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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Outcomes monitoring of health, behavior, and quality of life after nutrition intervention in adults with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: To examine changes in health and lifestyle indicators over 6 months in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving nutrition counseling from a registered dietitian, and to promote dietetics professionals' participation in outcomes monitoring and research. DESIGN: Prospective, noncontrolled descriptive study. SUBJECTS: Two hundred forty-four physician-referred adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 31 sites who received usual and customary nutrition counseling, and 83 registered dietitians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Glycemic control, coronary heart disease risk, self-management behaviors, and quality of life were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Dietitians' perceptions of the study were also measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Repeated-measures analysis of variance, paired t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, sign test, Spearman correlation, and chi 2 analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Weight and glycemic control, coronary heart disease risk, and self-management behaviors improved significantly between baseline and 3 months and baseline and 6 months. Weight, body mass index, and glycosylated hemoglobin value also improved significantly between 3 months and 6 months. Increased time and/or number of sessions with the registered dietitian were associated with weight loss and reduced glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Self-perceived health status and missed workdays were significantly improved at 6 months. Difficulty obtaining current laboratory values, lack of time, and inability to reach subjects for follow-up presented the greatest obstacles for the dietitians. CONCLUSIONS: Positive outcomes were observed in adults receiving nutrition intervention for type 2 diabetes. Clinical improvements were greatest between baseline and 3 months, with stabilization between 3 months and 6 months, suggesting ongoing intervention is needed to support continued clinical progress. Dietitians found participation in this state affiliate-coordinated research project rewarding.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Trends in mortality and health behaviors: status of white and African-American women.

A substantial proportion of mortality in the United States can be attributed to three major behaviors: using tobacco, maintaining an unhealthy diet, and being physically inactive. Using data from the South Carolina mortality files and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System we were able to document state trends in mortality, cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy dietary practices. We found that, in spite of the declines in heart disease and stroke mortality noted nationally and in the state, the risk factor profiles for most women in South Carolina did not improve. This analysis further suggests that physical inactivity and dietary issues (excess caloric intake, low fruit and vegetable consumption) would be good choices for lifestyle interventions among women in South Carolina, not only because they ultimately affect mortality, but also because they exert interim effects on morbidity, including physical functioning and independence.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

Prenatal health behaviors and psychosocial risk factors in pregnant women of Mexican origin: the role of acculturation.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between acculturation of Mexican-origin women and factors in low birthweight and preterm delivery. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 911 Mexican-origin respondents in Los Angeles prenatal care clinics. Infant outcome data were retrieved from delivery records. RESULTS: Mexican-American women had generally more undesirable prenatal behaviors and risk factors than Mexican-immigrant women. Although higher acculturation was significantly associated with behavioral risk factors, there were no direct effects of acculturation on infant gestational age or birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Future research needs to measure multiple factors to assess their effects on culture-specific protective factors.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1995

Childhood conscientiousness and longevity: health behaviors and cause of death.

Previous research showed that conscientiousness (social dependability) in childhood predicted longevity in an archival prospective cohort study of bright children first studied by Terman in the 1920s (H. S. Friedman et al., 1993). Possible behavioral mechanisms for this robust association are now examined by gathering cause of death information and by considering the possible mediating influences of drinking alcohol, smoking, and overeating. Survival analyses (N = 1,215) suggest that the protective effect of conscientiousness is not primarily due to accident avoidance and cannot be mostly explained by abstinence from unhealthy substance intake. Conscientiousness may have more wide-ranging effects on health-relevant activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Construct validity in health behavior research: interpreting latent variable models involving self-report and objective measures.

Latent variable models assess the common variance across multiple indicators of a specific construct and are often used when measurement error may bias parameter estimates. However, care must be taken when interpreting the meaning of the latent construct when using item indicators that come from different measurement domains (e.g., self-report and biochemical indicators of smoking). Utilizing simulated data, we demonstrate that even though a model may be considered to have a "good fit" based on conventional criteria, data interpretation may be misleading or erroneous if precautions are not taken when specifying residual covariances. These findings have important implications for health-related research. Whenever different kinds of data are used to define latent variables in a health domain, exactly what items are used, and what biases may be present can affect, sometimes dramatically, (a) the definition of the latent variables and (b) the effects of the latent variables on other variables of interest.

Bias↗
PubMed2002

[Ways of spending free time by students of the Medical University of Gdansk in relation to their health behavior].

Problems connected with the issue of free time are the field of interest for social, and medical scientists and economists. Medical students are perceived by others as well as by themselves as the group with free time deficiency. An inquiry was conducted on subject of some aspects of free time and healthy lifestyle in practice of VIth year students of Faculty of Medicine and 1st year students of Medical Analysis at the Medical University of Gdansk. One of the questions in the inquiry was direct question about the ways of spending free time. There were differences in forms of spending free time between students of Faculty of Medicine and students of Medical Analysis. Among the first group examined the most, about 46%, points to recreational sport as the form of spending free time; quite a lot people read books, and about 40% of them sleep. Medical Analysis students asked the same question answer that they study during their free time--almost 41%, they also go for walks and listen to the radio. On the grounds of the answer about practicing recreational sport we can assume that for the greatest part of the students such activities have become an obligatory part of their lifestyle and not everybody classifies them among free time activities. Students of both inquired groups fill their free time with number of activities, among which we can find those involving rest, health or entertainment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Changing patients' health behavior--consultation and physician-patient relationship].

Studies indicate that doctors' advice concerning changes in patients' lifestyle meet with relatively little success. The article gives a summary of empirical studies on patient compliance in relation to the doctor's behaviour and attitudes; the quality of the patient-doctor relationship; and the content and form of the doctor's message. A patient-oriented style of communication; an ability to explore and discuss patients' expectations and behaviour; a warm and friendly approach; and an ability to gain the trust of the patient, are attributes that have been found to be effective in influencing patients' behaviour. The content of the information should be limited and specific, and the delivery should be structured. Perhaps the most important factor is a shift in power and control from the doctor to the patient when encouraging changes in health-related behaviour.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

Self-regulation of health behavior: the "take PRIDE" program.

Social cognitive theory, in particular, the construct of self-regulation was the basis for developing an educational program for older adults with heart disease. This paper discusses the theoretical principles utilized and describes the program activities based on them. Data from an evaluation conducted with 246 older heart patients who took part in the education are used to illustrate how social cognitive theory constructs operated empirically.

Cognition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of the family in shaping the health behavior of an adolescent].

Sponsored by the Committee for Healthcare of the City of Moscow, we conducted an anonymous, cross, educational questioning of 250 families of teenage-schoolchildren (in Moscow), who used to have sexually transmitted infections (STI), and a questioning of teenage-schoolchildren without the STI history (controls). The questioning program of teenagers and of their parents was split into 5 units based on 3 basic components covering the health state of any population category, i.e. body, environment, behavior. Our conclusion was that the communication of children with their parents enables the children to master the basic norms of behavior and morality and to observe the implementation of role-tied functions in the parental family. Therefore, it is advisable to focus on the parents and families while working out the purpose-oriented comprehensive programs of disease prevention (STI, in particular) among children and teenagers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

What influences health behavior? Learning from caregivers of young children in Viet Nam.

Globally, the caregiving behaviors that contribute to good nutritional status are well understood; but it is not clear why some caregivers perform these behaviors while others do not. This formative qualitative research was designed to improve understanding about what distinguishes caregivers who practice optimal behaviors from those who do not. This study is a one-time, cross-sectional baseline assessment of factors that affect nutrition-related behavior change. It took place in a rural northern province in Viet Nam. One hundred caregivers of children 6 to 17.9 months of age from five communes were interviewed. None of the five communes were included in the larger prospective study designed to test the impact of the Community Empowerment and Nutrition Program (CENP). Four behaviors were examined: feeding the child "positive deviant" foods, feeding the child during diarrheal episodes, washing the child's hands, and taking the child to the health center when ill. Results indicate that for all four behaviors, favorable social norms distinguished those who practiced each behavior from those who did not. Positive, reinforcing beliefs and attitudes were important determinants of every behavior except handwashing Likewise, self-efficacy differentiated doers from non-doers for all behaviors except feeding during diarrheal episodes. Findings from this research suggest that fathers and in-laws of non-doers are more likely to fail to advise mothers about infant feeding and health than they are to provide negative advice. By discovering what distinguishes those who practice optimal behaviors from those who do not, researchers, program planners, and others are better equipped to develop targeted interventions that lead to positive behavior change.

Caregivers↗