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PubMed2003

A taxonomy of obstacles to breast examinations in African American women.

The purpose of this study was to describe and classify the barriers to breast self-examinations (BSE) and mammography in African American women. A total of 125 African American women were recruited from historically black colleges, churches and community organizations in Nashville, Tennessee. Their responses to a comprehensive open- and closed-ended questionnaire about barriers to BSE and mammography were coded using a hierarchical coding system and analyzed according to participants' stage of behavior change assignment. On the average, each woman reported 3.1 barriers to BSE (2.5 psychological and 0.6 environmental) and 2.5 barriers to mammography (1.5 psychological and 1.0 environmental). Barriers cited included fear of finding cancer, forgetting, lack of time, lack of knowledge, competing demands, costs, pain, emotional consequences, cultural attitudes towards medicine, uncertainty about benefits and laziness. For BSE, the number of psychological barriers exceeded environmental barriers, while for mammography, the number of psychological and environmental barriers was similar. For BSE, but not mammography, psychological barriers appeared most important for women in the precontemplation, contemplation and preparation stages of behavior change. Overcoming barriers to BSE and mammography could increase early detection rates in African American women. Interventions based on stage of change theory may be especially applicable.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

[Radionuclide therapy--a possible way toward an improved treatment of cancer. The obstacle is the shortage of commercially available radionuclides for clinical use].

About one third of all cancer develops into a spread disease that is difficult to treat. Radioimmunotherapy has during the last years proven to be of help when other therapy modalities fail in e.g. lymphomas. The development in this area is fast mainly due to substantial improvements in molecular biology and in our increasing understanding of specific receptor expressions in cancer cells. However, radionuclides used today, 131I and 90Y, are not optimal in that sense that they emit radiation mainly suitable to treat the bulk tumor and not the single cell and micrometastases present in spread disease. The article stresses the importance that radionuclides with more suitable emission of particles like 177Lu and 211At are made available for clinical research and routine.

Humans↗