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PubMed1997

A house divided.

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Advisory Committees↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measles outbreaks in religious groups exempt from immunization laws.

State immunization laws which exempt religious groups present difficult problems in disease control in measles epidemics. Two outbreaks are described, 136 cases in a college for Christian Scientists, and 51 cases associated with a camp attended by Christian Scientists. Control measures at the college included immunization and quarantine. An alternative strategy at the camp consisted of dispersal of exposed persons from the camp and their being quarantined in their home States. Three deaths (case-fatality ratio = 2.2 percent) were reported at the college; no serious complications were reported from the camp-associated epidemic. No transmission into the general community occurred in either epidemic. Public health officials are encouraged to be aware of the legal rights and obligations of religiously exempt groups so that outbreaks in these groups can be effectively controlled, even if standard immunization strategies are not possible. Early reporting and rapid case identification, investigation, and quarantine or vaccination procedures by public health workers are necessary for disease control in these settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Comparing the biological and cultural inheritance of personality and social attitudes in the Virginia 30,000 study of twins and their relatives.

Measures of four dimensions of personality (Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Lie scores) and six aspects of social attitudes (to sex, taxation, militarism, politics, religion and a general conservatism scale) were obtained by mailed questionnaire from 29,691 US subjects including adult twins (n = 14,761) their parents (n = 2360), their spouses (n = 4391), siblings (n = 3184) and adult children (n = 4800). After correction for the average effects of age, sex and source of sample, familial correlations were computed for 80 distinct biological and social relationships. The data allow for the estimation of the additive and non-additive effects of genes, assortative mating, vertical cultural inheritance and other non-parental effects of the shared environment on differences in personality and social attitudes. The interaction of genetic and environmental effects with sex may also be analyzed. Model-fitting analyses show that personality and social attitude measures differ markedly in major features of family resemblance. Additive and dominant genetic effects contribute to differences in both personality and attitudes, but the effects of the family environment, including vertical cultural transmission from parent to child, are much more marked for social attitudes than for personality. There is substantial assortative mating for social attitudes and almost none for personality. The causes of family resemblance depend significantly on sex for almost every variable studied. These findings clarify and extend the more tentative findings derived from previous twin, family and adoption studies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cultural influences and patient behaviour: some experiences in the paediatric ward of a Nigerian hospital.

In this paper an attempt is made to analyse the incompatibilities between the professional and the layman's ideology in terms of models of illness and their treatment. From an interview with paediatricians at the Ile-Ife Teaching Hospitals Complex in Nigeria, we found out that the conflicting encounters experienced could be divided into 2 groups: opposition as a result of religious ideology, held especially from the Jehovah's Witnesses Sect; and opposition as a result of some child-rearing practices that were being strictly upheld by the mothers of the patients. From the cases cited, we noted that the adherence to some religious ideology was so strong that some patients were willing to withdraw from hospital treatment when it conflicted with a tenet of their religion. Of particular relevance here, was the fact that a religious leader of this sect agreed to a transfusion after he had been assured of secrecy. In this particular case, it was obvious that he feared 'losing face' among his followers. We felt that a more flexible relationship between the doctor and patient would reduce the tension; hence a case was made for a transcultural perspective based on an adequate knowledge of behavioural sciences.

Child↗