 24 h earlier than by more conventional methods.

Bacteriological Techniques↗