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PubMed1989

Response to RIT 4237 oral rotavirus vaccine in human milk, adapted-and soy-formula fed infants.

During the first month of life 28 full-term newborns were breast-fed (18 males and 11 females). Thereafter 8 infants continued breast-feeding while the remainder were randomly fed on either an adapted milk formula (n=13) or a soy-formula (n=7). At five months, after an oral dose of RIT 4237 rotavirus vaccine of bovine origin was given, growth and IgM/IgG type antibodies against rotavirus were measured. Weight gain was similar in all infants. There were 2 IgM and 1 IgG responders out of 7 soy fed infants, compared with 4 out of 8 human milk fed (both IgM and IgG) and 7 out of 13 IgM and 6/12 IgG formula fed infants responding to vaccination. This observation confirms previous results obtained with polio, diphtheria tetanus and pertussis vaccines indicating that soy-protein formulas may interfere with immunization processes.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

The role of dietary nucleotides in neonatal and infant nutrition.

Human milk has a higher concentration of nucleotides than bovine milk which is the source of most infant formulas. As the composition of human milk is considered the 'gold standard,' an increasing number of infant formulas are supplemented with nucleotides. This review summarises the biology of human milk nucleotides and evaluates the studies which investigated the clinical benefits of feeding infants with nucleotide-supplemented formulas. Although dietary nucleotides have been suggested to have beneficial gastrointestinal and immunological effects, nucleotide-supplemented formula feeding has not been shown to confer the same benefits as breast feeding, and randomised controlled trials have yet to prove that healthy term infants fed nucleotide-supplemented formulas compared to those fed nonsupplemented formulas, have accelerated physical growth and neurological development, better growth and development of their gastrointestinal tract resulting in improved digestive and absorptive functions, enhanced development of their immune system resulting in increased resistance to infection and lower bacterial and viral infection rates during infancy, and a more favourable intestinal microflora associated with a lower rate of infectious diarrhoea. However, a randomised controlled trial has reported that term infants with severe intrauterine growth retardation do have better catch-up growth with nucleotide supplementation. The hypothesis that nucleotides are semi-essential nutrients needs to be further studied, in particular in the presence of prematurity, fetal growth retardation, intestinal injury and limited nutrient intake. As no deleterious effects have been reported with the use of nucleotide-supplemented formulas, the first of which was introduced over 30 years ago, such products are considered safe when nucleotides are supplemented to an amount equivalent to the free nucleotide concentration of human milk. More basic and clinical research studies are awaited to further define the biology and role of human milk nucleotides, and to critically assess the potential benefits and appropriate level of nucleotide supplementation of infant formula.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[The Nutrition Committee of the Austrian Society of Pediatrics. Antigen-reduced infant nutrition].

In infants at risk of developing allergies exclusive breast feeding during the first 4-6 months and introduction of solids after four months of age reduces the incidence of atopic syndromes at least up to 36 months of age. The protective effects of two antigen reduced infant formulae (marketed as "Hypoallergenic" in Austria) against atopy in infants at risk have been confirmed in longitudinal studies. The incidence of allergic symptoms was significantly reduced during the first 18-36 months if introduction of solids was delayed until 4-6 months of age. Antigen-reduced infant formulae and no solids should be given to infants at risk who are not exclusively breastfed during the first 4-6 months.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fatty acid balance studies in term infants fed formula milk containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) are thought to be required for optimal nervous system development in the newborn. A commercial milk formula containing LCP (Aptamil-LCP) with a fatty acid profile closely resembling breast milk, has recently been introduced for term infants. The absorption of fatty acids in term infants was examined in a double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing Aptamil-LCP (n = 20) and standard Aptamil (n = 20). Formula-fed newborn infants were studied from birth for 14 d. Fat balances (3 d) were performed from d 10. A 3-d stool collection was performed from d 10 in a parallel breastfed group (n = 21). Plasma samples were taken on d 6. Median fat excretion (mg kg[-1]) was 897.1, 615.0 and 355.2 with Aptamil, Aptamil-LCP and breastfeeding, respectively. The median total fat absorption coefficient in Aptamil-LCP-fed infants was higher than in those fed standard Aptamil (p < 0.01). These findings were accounted for by differences in the excretion and absorption of long-chain saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0). Higher fat excretion was associated with bulkier and firmer stools. Only trace amounts of LCP were detected in the stools of all groups. This accounted for less than 4% of dietary intake in Aptamil-LCP-fed infants. No differences in the utilization of LCP from Aptamil-LCP and breast milk feeding were apparent. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition data reflected differences in dietary LCP intake. Thus, PL LCP levels were highest in the breastfed infants and lowest in the Aptamil-fed infants, with values for the Aptamil-LCP-fed group falling in between.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Breastfeeding protects against illness and infection in infants and children: a review of the evidence.

Nutrition is essential to the health and development of infants and children. Breastfeeding is superior to infant formula feeding because in addition to breastmilk's nutritional advantages, it protects against infections through specific and non-specific immune factors and has long-term consequences for metabolism and disease later in life. The objectives of this paper are to summarise the epidemiological and other scientific evidence in support of breastfeeding, to clarify why breastmilk is a better food for infants than infant formula and to demonstrate support for further breastfeeding initiatives in Australia. There is much epidemiological evidence for the benefits of breastfeeding to the human infant against a wide range of illnesses and infections. Other scientific evidence for breastfeeding has demonstrated specific nutritional components that provide immunologic protection and beneficial effects on intestinal flora. Human milk enhances the immature immunologic system of the neonate and strengthens host defence mechanisms against infective and other foreign agents. Mechanisms to explain active stimulation of the infant's immune system by breastfeeding are through bioactive factors in human milk. Following breastfeeding termination there may be prolonged protection against infections due to influences on the infant immune system mediated via human milk. World-wide initiatives have been established to promote breastfeeding and curb the use of infant formula. Primarily the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative promotes the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding and should be implemented in all maternity services in Australia. There is enough evidence to support further breastfeeding health promotion initiatives in Australia to ensure that all hospitals become 'baby friendly', that all mothers are encouraged and supported to commence breastfeeding and that there is adequate community support for mothers to continue exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first six months of life.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Store brand formulas--a new alternative for bottle-feeding moms.

There are more infant formula options on the market today than ever before. Health care professionals must help mothers determine what type of formula to feed their child, such as an iron-fortified, milk-based formula or a soy-based formula. It is also key to realize that the Federal Food and Drug Administration tightly regulates infant formula so they are all nutritionally equivalent. The only significant difference among today's term formula options is price. Most leading retailers around the country carry a store brand of formula that bears the store's name, is made by Wyeth Nutritionals, regulated by the FDA, and available at a significant savings.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1995

Bioavailability of lead from various milk diets studied in a suckling rat model.

The bioavailability of lead from various milk diets was studied in 14 day old suckling rats. Human milk, infant formula, cow's milk, rat milk and deionized water labeled with 203Pb were given to rat pups by gastric intubation. Animals were killed after 2 or 6 h and the radioactivity in the tissues was measured. At 2 h after administration the lead bioavailability, defined as lead uptake in the body, excluding the gastrointestinal tract, was 47% from water, 42% from human milk, 40% from infant formula, 31% from cow's milk and 11% from rat milk. After 6 h the bioavailability of lead was about 50% from water and human milk, 45% from infant formula and cow's milk, and 36% from rat milk. The blood lead levels in the pups reflected the total body uptake and were also correlated to the brain lead levels. Thus, rat pups given lead in human milk had approximately twice as high lead levels in blood and brain than pups given lead in rat milk. The intestinal absorption of lead was dependent on the milk diet given to the sucklings. In duodenum, the highest uptake of lead was found in rats given water or human milk, whereas in rats given rat or cow's milk the highest uptake of lead was found in ileum. The distribution of lead in cream, whey and casein fractions of the milk diets after in vitro labeling with 203Pb was also studied. The casein fraction in cow's and rat milk contained 90-96% of the total amount of lead in the diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Breastfeeding practices in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina: cross-sectional self-report study.

AIM: To investigate breastfeeding practices among mothers of infants in the city of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. METHODS: The cross-sectional self-report study was conducted among 326 mothers of infants visiting the Advisory Center for Infants at the Medical Center in Mostar and at the Children's Department of Mostar University Hospital between January and May 2003. The data were collected from mothers by trained interviewers using a structured interview. In addition to demographic data, mothers were inquired about the frequency of breastfeeding, use of commercial infant food products, and the reasons for the termination of breastfeeding. RESULTS: According to mothers' statements, 85%, 70%, 44%, and 8% infants were breastfed at the age of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Significantly more infants aged < or =3 months were breast feed than not. Infant formula was given to 31%, 43%, 85%, and 62% of infants aged 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Cow milk was given to 19% of 6-month-old infants, and the proportion of infants fed with cow milk increased with age. Tea and water were often added to the infant diet. The most frequently stated reason for the termination of breastfeeding was the lack of breast milk. Decision whether to breast feed or not was made by the mothers themselves, in 85% of cases before the delivery. Only 27% of mothers received advice on breastfeeding from the medical personnel. CONCLUSION: The number of breastfed infants decreased with their age, especially after 3 months of age. Infant formulas and cow milk were introduced into infant diet very early. The reasons stated for the termination of breastfeeding reflected unawareness of the indications for ablactation and advantages of breastfeeding. Young mothers should be better educated on breastfeeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Rapid advancement to more concentrated formula in infants after surgery for congenital heart disease reduces duration of hospital stay: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of rapid advancement to more concentrated formula on weight gain and duration of hospitalization for infants after cardiac surgery. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a double-blinded, randomized trial of rapid advancement to higher achieved formula concentration for postoperative infants younger than 1 year of age. After transfer to the inpatient ward from the critical care unit, infants were randomly assigned to rapid advancement to a higher achieved formula concentration (2-day transition) or usual care (5-day transition, lower concentration target). RESULTS: The adequacy of energy intake (expressed as the median percentage of the estimated energy requirement) before discharge from the hospital was 98% in the intervention versus 78% in the usual care group ( P = .01). Before discharge, the median rate of weight gain was greater in the rapid advancement (20 g/d) versus the usual care group (loss of 35 g/d, P < .03). The median postoperative duration of stay on the cardiology inpatient unit was 5 days for the intervention versus 6 days for the usual care group ( P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid advancement to higher achieved formula concentration significantly improved energy intake and weight gain and decreased duration of postoperative hospital stay in infants after cardiac surgery.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMed2003

Long chain polyunsaturate supplementation does not induce excess lipid peroxidation of piglet tissues.

BACKGROUND: Addition of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids to infant formulas raises the possibility of increased lipid peroxidation. AIM OF THE STUDY: We determined the effects of increasing levels of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) on lipid peroxidation and peroxidative potential in piglet tissues. METHODS: Four groups of piglets (n = 6) were bottle-fed a formula containing one of four treatments: no long chain fatty acid (Diet 0) and three different levels of DHA/AA at 1-fold (0.3 %/0.6% FA; Diet 1) 2-fold (0.6 %/1.2% FA; Diet 2) and 5-fold (1.5%/3% FA; Diet 5) concentration used in some human infant formulas, and all with equal amount of vitamin E (5.7 IU/ 100 kcal formula) for four weeks. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups in conjugated diene and glutathione (GSH) levels in the liver, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) in plasma. TBARS levels of the erythrocyte membranes increased in a dose-dependent manner when in vitro oxidation was induced with 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) for 30 minutes. The TBARS levels of the liver homogenates of the Diet 5 and Diet 2 groups were significantly different than those of the membranes of the Diet 0 group when the in vitro oxidation was induced with H(2)O(2). CONCLUSION: The results show that dietary vitamin E effectively prevented lipid peroxidation at the LCP concentrations investigated and suggest that levels presently in infant formulas are sufficient.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Effects of weaning cereals with different phytate contents on hemoglobin, iron stores, and serum zinc: a randomized intervention in infants from 6 to 12 mo of age.

BACKGROUND: Weaning foods frequently contain phytate, an inhibitor of iron and zinc absorption, which may contribute to the high prevalence of iron and zinc deficiency seen in infancy. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate whether either an extensive reduction in the phytate content of infant cereals or the use of milk-based, iron-fortified infant formula would improve iron and zinc status in infants. DESIGN: In a double-blind design, infants (n = 300) were randomly assigned to 3 cereal groups from 6 to 12 mo of age: commercial milk-based cereal drink (MCD) and porridge (CC group), phytate-reduced MCD and phytate-reduced porridge (PR group), or milk-based infant formula and porridge with the usual phytate content (IF group). Venous blood samples were collected at 6 and 12 mo. Dietary intake was recorded monthly. After the intervention, 267 infants remained in the analysis. RESULTS: Hemoglobin concentrations of < 110 g/L, serum ferritin concentrations of < 12 microg/L, and serum zinc concentrations of < 10.7 micromol/L had overall prevalences at baseline and 12 mo of 28% and 15%, 9% and 18%, and 22% and 27%, respectively. After the intervention, there were no significant differences in any measure of iron or zinc status between the CC and the PR groups. However, hemoglobin was significantly higher (120 g/L compared with 117 g/L; P = 0.012) and the prevalence of anemia was lower (13% compared with 23%; P = 0.06) in the PR group than in the IF group, which could be explained by differences in daily iron intake between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Extensive reduction in the phytate content of weaning cereals had little long-term effect on the iron and zinc status of Swedish infants.

Anemia↗
PubMed1995

Zinc absorption in adult humans: the effect of iron fortification.

The effect of Fe fortification on the absorption of Zn was studied by radioisotopic labelling of single meals, followed by measurements of whole-body retention of 65Zn at 14 d after intake. Healthy adult volunteers participated in the study. Weaning cereal, wheat bread and infant formula, foods that are all frequently Fe-fortified, were evaluated in the study. The amounts of Fe added as FeSO4 were similar to the levels in commercial products in Europe and the USA, and were 200 or 500 mg Fe/kg (weaning cereal), 65 mg Fe/kg (white wheat flour) and 12 mg Fe/l (infant formula). For comparison, Zn absorption was measured in the same subjects, from identical test meals containing no added Fe. No statistically significant differences were found when Zn absorption from the Fe-fortified test meals was compared with that from non-Fe-fortified test meals. Fractional Zn-absorption values from Fe-fortified v. non-fortified meals were 31.1 (SD 11.9) v. 30.7 (SD 7.0)% (weaning cereal; 200 mg Fe/kg), 37.7 (SD 16.6) v. 30.2 (SD 9.9)% (weaning cereal; 500 mg Fe/kg), 36.5 (SD 14.4) v. 38.2 (SD 18.1)% (bread; 65 mg Fe/kg flour) and 41.6 (SD 8.1) v. 38.9 (SD 14.5)% (infant formula; 12 mg Fe/l). The addition of Fe to foods at the currently used fortification levels was thus not associated with impaired absorption of Zn and the consumption of these Fe-fortified foods would not be expected to have a negative effect on Zn nutrition.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Energy and protein intakes of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the first year of life and their association with growth velocity: the DARLING Study.

Intake and growth were compared between matched cohorts of infants either breast-fed (BF) or formula-fed (FF) until > or = 12 mo of age. Total energy intake at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo averaged 0.36, 0.34, 0.35, and 0.38 MJ.kg-1.d-1 (85.9, 80.1, 83.6, and 89.8 kcal.kg-1.d-1) among BF infants vs 0.41, 0.40, 0.39, and 0.41 MJ.kg-1.d-1 (98.7, 94.7, 93.6, and 98.0 kcal.kg-1.d-1) among FF infants, respectively. Protein intake was 66-70% higher in the FF than in the BF group during the first 6 mo. Differences in energy and protein intakes were significant at 3, 6, and 9 mo. Gains in weight and lean body mass were lower in BF than in FF infants from 3 to 9 mo. BF infants gained more weight and lean body mass per gram protein intake but not per megajoule intake. Although growth differences between groups were related to differences in intake, there is no evidence of any functional advantage to the more rapid growth of FF infants.

Body Height↗
PubMed1990

Growth promotion of Bifidobacterium species by whey and casein fractions from human and bovine milk.

An in vitro assay was used to study the growth-promotional activity of human milk (HM), cow's milk (CM), and whey and casein fractions of HM and CM for five strains of Bifidobacterium species isolated originally from stools of human infants. Whey- and casein-predominant CM-based infant formulas were studied as well. When compared on an equivalent protein basis, the growth promotion activity of HM was greater than that of CM for Bifidobacterium bifidum serovar pennsylvanicus and Bifidobacterium longum but comparable for B. bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Bifidobacterium breve. Pasteurization of HM and CM resulted in an increase of growth promotion activity for B. bifidum serovar pennsylvanicus and B. bifidum, a decrease for B. infantis, and no change for B. longum and B. breve. The growth promotion activity of HM whey was slightly higher than that of HM casein for four strains of bifidobacteria. When CM casein was a substrate, virtually no growth occurred for B. bifidum serovar pennsylvanicus, B. bifidum, B. infantis, and B. longum. The growth promotion activity of CM whey, however, was similar to that of HM whey. A similar trend was observed for CM-based infant formula. Whey-dominant formulas promoted better growth of B. bifidum serovar pennsylvanicus, B. bifidum, and B. infantis than casein-dominant formulas. The data suggest a direct relationship between amount of whey-specific factors and the ability to promote growth of clinically relevant strains of Bifidobacterium species by HM, CM, and CM-based infant formulas.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Evaluation of a formula with low protein content and supplemented with probiotic agents after breast milk weaning].

UNLABELLED: Besides assuring growth and development in early infancy, human breast milk plays a key role in preventing infections, in particular by favouring the growth of bifidobacteria. The development of infant formulas containing probiotic agents consequently represents a significant advance in the provision of an optimal alternative to breast feeding when this is not feasible. A further concern is to avoid an excessively high protein content relative to breast milk, potentially favouring obesity in later life. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this open Multicenter comparative study was to demonstrate that a new infant formula, characterized by a reduced protein content and the presence of a probiotic agent, was as effective as conventional formulas in assuring growth during the first months of life. POPULATION AND METHODS: The study population comprised full-term healthy infants with an age at inclusion of 1-28 days, whose mothers no longer wished to continue breast feeding or were unable to breast feed. The test formula (GE), enriched with Bifidobacterium lactis, had a protein content of 1.5 g/100 ml. The primary end point was daily weight gain from day 0 to day 90. Secondary end points were daily increase in height and cranial circumference, overall and gastrointestinal tolerance and formula acceptability. A total of 203 infants were included in the analysis, 117 receiving GE and 86 the formula habitually prescribed by the paediatrician. RESULTS: Daily gains in weight, height and cranial circumference did not differ significantly between the groups. The rates of overall and gastrointestinal adverse events were comparable in the two groups and the acceptability of GE was consistently good, similar to that of the standard formulas. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated that the new probiotic infant formula GE has equivalent efficacy to conventional formulas in achieving growth in early infancy, and is well tolerated.

Bifidobacterium↗
PubMed2001

Effect of feeding yogurt versus milk in children with acute diarrhea and carbohydrate malabsorption.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of infant formula and the same formula subjected to microbial fermentation (yogurt) on the duration of diarrhea in young children with acute watery diarrhea, with or without reducing substances in stools. METHODS: One hundred twelve well-nourished children, aged 3 to 24 months, who were admitted to the hospital with acute watery diarrhea were included in a randomized trial. After appropriate rehydration, they were fed either an infant formula (group M, n = 56) or the same formula fermented with Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus (group Y, n = 56). The two feedings were comparable in lactose concentration (40 to 42 g/L), pH 4.5, flavor, and texture. The groups were subdivided into those with or without reducing sugars in stools at presentation. The presence of reducing sugars in stool was used as a marker of carbohydrate malabsorption. RESULTS: Group M and group Y had comparable clinical characteristics at admission, including the number of patients with reducing sugars in stools (n = 31 in group M and 27 in group Y). The success rate (cessation of diarrhea and appropriate weight gain 7 days after enrollment into the study) was similar in both groups (82% in group M vs. 84% group Y). Clinical failure was 3.6% in both groups. The percentage of patients withdrawn from the study for medical reasons (5.4% in group M vs. 7.1% in group Y) or withdrawn at the parents' request (8.9% in group M vs. 5.4% in group Y) was similar. Duration of diarrhea and number of stools were significantly less in group Y compared with group M. Forty-eight hours after inclusion, diarrhea was still present in 62% of group M versus in 35% of group Y (P < 0.002). In children with reducing sugars in stools, the rate of success (82%) was similar in groups M and Y, but the duration of diarrhea and number of stools per day were significantly decreased in group Y. Forty-height hours after inclusion, diarrhea was still present in 75% of group M patients and in 20% of group Y patients who had reducing substances in the stool. CONCLUSION: Young children with acute watery diarrhea, without malnutrition or associated disease, can be equally well treated with feeding of either infant formula or yogurt. Yogurt feeding is associated with a clinically relevant decrease in stool frequency and duration of diarrhea in children who have reducing sugars in stools.

Acute Disease↗