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PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns and trends of sexual behavior, HIV testing, and HIV prevalence among all sexually transmitted disease clinic attenders in Denmark.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Persons attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic have shown to be at a higher risk for HIV infection than the population in general. We evaluate the patterns of HIV prevalence and testing in relation to reported risk behavior. STUDY DESIGN: Data have been collected on all new attenders at the Danish STD clinics. The study period was January 1, 1990 through March 1992. RESULTS: Testing for HIV was accepted by 74% and more often by women than men and more outside Copenhagen than in the city itself. Acceptance was lowest among homo/bisexual men seen in Copenhagen. The HIV prevalence was highest among homo/bisexual men with drug use (10.0%) and lowest among heterosexual men (0.3%) and women (0.2%). Among heterosexuals the test activity increased over time, and the test activity increased and the prevalence of HIV antibodies decreased with the number of reported sex partners. Among heterosexuals HIV infection was associated with not being born in Denmark and age (> or = 30 years old in women and > or = 35 years old in men). CONCLUSION: These results are relevant for the national HIV surveillance programs and campaigns, and stress the importance of offering HIV testing to all persons attending for an STD examination.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed2003

betaFSH, betaLH and growth hormone gene expression in blue gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus, Pallas 1770) during spermatogenesis and male sexual behavior.

The relationship between gonadal development (histological evidence for spermiogenesis and/or spermatogenesis), sexual behavior (nest-building) and mRNA levels of gonadotropins (betaFSH and betaLH) and growth hormone (GH) in the male pituitary was investigated. Amplification of betaFSH cDNA showed a significantly higher mRNA level in mature males (whether sexually active or not) than in juveniles. However, following PCR amplification of betaLH cDNA, a significantly higher mRNA level was found in the sexually active group compared to the sexually inactive group. These results suggest that FSH may participate in spermatogenesis, whereas LH is more involved in spermiogenesis. The GH mRNA level increased slightly during the maturation process but no significant differences were found between the groups studied.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Social motives and cognitive power-sex associations: predictors of aggressive sexual behavior.

The present study investigated whether implicit social motives and cognitive power-sex associations would predict self-reports of aggressive sexual behavior. Participants wrote stories in response to Thematic Apperception Test pictures, which were scored for power and affiliation-intimacy motives. They also completed a lexical-decision priming task that provided an index of the strength of the cognitive association between the concepts of "power" and "sexuality." For men, high levels of power motivation and strong power-sex associations predicted more frequent aggression. There was also an interaction: Power motivation was unrelated to aggression for men with the weakest power-sex associations. For women, high levels of affiliation-intimacy motivation were associated with more frequent aggression. Strong power-sex associations were also predictive for women but only when affiliation-intimacy motivation was high.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Pinealectomy prevents short photoperiod inhibition of male hamster sexual behavior.

The role of the pineal gland in mediating photoperiodic influences on copulatory behavior (CB) of male hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) was assessed in the presence and absence of testosterone (T). The results demonstrate that the pineal gland is necessary for short photoperiod exposure to alter CB. Sexually experienced males were exposed to either long (14L:10D; LP) or short (8L:16D; SP) photoperiods for 13 weeks; after the first 2 weeks of exposure, all animals were castrated and then either pinealectomized (PINX) or sham operated (SHAM PINX). CB tests over an 8-week period following surgery indicated that copulatory impairments developed in all animals, but deficits occurred more rapidly among short photoperiod males with intact pineal glands (SP-SHAM PINX), compared to pinealectomized males housed in either the long (LP-PINX) or short photoperiod (SP-PINX). LP-PINX and SP-PINX animals were not statistically different on any of the CB measures examined. Nine weeks after castration (11 weeks of photoperiod exposure), all hamsters were given a T-filled Silastic capsule to restore CB. Restoration of sexual behavior was less rapid and less complete among SP-SHAM PINX hamsters. Additionally, males in this group took longer to initiate copulation relative to the pinealectomized hamsters. These findings are compared to other reports suggesting that photoperiodic effects on the sexual behavior of female hamsters do not require an intact pineal gland.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The effect of anabolic-androgenic steroids on sexual behavior and reproductive tissues in male rats.

This study assessed the effects of high doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and their withdrawal on male reproductive behavior and reproductive tissues during development. Prepubertal, peripubertal, and adult male Long Evans rats were divided into 4 groups: 1) Testosterone propionate for 16 weeks (TP), 2) TP for 3 weeks and withdrawn for 13 weeks (TPWL), 3) TP for 16 weeks and withdrawn for 3 weeks (TPWS), 4) propylene glycol (control vehicle) for 16 weeks (PG). As determined by sexual performance and sexual preference tests, administration of high doses of AAS to the peripubertal animals enhanced sexual performance and sexual motivation. There was no significant effect on sexual behavior of the prepubertal animals. High doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids depleted Leydig cell number in the prepubertal and adult rats, but had no effect on the Leydig cell number of the peripubertal animals. After long-term withdrawal from AAS no significant effects on sexual behavior were found. The depletion of Leydig cells that occurred in the prepubertal animals after withdrawal was reversible, while the depletion of the Leydig cells of the adult animals did not return to the control level suggesting a long lasting alteration.

Anabolic Agents↗

PubMed1994

Mechanisms regulating male sexual behavior in the rat: role of 3 alpha- and 3 beta-androstanediols.

To assess whether naturally occurring 5 alpha-androstanediols (5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol) play a role in the regulation of male sexual behavior in the rat, their capability to restore copulatory behavior in castrated animals was evaluated. Androstanediols were chronically administered either alone or in combination with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or with estradiol-17 beta (E2). Animals treated with testosterone (T), DHT, E2, and vehicle, either alone or in different combinations, served as controls. The occurrence of mounting, intromission, and ejaculation as well as detailed parameters of copulatory behavior were recorded twice per week for 3 weeks. At the end of treatments, the weights of sex accessory organs were also recorded. When 3 beta, 5 alpha-androstanediol (3 beta-diol; 500 micrograms/day) was administered in combination with DHT (300 micrograms/day), full copulatory behavior was restored in all subjects in a manner similar to that obtained with E2 plus DHT or T plus DHT combinations, thus indicating an estrogen-like behavioral effect of 3 beta-diol. Administration of 3 alpha, 5 alpha-androstanediol (3 alpha-diol; 500 micrograms/day) combined with DHT also restored sexual behavior, though to a lesser extent. When 3 alpha-diol (500 micrograms/day) was simultaneously administered with E2 (5 micrograms/day), the copulatory behavior of castrated animals was fully restored in a fashion similar to that observed after administration of DHT plus E2 and T plus E2 combinations, indicating a potent androgen-like effect of 3 alpha-diol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Androstane-3,17-diol↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent sexual behavior: estimates and trends from four nationally representative surveys.

CONTEXT: Accurate information about trends over time in adolescent sexual behavior is essential to understand changes in adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases and to monitor the progress of health promotion activities in the United States METHODS: Estimates from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), the National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM), the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) were compared. While methodologies and populations varied by survey, adolescents aged 15-17 who attend high school were a common subpopulation among all four. For each survey, the prevalence of sexual intercourse, contraceptive use and multiple sexual partners was measured in this population. RESULTS: Trend comparisons fell into four categories. First, some similar significant trends were found across surveys. The proportion of all males and of white males who reported ever having had sexual intercourse decreased significantly, while condom use rose significantly among males in both the NSAM and the YRBS. For such behaviors as ever having had sexual intercourse (among Hispanic males and black females), using the pill and using the condom (among all females) and having four or more lifetime sexual partners (among white males), a significant trend was found in one survey while a similar but nonsignificant trend was found in another. Several trend comparisons were not significant in any survey. Finally, having had intercourse in the past three months (among all males and all females), having had two or more partners in the past three months (for males) and having had four or more lifetime sexual partners (among white females and all males) showed a significant trend in one survey but lacked a parallel nonsignificant trend in another. Prevalence estimates in 1995 differed significantly in at least one comparison of surveys for all behaviors except having four or more lifetime sexual partners (both genders) and having two or more recent sexual partners (females). Gender differences within the YRBS and between the NSFG and the NSAM generally were consistent. CONCLUSIONS: Trends over time and gender differences were similar across surveys, underscoring their value for tracking adolescent sexual behaviors. Differences in prevalence estimates across surveys probably result from differences in question wording, diverse interview settings and modes of data collection, and varying statistical power. These findings suggest a need to increase our understanding of how methodologies influence survey response in research on adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Testicular feminization syndrome. An experimental model for the study of hormone action on sexual behavior.

Truly feminine consciousness of gender identity, normal extragenital erotogenic sensitivity, suppressed or very reduced clitoris sensitivity and reaction, normal reaction of the labia minora and the vagina which deepens with the renewal of intercourse, realization of pleasure climax without clonicotonic orgasm and followed by resolution, and a normal maternal attitude seem to characterize sexual behavior in a complete or almost complete testicular feminization syndrome. These features allow one to clearly distinguish, without ignoring multiple psychologic mechanisms, the factors related to androgens and to estrogens in normal feminine sexual behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

African-American adolescents' knowledge, health-related attitudes, sexual behavior, and contraceptive decisions: implications for the prevention of adolescent HIV infection.

African-American adolescents (N = 195) completed measures of knowledge related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), attitudes toward condoms, health locus of control, vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, peer sexual norms, personal sexual behavior for the past 6 months, and contraceptive preferences. Hotelling's T2 tests revealed that girls were more knowledgeable about AIDS, reported fewer sexual partners, held more positive attitudes toward precautionary sexual behavior, and perceived themselves to have greater self-control than boys. Five variables accounted for 44% of the variance in condom use: condom use from the 1st intercourse occasion, earlier grade in school, lower belief in an external locus of control, and higher scores on the Effect on Sexual Experience and Self-Control subscales of the Condom Attitude Scale. Implications for the content, format, and timing of HIV prevention with African-American adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Effects of lesions of nucleus taeniae on appetitive and consummatory aspects of male sexual behavior in Japanese quail.

Neurochemical, hodological and functional criteria suggest that the nucleus taeniae and parts of the adjacent archistriatum represent the avian homologue of parts of the mammalian amygdaloid complex. It has been proposed in particular that the nucleus taeniae is the homologue of the mammalian medial amygdala. In male quail, relatively large lesions to the posterior/medial archistriatum selectively decrease the expression of appetitive sexual behavior in a manner reminiscent of similar manipulations involving the medial amygdala in mammals. We investigated the effects of discrete lesions restricted to nucleus taeniae and of lesions to an adjacent part of the archistriatum (pars intermedium ventralis, AIv) on the expression of appetitive (ASB) and consummatory (CSB) aspects of male sexual behavior. ASB was measured by a learned social proximity response (after copulation a male quail stands in front of a window providing visual access to a female) and by the frequency of rhythmic cloacal sphincter movements. CSB was assessed by the frequency of mount attempts (MA) and cloacal contact movements (CCM). Lesions confined to nucleus taeniae and to AIv did not influence the acquisition or the maintenance of the two responses indicative of ASB. In contrast, lesions of nucleus taeniae significantly increased the occurrence frequencies of MA and CCM when administered before the beginning of behavior testing and increased the frequency of MA only when performed on sexually experienced subjects. No effect of AIv lesions could be detected. The discrepancy between these results and previous experiments in quail might reflect procedural differences, but more probably differences in locations of the lesions that were restricted in the current study to the anterior part of taeniae. Those in the Thompson study were in the posterior part of this nucleus. These findings indicate that there is a larger degree of functional heterogeneity in the nucleus taeniae than previously thought. The effects of taeniae lesions suggest that this nucleus, similar to the medial amygdala in mammals, might be implicated in the control of sexual satiety.

Amygdala↗

PubMed1984

Failure to antagonize the 8-hydroxy-2-di-n-propylamino)tetralin-induced facilitation of male rat sexual behavior by the administration of 5-HT receptor antagonists.

The administration of the putative 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) produced a facilitation and an inhibition of male rat sexual behavior, respectively. The 5-HTP-induced inhibitory effects were at least partially antagonized by the administration of metergoline, methiothepine or pirenperone. However, none of these agents were able to counteract any facilitatory effects produced by 8-OH-DPAT. It is concluded that 8-OH-DPAT does not facilitate the expression of masculine sexual behavior in the rat by stimulation of 5-HT1 or 5-HT2 receptors.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗

PubMed1998

HIV knowledge, beliefs and sexual behavior of male heterosexual drug users and non-drug users attending an HIV testing clinic in Israel.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to compare HIV-related knowledge, beliefs in self-control and sexual behavior of non-drug using and drug using heterosexual men. All individuals attending an HIV testing site during a two-month period were asked to complete a questionnaire anonymously. Data for 49 drug users (DU), most of them non-injectors, were compared to that of 94 non-drug using (non-DU) men with similar education levels (high school or less). Sexual behavior items refer to previous six months. FINDINGS: HIV-related knowledge was reported correctly by the majority of men in both groups, but the DU showed significantly more misconceptions (p < 0.01). Consistent but statistically insignificant lower levels of self-control were reported by the DU. Type of sexual relations and the number of regular sexual partners were not different between the groups: 55% of the DU and 67% of the non-DU were not monogamous. DU had either none or many casual partners (three or more), significantly different from the non-DU. The proportion of DU who never used condoms (65%) was higher as compared to non-DU men (43%, p < 0.05). However, when controlling for type of partnership, this difference was sustained only among monogamous men (82% of DU vs. 42% of non-DU never used condoms, p < 0.05). Condom use was significantly associated with age, HIV knowledge and sexual partnership in the DU. The greater deficiencies in HIV-related knowledge, and the prevalence of risk behaviors among DU require intensive individual and group counselling, specifically adapted for the needs and the culture of drug users in Israel and incorporated with social-influence-orientated change processes.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Adult sexual behavior in 1989: number of partners, frequency of intercourse and risk of AIDS.

Questions on sexual behavior that were added to the National Opinion Research Center's 1988 and 1989 General Social Surveys reveal that 97 percent of adult Americans have had intercourse since age 18. Respondents report having an average of about 1.2 sexual partners during the year preceding the survey and nearly 7.2 partners since age 18; men claimed to have had considerably more partners than did women. About one-fifth of adult Americans had no partners during the previous year. Moreover, over a year's time, only 1.5 percent of married people reported having had a sexual partner other than their spouse. On average, adults report engaging in intercourse 57 times per year. About two percent of sexually active adults reported being exclusively homosexual or bisexual during the year preceding the survey, and 5-6 percent have been exclusively homosexual or bisexual since age 18. Seven percent of adults are at relatively high current risk of contracting AIDS--three percent because they have had multiple partners, three percent because they have had unfamiliar partners and one percent because of their sexual orientation. However, 33 percent have engaged in relatively risky behavior at some time since age 18.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1995

Sexual preference and feminine and masculine sexual behavior of male rats prenatally exposed to antiandrogen or antiestrogen.

Male rats were prenatally (Day 10-19 of pregnancy) exposed to an antiestrogen, nitromifene citrate (CI628, 1 mg/rat), or an antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate (CA, 10 mg/rat), and in adulthood were examined for their exhibition of male-typical and female-typical behavior pattern. Treatment with CI628 abolished the capacity of the adult intact male to ejaculate, enhanced his potential to exhibit feminine sexual behavior, and decreased the intensity of the level of female-oriented behavior in a two-choice stimulus situation (estrous female vs active male). The administration of testosterone (T) did not alter these behaviors. Males exposed to CA showed low levels of lordosis behavior and normal levels of female-oriented preference. Further, they showed increased frequency of mounts and decreased number of intromissions, and only a few males ever ejaculated. Macroscopic inspection of the genital organs of the CI628-treated males revealed complete absence of the prostate. The dissections of the CA-treated males revealed a poorly developed penis and a blind-ending vagina. It was concluded that prenatal estrogen (E) is involved (1) in determining the development of mechanisms destined to mediate the display of male-typical behaviors in adulthood, (2) in suppressing the development of mechanisms of female-typical behaviors, and (3) seems to stimulate neural mechanisms influencing sexual preference behavior in the adult.

Androgen Antagonists↗

PubMed1997

Improving adolescent sexual behavior: a tool for better fertility outcome and safe motherhood.

The consequences of increased adolescent sexuality worldwide include: an increased rate of adolescent pregnancies and abortions; a high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases; and a significant number of psychosocial problems. Improvement of adolescent sexual behavior should be one of the primary goals of the 21st century. This includes development of new contraception techniques, providing protection from sexually transmitted diseases, improvement of contraception compliance and the correct use of mass media. As adolescents seek advice on sexual matters, it is our responsibility to provide them with accurate consultation as well as free family planning services in well organized adolescent units, where they may be counselled on the prevention of unwanted pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases. This will assist in a better fertility outcome and a safe motherhood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Reducing HIV risk-associated sexual behavior among African American adolescents: testing the generality of intervention effects.

This randomized controlled trial tested the effects of a theory-based culture-sensitive HIV risk-reduction intervention among 496 inner-city African American adolescents (mean age = 13 years) and examined the generality of its effects as a function of the facilitator's race and gender and the gender composition of the intervention group. Adolescents who received the HIV risk-reduction intervention expressed more favorable behavioral beliefs about condoms, greater self-efficacy, and stronger condom-use intentions postintervention than did those who received a control intervention on other health issues. Six-month follow-up data collected on 93% of the adolescents revealed that those who received the HIV risk-reduction intervention reported less HIV risk-associated sexual behavior, including unprotected coitus, than did their counterparts in the control condition. Self-reported sexual behavior and changes in self-reported behavior were unrelated to scores on a standard measure of social desirability response bias. There was strong evidence for the generality of intervention effects. Moderator analyses testing eight specific interaction hypotheses and correlational analyses indicated that the effects of the HIV risk-reduction intervention did not vary as a function of the facilitator's race or gender, participant's gender, or the gender composition of the intervention group.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2001

Artificial selection of rams for sexual performance and its effect on the sexual behavior and fecundity of male and female progeny.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a single generation of artificial selection for sexual performance in rams on the sexual behavior and fecundity of their male and female progeny. Ninety-two ram lambs born to sires selected for either high or low sexual performance were evaluated for their sexual behaviors at approximately 8 months of age when individually exposed to four estrous ewes for 30min in four weekly serving capacity tests. Number of mounts and successful matings (ejaculations) were recorded. Fourteen of the 17 high-performing ram lambs identified were sired by high-performing sires, whereas 22 of 37 low-performing ram lambs were sired by low-performing sires (P<0.01). Sons of high-performing sires exhibited more ejaculations (P<0.04) and more mounts without ejaculation (P<0.02) than sons of low-performing sires. The two groups of ram lambs did not differ in mating efficiency (ratio of ejaculations to total mounts). Daughters of high-performing rams (N=79) exhibited their first behavioral estrus approximately 8 days earlier than daughters (N=61) of low-performing sires (P<0.005). Ovulation rates for the two groups of ewe lambs did not differ (P=0.55). It was concluded that there was sufficient genetic variation in the population of sheep studied to obtain a significant response to selection for ram sexual performance in both male and female offspring in a single generation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Dopamine requires the unoccupied progesterone receptor to induce sexual behavior in mice.

Using the recently generated mutant mice strain (PRKO) carrying a null mutation for the progesterone receptor (PR) gene by gene targeting, we examined the critical role of PR as a coordinator of key regulatory events involved in the steroid hormone and dopamine-facilitated sexual behavior in female mice. In vitro one-point binding analyses of estradiol benzoate (EB)-induced cellular PRs and immunohistochemistry of PR in the mediobasal hypothalamus demonstrated a reduction in binding in the homozygous females, equivalent to background levels seen in EB-unresponsive tissue. The biochemical findings correlated well with the behavioral observations, with the wild type females exhibiting high levels of lordosis, while the homozygous females showed minimal lordosis in response to mating by male mice. As a critical validation of our earlier studies on ligand-independent activation of PRs by dopamine, we examined the facilitation of sexual behavior by a dopamine agonist in the null mutants. Wild type females having the full complement of PRs exhibited high levels of lordosis, while the homozygous females showed minimal lordosis in response to dopamine. To determine whether this reduced response was due to a general lack of ability to express lordosis, mice were treated with another neurotransmitter, serotonin. No significant difference in the serotonin-facilitated lordosis response was observed between the wild type and the homozygous females. We conclude that multiple signal transduction pathways coexist in the neuroendocrine system for reproductive behavior, with PR acting as a transcriptional mediator for dopamine, as well as progesterone, to achieve integration of neural communication in the central nervous system.

Animals↗