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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Exercise tolerance test in lung cancer patients: the relationship between exercise capacity and postthoracotomy hospital mortality.

To evaluate the significance of the blood lactate threshold as a predictor of postthoracotomy hospital mortality resulting from pulmonary complications, a 3-minute incremental exercise test was administered to 33 lung cancer patients who underwent thoracotomy between October, 1981, and May, 1984. The oxygen consumption/body surface area at an arterial lactate level of 20 mg/dl (VO2/BSA at La-20) was adopted as the blood lactate threshold. Age and pulmonary function parameters such as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/body surface area (BSA), FEV1/forced vital capacity, diffusing capacity for the carbon monoxide/lung volume, and maximum ventilatory volume/BSA revealed significant differences between patients with postthoracotomy pulmonary complications and those without such complications. However, there was no difference in pulmonary function test results between the surviving and deceased patients. In contrast, although VO2/BSA at La-20 did not differ between the patients with and without pulmonary complications, it differed significantly between the surviving and deceased patients. We concluded that postthoracotomy pulmonary complications depended on the severity of preoperatively associated pulmonary function disorders and that the blood lactate threshold expressed by VO2/BSA at La-20 was an important indicator of the risk of hospital mortality.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

The antiatherosclerotic effect of exercise and development of an exercise prescription.

Atherosclerosis and its sequelae of MI, bypass surgery, and angioplasty can be affected positively in both the primary and secondary setting by the use of properly prescribed physical activity. Such activity in a higher weekly kilocalorie expenditure (usually involving greater intensity) seems to be effective in achieving regression of atherosclerosis and in improving LVEF. In general, any activity is better than none, but more energy expenditure seems associated with greater benefits. Regardless of these apparent beneficial effects of exercise, such benefits are much less apparent if modification of other coronary risk factors is not also achieved. These efforts must focus on cessation of smoking, control of abnormal blood lipids, and normalization of high blood pressure. With these less costly methods of controlling atherosclerosis, the future impact of this type of intervention will likely be of great importance as society adjusts to the cost constraints of managed (especially capitated) care in the near future.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography: validation of a new risk index combining echocardiographic, treadmill, and exercise electrocardiographic parameters.

Exercise (Ex) echocardiography has been shown to have significant prognostic power, independent of other known predictors of risk from an Ex stress test. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a risk index, incorporating echocardiographic and conventional Ex variables, for a more comprehensive risk stratification and identification of a very low-risk group. Two consecutive, mutually exclusive populations referred for treadmill Ex echocardiography with the Bruce protocol were investigated: hypothesis-generating (388 patients; 268 males; age 55 +/- 13 years) and hypothesis-testing (105 patients; 61 males age: 54 +/- 14 years).Cardiac events included cardiac death, myocardial infarction, late revascularization (>90 days), hospital admission for unstable angina, and admission for heart failure. Mean follow-up in the hypothesis-generating population was 3.1 years. There were 38 cardiac events. Independent predictors of events by multivariate analysis were: Ex wall motion score index (odds ratio [OR] = 2.77/Unit; P <.001); ischemic S-T depression > or = 1 mm (OR = 2.84; P =.002); and treadmill time (OR = 0.87/min; P =.037). A risk index was generated on the basis of the multivariate Cox regression model as: risk index = 1.02 (Ex wall motion score index) + 1.04 (S-T change) - 0.14 (treadmill time). The validity of this index was tested in the hypothesis-testing population. Event rates at 3 years were lowest (0%) in the lower quartile of risk index (-1.22 to -0.47), highest (29.6%) in the upper quartile (+0.66 to +2.02), and intermediate (19.2% to 15.3%) in the intermediate quartiles. The OR of the risk index for predicting cardiac events was 2.94/Unit ([95% confidence interval: 1.4 to 6.2]; P =.0043). Echocardiographic and Ex parameters are independent powerful predictors of cardiac events after treadmill stress testing. A risk index can be derived with these parameters for a more comprehensive risk stratification with Ex echocardiography.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Talking to patients about aerobic exercise for disease prevention: an educational exercise for medical students.

Numerous data demonstrate the importance of physical activity in reducing obesity and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Research demonstrates the beneficial impact of physician counseling on health promoting behaviors. Unfortunately, few physicians or medical students receive formal training in exercise counseling. We describe an educational activity used to provide medical students with the tools needed to begin to engage patients in activity counseling.

Counseling↗
PubMed2005

Lymphoscintigraphy to evaluate the effects of upper body dynamic exercise and handgrip exercise on radiopharmaceutical clearance from hands of healthy females.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is not a standardized protocol to evaluate lymphatic function in women. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of arm crank ergometry (AC) and handgrip contractions (HG) on radiopharmaceutical clearance from the hands of six healthy females. METHODS AND RESULTS: On separate days, subjects performed AC (six repeated bouts of arm cranking for 5 min at 0.6 Watts.kilogram(-1) (W.kg(-1)) followed by 5 min rest) or HG (twelve repeated bouts of 75 contractions in 2.5 min at 50% MVC followed by 2.5 min of rest). HG was done with the right hand only while the left hand served as a control (CON). Prior to the start of exercise, (99m)Tc-antimony colloid was injected into the first and fourth finger-web of each hand, and 1 min spot views were taken immediately after the injection and then again every 10 min over 60 min. Clearance from the injection sites was linear and expressed as a slope (% administered activity.min(-1)). Significantly faster clearance was observed with AC (rt = -0.27 +/- 0.03 %.min(-1); left = -0.29 +/- 0.06 %.min(-1)) compared to both HG (-0.18 +/- 0.03 %.min(-1)) and CON (-0.14 +/- 0.05 %.min(-1); p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that AC may be more effective in promoting lymphatic clearance from the hand and may be a useful protocol to challenge the lymphatic system in breast cancer survivors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: exercise effects on systemic immunity.

Heavy exertion has acute and chronic influences on systemic immunity. In the resting state, the immune systems of athletes and non-athletes are more similar than disparate with the exception of NK cell activity, which tends to be elevated in athletes. Many components of the immune system exhibit adverse change after prolonged, heavy exertion. These immune changes occur in several compartments of the immune system and body (e.g. the skin, upper respiratory tract mucosal tissue, lung, blood and muscle). Although still open to interpretation, most exercise immunologists believe that during this 'open window' of impaired immunity (which may last between 3 and 72 h, depending on the immune measure) viruses and bacteria may gain a foothold, increasing the risk of subclinical and clinical infection. The infection risk may be amplified when other factors related to immune function are present, including exposure to novel pathogens during travel, lack of sleep, severe mental stress, malnutrition or weight loss.

Cytokines↗
PubMed2006

Light concentric exercise has a temporarily analgesic effect on delayed-onset muscle soreness, but no effect on recovery from eccentric exercise.

This study investigated the hypothesis that a bout of light concentric exercise (LCE) would alleviate delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and enhance recovery from muscle damage. Fourteen subjects performed two bouts of 60 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors (Max-ECC) separated by 2-4 weeks. One arm performed LCE (600 elbow flexion and extension actions with minimal force generation) 1, 2, 3, and 4 d after Max-ECC; the contralateral (control) arm performed only Max-ECC. Changes in maximal isometric and isokinetic strength, range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference, and muscle soreness and tenderness were assessed before and immediately after LCE bouts. Changes in these measures and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity for 7 d after Max-ECC were compared between the control and LCE arms using 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant (p < 0.05) decreases in muscle soreness (approximately 40%) and tenderness (approximately 40%) were evident immediately after LCE, which also resulted in small but significant decreases in strength (approximately 15%) and increases in ROM (approximately 5 degrees ). No significant differences in the changes in the measures following Max-ECC were observed between the arms. These results suggest that LCE has a temporary analgesic effect on DOMS, but no effect on recovery from muscle damage.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1993

Cardiopulmonary reflexes do not modulate exercise pressor reflexes during isometric exercise in humans.

Previous studies that measured reflex vasoconstrictor responses during isometric exercise have suggested that these responses were modulated by arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes. The purpose of these experiments was to determine forearm vasoconstrictor responses to isometric handgrip alone and during two levels of cardiopulmonary baroreceptor unloading with lower body negative pressure (-5 and -10 mmHg LBNP). Handgrip combined with -5 mmHg LBNP produced vasoconstrictor responses that were significantly greater than the algebraic sum of the separate responses to handgrip and LBNP alone, thus confirming earlier studies. However, with -10 mmHg LBNP, the vasoconstrictor responses to LBNP plus handgrip were not different from the algebraic sum of the separate response to LBNP and handgrip alone. These results indicate that when the influence of cardiac baroreceptors was reduced to a greater degree (-10 mmHg LBNP) than in previous studies, no interaction was observed, whereas with less reduction (-5 mmHg LBNP) an apparent interaction was noted. These data, together with recent studies in which sympathetic nerve activity to the lower leg was measured during similar protocols, suggest nonlinearities in the relationship between sympathetic nerve activity and vasoconstrictor responses.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Exercise combined with continuous passive motion or slider board therapy compared with exercise only: a randomized controlled trial of patients following total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to determine which method of mobilization - (1) standardized exercises (SE) and continuous passive motion (CPM), (2) SE and slider board (SB) therapy, using an inexpensive, nontechnical device that requires minimal knee active range of motion (ROM), or (3) SE alone-achieved the maximum degree of knee ROM in the fIrst 6 months following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The secondary purpose was to compare health-related quality of life among these 3 groups. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 120 patients (n=40/group) who received a TEA at a teaching hospital between June 1997 and July 1998 and who agreed to participate in the study. METHODS: Subjects were examined preoperatively, at discharge, and at 3 and 6 months after surgery. The examination consisted of measurement of knee ROM and completion of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: The 3 treatment groups were similar with respect to age, sex, and diagnosis at the start of the study. There were no differences in knee ROM or in WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index or SF-36 scores at any of the measurement intervals. The rate of postoperative complications also was not different among the groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: When postoperative rehabilitation regimens that focus on early mobilization of the patient are used, adjunct ROM therapies (CPM and SB) that are added to daily SE sessions are not required. Six months after TEA, patients attain a satisfactory level of knee ROM and function.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

There is more to stages of exercise than just exercise.

A central construct of the transtheoretical model is stages of change, which describes progression through five stages that reflect behavioral and cognitive indicators. This article examines the usefulness of the stages of exercise to address various intensities of physical activity. It also documents support for intention, the second construct contained within the stages, which is rarely included in validations.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cyclic AMP regulation of fuel metabolism during exercise: regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise.

Adipocytes from trained rats release more free fatty acids in response to hormonal challenge compared to fat cells from sedentary rats. Lipolysis results from increased triglyceride hydrolysis that is catalyzed by a hormone-sensitive lipase, which, in turn, is activated by a phosphorylation mechanism involving cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Cyclic AMP levels within the fat cell are regulated by beta-adrenergic receptor/adenylate cyclase interactions and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity. This review focuses on cyclic AMP regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes from trained and sedentary animals. Although lipolysis is elevated in fat cells from trained rats, no differences are found in beta-adrenergic receptor number or affinity, adenylate cyclase activity, protein kinase activity, or partially purified hormone-sensitive lipase activity when compared to sedentary rats. The major lipolytic alteration induced by exercise training appears to occur at a site distal to hormonal regulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Influence of physical exercise on aging rats: I. Life-long exercise preserves patterns of spontaneous activity.

Physical exercise has been shown to delay a number of aging changes and increase life expectancy but not maximum lifespan. We trained male Sprague-Dawley rats in a treadmill from the age of 5 months to 23 months. Up to this age the mortality (19%) was not different from that of the sedentary controls (16%). The body weights of the trained animals remained lower and reached a plateau, while those of the sedentary controls continued to increase. The spontaneous activity was assessed in an open-field setting every second month. Movement parameters (running distance, running speed, percentage of large and local movements), resting time and number of changes of direction were calculated. The running parameters were higher for the trained animals from the age of 12 months onwards, the relative difference increasing all the time. The resting time was lower for the trained animals, while the number of changes of direction did not change. It is suggested that this retardation of decline of spontaneous physical activity is due to a slowing of development of sensorimotor disturbances. These observations are compatible with a better preservation of cholinergic and dopaminergic activity.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1988

Effects of dynamic exercise training on the metabolic and cardiocirculatory responses to exercise in the rat model of myocardial infarction and heart failure.

In an effort to produce significant systemic circulatory training effects, including adaptations of the heart, myocardial infarcted (MI) rats were subjected to 2 training regimens: low-intensity endurance training (LIET) and high-intensity endurance training (HIET). When compared with sedentary controls, the MI rats subjected to LIET had small but significant beneficial systemic circulatory training effects exclusive of any training effects on the heart. MI rats subjected to HIET had similar but more extensive and quantitatively greater circulatory adaptations than those found in MI rats subjected to LIET. Unlike LIET MI rats, the HIET MI rats had an increase in maximal heart rate when compared with sedentary MI rats. However, despite the reversal of this chronotropic incompetence, the HIET MI rats did not have significant increases in parameters indicative of increased left ventricular pump function (maximal cardiac output) and maximal stroke volume. To further study the effect of incrementally increasing exercise intensity, a high-intensity sprint training (HIST) regimen was developed and studied in normal rats. In response to HIST, normal rats had central myocardial adaptations (increases in maximal cardiac output and stroke volume) in response to training that were not found in the MI rats subjected to LIET and HIET. Although the effects of HIST in normal rats is now known, the question of whether a training paradigm consisting of HIET and HIST will produce increases in maximal cardiac output and stroke volume in the MI rat has yet to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of exercise of the lower limbs on the non-exercised biceps brachii muscle.

The electrophysiological pattern of fatigue of the biceps brachii (BB) muscle before and after bicycle leg exercise (LE), was evaluated in 12 healthy volunteers. In healthy people, the onset of isometric contraction is initiated by smaller motor units with briefer durations and higher spike frequencies. With the progression of contraction and muscular fatigue, electromyographic decrease in frequency and an increased spike duration occur. In our study, these findings were presented in subjects at the Final Value (FV) of electromyography before and after LE. In 8 subjects, the Initial Value (IV) of spike duration was longer after LE and a decrease in the frequency of electromyography was found in 9 of the 12 subjects. The changes in these two parameters at the onset of the BB contraction after LE may be due to the existence of an electrophysiological transfer effect. Eight subjects sustained the isometric BB contraction longer after LE than before LE. This may be explained by a diverting activity or other factors. Venous lactic acid was measured in 7 subjects and showed an increase after LE. No definite correlation between electromyographic changes and lactic acid was found.

Action Potentials↗