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Results for “Behavior, Addictive”
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[Addiction and withdrawal phenomena with barbiturate-free hypnotics].
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Habituation and addiction to amphetamines.
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The syndrome of hospital addiction. (Munchausen syndrome); a report on the investigation of seven cases.
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Split-half reliability of the Work Addiction Risk Test: development of a measure of workaholism.
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ADDICTION TO DRUGS BY MEDICAL AND PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL.
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Toxicology and addiction liability of meperidine (demerol) in experimental animals.
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Actions and addiction liabilities of alpha-acetyl-methadols in man.
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[Sexual addiction in alcohol abuse and dependence. Clinical, nosologic and psychoanalytic aspects].
DSM-III-R names sexual addiction for the first time as a sexual disorder. In this study a group of alcoholics was examined who described their own sexual behavior as being addictive and self-destructive. In this nearly all male patient group sexual addiction manifested itself mostly in excessive masturbation and obsessional sexual fantasies often in combination with use of pornography. Promiscuity, prostitute contacts and excessive sexual demands on a steady partner and sexually deviant behavior, were less often reported in this population. The addictive sexual behavior was said to be usually provoked by emotional distress and unresolved conflicts. More than 80% of these patients were dependent upon at least one other substance beside alcohol. Two-thirds considered their sexual addictive behavior to be their primary and earliest dependency. The nosology of this disorder seems to be unspecific, since a number of forms of neurosis and personality disorder are diagnosed. A psychodynamic interpretation of sexual addiction points to defence mechanisms against inner psychic conflicts, as seen both in addiction and sexual perversion. Aspects of differential diagnosis and classification are also discussed.
[Forms of pathological gambling: empirical research on consumers behaviour of sport betting and lottery participants].
Gambling is one of the favourite leisure activities. 70-90 % of the grown-up population have gambled at least once in their life. Over the last few years, however, the variety of opportunities to gamble has changed. Decreasing numbers of casino visitors can be seen against an ever-increasing number of people using slot machines, and taking part in national lotteries and sport betting. Comprehensive empirical research regarding consumer behaviour and addiction potential involved in sport betting has been non-existent and only a few studies have dealt with lottery. In the present study, 108 subjects were questioned in Austrian betting offices. 33.3 % of the sample fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for pathological sport betting. Of the sport betting subjects who additionally play lottery, 22.92 % were diagnosed as being pathological lottery gamblers. Based on the criteria of substance addiction, the data demonstrate that sport betting and lottery have addiction potential and can therefore be seen as non-substance-related addiction.
The abstinence violation effect and very low calorie diet success.
This study evaluated the relationship between Marlatt and Gordon's (1985) Abstinence Violation Effect (AVE) and fasting outcomes of patients enrolled in a Very Low Calorie Diet (VLCD) and behavior education program. Within the first 11 weeks of the VLCD, 41 of 76 patients reported a fasting lapse and rated this lapse on an attribution scale. Patients reporting greater characterological attributions for their first lapse (i.e., a higher AVE) lost a smaller percentage of their excess weight during active fasting than patients reporting more situational attributions r(39) = -.36, p less than .025. First lapse AVE ratings did not distinguish between program dropout versus completer status, but high AVE dropouts did spend fewer weeks in the VLCD program than low AVE dropouts, r(12) = -.54, p less than .05. Although a faster's initial level of obesity accounted for the largest portion of weight loss outcome variance, the AVE accounted for a significant additional portion of outcome.
Regional brain cerebral glucose metabolism and temperament: a positron emission tomography study.
Personality, and in particular temperament, is thought to have a biological basis. In the present study, the relationships between regional brain glucose metabolism and temperament have been investigated. Regional brain glucose metabolism was measured using [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in 31 healthy subjects. Temperament was assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory. Temperament dimensions were observed to be significantly correlated with specific brain regions. In particular, novelty seeking was significantly correlated with the superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and the precuneus, which have been reported to be related with impulsiveness, while reward dependence was significantly correlated with the caudate head, which has been shown to be associated with reward processing. The various aspects of temperament may have biological bases in the specific brain regions. The accumulation of results from studies of this kind should provide further evidence connecting personality traits with their biological bases.
Testing 40 predictions from the transtheoretical model.
Sensitive measurement of behavior change requires dependent measures that are sensitive to the whole spectrum of change, not just a single aspect of change. Traditional outcome variables such as point prevalence for smoking cessation focus on a single discrete event and ignore all other progress. Alternatively, the criterion measurement model (CMM) is an approach that posits a three-construct outcome model (habit strength, positive evaluation strength, and negative evaluation strength), where different constructs are sensitive to change for different aspects of the temporal domain. In this article, a series of 40 differential a priori predictions were tested using a large representative sample of smokers. The focus was on the prediction of specific effect sizes rather than statistical significance. A series of comparisons involving stage transitions was examined using five variables representing the three CMM constructs. The predictions involved movement from one of three initial stages (precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation) to stage membership 12 months later. Thirty-six of the 40 predictions were confirmed, indicating that the outcome model has strong construct validity and accurately reflects movement between the stages of change.
A genetic association for cigarette smoking behavior.
Dopaminergic genes are likely candidates for heritable influences on cigarette smoking. In an accompanying article, Lerman et al. (1999) report associations between allele 9 of a dopamine transporter gene polymorphism (SLC6A3-9) and lack of smoking, late initiation of smoking, and length of quitting attempts. The present investigation extended their study by examining both smoking behavior and personality traits in a diverse population of nonsmokers, current smokers, and former smokers (N = 1,107). A significant association between SLC6A3-9 and smoking status was confirmed and was due to an effect on cessation rather than initiation. The SLC6A3-9 polymorphism was also associated with low scores for novelty seeking, which was the most significant personality correlate of smoking cessation. It is hypothesized that individuals carrying the SLC6A3-9 polymorphism have altered dopamine transmission, which reduces their need for novelty and reward by external stimuli, including cigarettes.
Introduction to special issue "addiction pharmacotherapy and special populations".
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The sixth Thomas James Okey Memorial Lecture. Vietnam veterans' rapid recovery from heroin addiction: a fluke or normal expectation?
Between 1972 and 1974, the outcomes of army enlisted men who had served in Vietnam during 1970-71 were evaluated and compared with that of a matched group. This paper reports the major findings of that study with respect to frequency of narcotic addiction in and after Vietnam, and the major risk factors for Vietnam addiction and later relapse. Extraordinary access to records facilitated drawing the sample, locating it, and verifying interview responses. The surprisingly low levels of readdiction and the rarity of addiction to narcotics alone as compared with poly-substance dependence are findings still not entirely incorporated into public and scientific views of heroin addiction. Some defenses against that incorporation are examined.
AMPHETAMINE AND PHENMETRAZINE ADDICTION. PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE ABSTINENCE SYNDROME.
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Cocaine use among Miami's public school students, 1992: religion versus peers and availability.
This analysis examines the use of cocaine by 507 adolescents in Dade County, Florida public schools during 1992. Statistically significant factors which tend to increase the probability of cocaine use by adolescents include: the fact that their peers are using cocaine, the fact that they are white, and the ready access these adolescents have to the substance. Although not statistically significant, adolescents were more likely to use cocaine if they knew of the risks associated with cocaine use. Hence the typical user may be a risk-taker, enjoying the dangers involved with cocaine use. The only statistical significant variable which inhibits the use of cocaine by Miami adolescents is the fact that religion is an important part of their lives.