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At least 1,225 records · Page 68Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

More workload on the central executive of working memory, less attention capture by novel visual distractors: evidence from an fMRI study.

The present study examined the interaction of the central executive in working memory with visual attention. Native Chinese participants were given two versions of a number subtraction task, one of low demand and one of high demand, and were asked to ignore a simultaneously presented peripheral distractor. The distractor could be Chinese or Korean characters, familiar or novel to participants, respectively. Compared with the low-demand subtraction task, brain regions commonly associated with central executive functions, including left middle prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and precentral gyrus/sulcus, were significantly activated in the high-demand task. Critically, there was a significant interaction between distractor type and task demand. Novel distractors captured attention and elicited automatic visual analysis, shown by primary visual cortex activation, only when the subtraction task was of low demand but not when it was of high demand. The results provide confirmatory evidence that the extent to which higher level cognitive resources, specifically, the central executive component of working memory, are absorbed by a cognitive task has an impact upon automatic processing that occurs in response to distracting items.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Left ventricular mechanoenergetics during asynchronous left atrial-to-aortic bypass. Effects of pumping rate on cardiac workload and myocardial oxygen consumption.

The purpose of this study was to analyze left ventricular energetics during asynchronous, pulsatile left atrial to aortic bypass in the failing heart with the use of the pressure-volume relationship. In 12 anesthetized Holstein calves (body weight 94 +/- 7 kg), 10 microns microspheres (3.3 x 10(7) +/- 1.1 x 10(7)/100 gm left ventricular weight) were injected into the left main coronary artery to induce heart failure. Baseline left ventricular end-systolic elastance significantly decreased from 7.9 +/- 0.7 to 5.5 +/- 0.4 mm Hg/ml 100 gm left ventricular weight. Left ventricular pressure was measured with a micromanometer, and ultrasonic dimension transducers measured left ventricular orthogonal diameters. Ellipsoidal geometry was used to calculate simultaneous left ventricular volume. End-systolic elastance, pressure-volume area, external work, potential energy, and myocardial oxygen consumption were analyzed during steady-state contractions. After pre-pulsatile left atrial to aortic bypass measurements were taken, the measurements were repeated during asynchronous pulsatile left atrial to aortic bypass at the maximal pumping rate (69 +/- 13 beats/min) termed 100%, and then 80%, 60%, and 40% of the maximal pumping rate in the full to empty mode. With increases in pumping rate, pressure-volume area and external work proportionally decreased, whereas potential energy remained unchanged except for 100% of maximal pumping rate. Pressure-volume area correlated linearly with myocardial oxygen consumption during asynchronous pulsatile left atrial to aortic bypass (r = 0.971). As a result, pumping rate correlated linearly with conservation of myocardial oxygen consumption (r = 0.998). In conclusion, decreased pressure-volume area accounts for the reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption during asynchronous pulsatile left atrial to aortic bypass. Conservation of myocardial oxygen consumption is mainly attributed to the reduction of external work.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Forward surgical team (FST) workload in a special operations environment: the 250th FST in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM.

PURPOSE: Forward Surgical Teams (FST) deploy to support conventional combat units of at least regimental size. This report examines the injuries and treatments of an FST in an environment of unconventional tactics, limited personal protection, and extended areas of responsibility during Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. METHODS: A prospective evaluation of the personal protective measures, mechanisms of injury, types of injuries, and times to treatment in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. Additionally, per-surgeon caseloads, operative interventions, and outcomes are examined. The first phase of this deployment involved co-locating with an Air Force Expeditionary Medical Squadron at Seeb Air Base, Oman (SABO). The second phase involved stand-alone operations at Kandahar International Airport (KIA). Participants include U.S. Special Forces, conventional U.S forces, coalition country special forces, and anti-Taliban Afghan soldiers. RESULTS: During the deployment, the FST performed 68 surgical procedures on 50 patients (19 SAB, 31 KIA). There were 35 orthopedic cases (2 to 28 per surgeon), 30 general surgery cases (2 to 10 per surgeon), and 3 head/neck cases. Mechanism of injury included non-battle injury (13), bomb blast (13), gunshot wounds (8), mine (8), and grenades (5). Primary injuries were to the extremities in 27, torso in 9, and head/neck in 11. Three patients had appendicitis. Five patients were wearing body armor, whereas 4 wore helmets. The mean Relative Trauma Score was 7.4. Thirty-one patients were treated at KIA with a mean time to operative treatment of 2.7 +/- 2.7 hours, whereas 19 were treated in SABO with a mean time to operative treatment of 12.4 +/- 15.1 hours. Nine patients received transfusions. Three nonoperative patients died of wounds. CONCLUSION: Despite the lack of personal protective gear, most patients had extremity wounds as their primary injuries. In this special operations environment, time to operative treatment was significantly longer than expected.

Afghanistan↗
PubMed1989

Developing a midwifery workload management system: a preliminary report.

Individualised care, quality assurance and resource management are words frequently on the lips of midwives today. This paper describes a project currently being undertaken in West Glamorgan Health Authority where these criteria each form an important part of the study. It is in considering these varying aspects concurrently that the authors claim a unique approach. Resources are only considered to be managed appropriately when client centred quality care is provided. As an additional benefit, the review of policy and practice and an evaluation of the implementation of the 'midwifery process' form an integral part of the study.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Labor ward workload waxes and wanes with the lunar cycle, myth or reality?

Objective: To test the validity of the statement "We are busy because it is getting close to the full moon" often heard on labor ward, by analysis of birth statistics in relation to lunar cycles.Method: Data for births from spontaneous onset labors for 12 lunar cycles from January 1 to December 31, 1994 was analyzed. Births resulting from induced labors were excluded. Birthrate for each day of the lunar cycle from new moon to full moon (ascending lunar phase) and from full moon to new moon (descending lunar phase) were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Birthrate at full moon was compared to that at new moon and that at mid ascending lunar phase was compared with that at mid descending lunar phase using t test.Results: There were 3706 spontaneous births during the study period. The average daily birthrate was 10.58 with standard deviation (SD) of 1.27. There was no statistically significant difference in the daily birthrate between the ascending and the descending lunar phases, r = -0.21. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the number of births at full moon as compared to that at new moon, P =.44. No difference was found on comparison of number of births during the mid ascending phase to that at the mid descending lunar phase, P =.84.Conclusion: Scientific analysis of data does not support the belief that the number of births increases as the full moon approaches, therefore it is a myth not reality.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Closed-loop support of ventilatory workload: the P0.1 controller.

Conventional mechanical ventilation modes fail to provide a setting for direct control of a patient's ventilatory effort; however, with all modes clinicians may manipulate conventional controls to modulate the spontaneous respiratory activity of the patient. For instance, during pressure support ventilation the spontaneous respiratory activity can be decreased by increasing the pressure support level to achieve an adequate residual load for the respiratory muscles of the patient, neither too high nor too low. This choice is based on the clinical observation. A closed-loop controller can be envisaged to accomplish automatically, precisely, and on a breath-by-breath basis, this difficult task. The closed-loop controller should be based on the continuous and possibly noninvasive monitoring of a parameter that quantitatively reflects the patient's effort for ventilation. Occlusion pressure at 0.1 second (P0.1) can be the ideal parameter for that purpose. The authors have designed a noninvasive method for breath-by-breath monitoring of P0.1, and then a closed-loop control mode that automatically adapts the pressure support level to reach and maintain a user-set P0.1 and alveolar volume. This article discusses features and performance of this P0.1 control mode, fields of application, known limits, and possible future improvements.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

The application of GIS technology to equitably distribute fieldworker workload in a large, rural South African health survey.

A method is presented that has numerous applications to health systems provision in developing countries where limited physical access to primary health care is a major factor contributing to the poor health of populations. An accessibility model within a geographical information system (GIS) is used to predict average inter-homestead walking times and subdivide the study area into units of equal completion time. The method could be used to ergonomically design home-based care and tuberculosis directly observed treatment programmes and inform the siting of health facilities. The paper highlights the use of GIS technology as a powerful tool in developing countries.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed1997

Heart rate response to submaximal and maximal workloads during running and swimming.

The purpose of the present study was to determine if common indexes of exercise intensity, assessed with land-based exercise, could be applied to swimming. Consequently, the heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2) responses to submaximal and maximal treadmill running (TR) and free swimming (SW) in 11 fitness swimmers were assessed to determine if the responses to TR could be used to predict those of SW. A maximal graded exercise test using a discontinuous protocol was used for TR, while four graded submaximal 200 yd swims and one 400 yd maximal swim was used for SW. Rest periods were similar for each mode. Significantly lower (p < 0.05) peak values were found in SW compared to TR for both HR (174 +/- 3 vs 183 +/- 3 bt x min(-1)) and VO2 (3.58 +/- 0.18 vs 3.97 +/- 0.22 L x min(-1)), SW vs TR; +/- SE, respectively. However, regression analyses of submaximal HR vs VO2 for each subject revealed similar slopes for TR and SW (30.5 +/- 1.7 vs 29.9 +/- 3.5 bt x L(-1), p > 0.05) and similar intercepts (67.3 +/- 2.6 vs 66.5 +/- 11.5 bt x min(-1), p > 0.05). At the VO2 equivalent to 50% treadmill VO2max, the heart rate predicted from SW did not differ significantly from TR (118 +/- 5 vs 124 +/- 1 bt x min(-1), p > 0.05). This was also true at 85% treadmill VO2max (171 +/- 4 vs 166 +/- 3 bt x min(-1), SW vs TR, respectively; p > 0.05). These data suggest that peak heart rate and oxygen uptake appear to be mode specific, but exercising at a given submaximal oxygen uptake will elicit a similar heart rate regardless of the mode. Thus, target heart rate ranges designed for land-based exercise appear to be appropriate for fitness swimmers during swimming.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Congenital anomalies: an increasingly important cause of mortality and workload in a neonatal intensive care unit.

With improvement in perinatal management and advances in neonatal intensive care, congenital anomalies have emerged as a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. A 1 year review (1985) of all the admissions to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) showed that 78 of 790 (10%) had one or more congenital anomalies. Of these, 26% died in the NICU; another 10% died during the first year; therefore the total mortality of infants with congenital anomalies in the first year of life was 36%. Even though they accounted for only 10% of the total admissions, the infants with congenital anomalies were responsible for 13% of the total NICU patient-days, 26% of the total NICU mortality, 32% of all deaths within the first year, and 35% of all NICU infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Of interest, 67% of the infants with anomalies were suspected or diagnosed prenatally. Of these, 54% were delivered by cesarean section, done for fetal reasons in the majority of cases. The highest mortality was associated with (1) multiple abnormal prenatal ultrasound findings; (2) extreme prematurity (less than 30 weeks gestation); and (3) the presence of IUGR. These findings raise concerns about the use of resources in the management of the pregnancy and the delivery of infants with congenital anomalies, particularly when diagnosed prenatally.

Congenital Abnormalities↗