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Results for “Tooth Bleaching”

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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

The dental pulp: inflammatory markers and vital bleaching.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the expression of specific neuropeptides associated with inflammation, substance-P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), after night guard vital bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide gel. METHODS: 10 patients with four caries free premolars scheduled for orthodontic extraction had these teeth bleached with 10% Opalescence as follows: tooth #28, no treatment (control); #5, 4 days of bleaching; #12, 2 weeks of bleaching; #21, 2 weeks of bleaching, followed by 2 weeks without treatment. All teeth in the four groups were extracted at the same time. Immediately after extraction the teeth were frozen at -197 degrees C in liquid nitrogen. The pulp samples were prepared for enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the concentrations of the SP, CGRP and total protein in the pulp tissue. RESULTS: The analysis of mean SP and mean CGRP/ng protein/ml resulted in no significant differences among the four groups. It was concluded that the study did not demonstrate an increase in the release of SP and/or CGRP during night guard vital bleaching of teeth with 10% Opalescence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Bleaching of a vital upper central incisor].

One trauma can elicit tooth vitality loss, even partial. The pulpal tissue necrosis, that is produced, causes darkening of the tooth. We can return this teeth to its original color using the bleaching technique.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Influence of tea on intrinsic colour of previously bleached enamel.

Aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of tea applied at various time intervals after bleaching of enamel on intrinsic tooth colour. Ninety bovine specimens were distributed among six groups (A-F, n=15). The samples of group A-D were bleached with the 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel VivaStyle for 8 h, followed by storing in artificial saliva for the remaining period of the day. The specimens were removed from the saliva at different intervals (A: 0 min, B: 60 min, C: 240 min) and immersed in freshly prepared black tea for 10 min. Group D (bleaching, no tea), E (no bleaching, but tea) and F (no bleaching, no tea) served as controls. These procedures were repeated for 8 days. Colour was measured at baseline, after each day, and after final cleaning using the CIELab-system. Then Deltab (initial b-value - final reading), DeltaL, and composite colour (DeltaE) were statistically analysed. External bleaching (A-D) led to a distinct whitening effect with lower Deltab- (=reduction in yellow) and higher DeltaL-values (=increase in brightness) compared with controls. The Deltab- and DeltaL-values of the samples A-C were not significantly different from the samples which were bleached only. No significant difference was observed comparing specimens of group A-C. It is concluded that application of tea directly after bleaching with 10% CP does not significantly effect the outcome of a bleaching treatment irrespective of the time interval elapsed between the bleaching procedure and the contact of the tooth surface with tea.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Internal bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide in vitro.

This in vitro study assessed the efficacy of 10% carbamide peroxide to internally bleach discolored teeth. Following pulp removal, 38 tooth crowns were stained with erythrocytes and bleached 3 times over 14 days using either 10% carbamide peroxide or 30% H2O2 and sodium perborate. The pulp chambers were subsequently filled, and the tooth crowns stored for 3 months. The shades of the crowns were measured using reflectance spectroscopy prior to and at several time points following bleaching. Using statistical analysis, the authors determined that both materials significantly improved the shade of the crowns, and that 10% carbamide peroxide could be utilized clinically to internally bleach nonvital discolored teeth.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

Quantitation of vital bleaching by computer analysis of photographic images.

BACKGROUND: The authors investigated the use of computer processing of photographic images to monitor changes in tooth brightness after nightguard vital bleaching, or NGVB. METHODS: Photographs of shade guides and clinical cases (patients' teeth) were taken on 35-millimeter film with electronic flash illumination and processed commercially. A slide scanner was used to digitize images as red, green and blue, or RGB, files, with constant brightness, contrast and linearity settings; the images were then analyzed with commercial software. Relevant image components (that is, teeth or shade guide tabs) were separated, and histograms of various numerical color descriptors were generated for each image component. RESULTS: Analysis of shade tab images showed that the mean pixel intensity for the RGB blue channel, or MPIb, was the most satisfactory brightness descriptor, with clear sequential MPIb increments from lighter to darker shades in each series of colors (A through D) and close correlation with the manufacturer's brightness scale (r = .83). Mathematical analysis of MPIb data for shade tabs in the same image yielded a brightness index that was reproducible and correlated well with the manufacturer's brightness scale. Sequential measurements of this index in three subjects whose teeth were bleached with carbamide peroxide for 14 days correlated well with assessments made by visual shade guide comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that computer analysis of digitized photographic images with internal color controls provides an index of tooth brightness that is reproducible from image to image. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: A brightness index derived from computer analysis of digitized photographic images may be useful for monitoring the effectiveness of NGVB.

Carbamide Peroxide↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Surface changes and acid dissolution of enamel after carbamide peroxide bleach treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of home bleaching (carbamide peroxide) on enamel surface morphology and the degree of acid dissolution. METHODS: Buccal surfaces of 15 caries-free human premolars were used in the study. The 15 teeth were cut in half in a buccal-lingual direction at midline; in total, 15 pairs of specimens were obtained. Group A consisted of five pairs that studied surface morphology change and Group B consisted of 10 pairs that studied the susceptibility of bleached enamel to acid dissolution. Tooth halves were prepared following a fluoride-free prophylaxis paste cleaning. One half of the tooth was untreated (control), and the other half was bleached (experimental) for eight hours daily for 10 days using 10% carbamide peroxide. Tooth samples were then stored in distilled water for seven days, after which scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on Group A. Only halves from the same tooth were compared to rule out natural variations between teeth. Group B was etched with 37% phosphoric acid before being examined by SEM. The severity of the acid attack was graded from I to V, and the grades of each pair were compared. RESULTS: Results of the SEM observation showed that surface porosity slightly increased after bleaching, and more surface dissolution by phosphoric acid was seen with bleached, compared to unbleached, enamel.

Carbamide Peroxide↗

PubMed2002

Initial color change and color retention with a hydrogen peroxide bleaching strip.

PURPOSE: A randomized, double blind clinical trial was conducted to evaluate initial color improvement and post-treatment color retention following vital bleaching with a strip-based tooth whitening system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After balancing for baseline color, 57 healthy adults were randomized to either whitening strips with a 5.3% hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel (Crest Whitestrips) or placebo strips without hydrogen peroxide. Maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were treated twice daily for 30 minutes each over a 2-week period, and efficacy was measured objectively by comparing digital images of teeth collected at baseline, end-of-treatment (Week 2) and 6 months after treatment (Month 6). RESULTS: The whitening strip group experienced a highly significant (P< 0.0001) reduction in yellow of -2.0 deltab* units versus baseline and -1.95 deltab* units versus placebo, with similar results noted for the other color parameters in the study. Most of the initial color change remained at 6 months post-treatment, with the whitening strip group continuing to demonstrate highly significant (P< 0.0001) improvements in tooth color relative to baseline and placebo. Age was found to significantly contribute to initial color improvement, with younger subjects experiencing a greater initial reduction in yellowness compared to older participants, but not to post-treatment color retention. The whitening strips were well tolerated, with minor tooth sensitivity and oral irritation representing the most common findings during treatment. There were no persistent or new treatment-related adverse events during the 6-month monitoring period.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Extended bleaching of tetracycline-stained teeth: a 5-year study.

Bleaching tetracycline-stained teeth is the most challenging form of tooth lightening. This article reports on 44 subjects who bleached their tetracycline-stained teeth for 6 months using trays with reservoirs overnight in a half-mouth designed study and 2 of 3 different concentrations of carbamide peroxide (10%, 15% or 20%). The subjects were followed for 5 years. The area evaluated was the middle third of the teeth. More than 55% of tooth lightening occurred within 1 month; after 5 years, more than 65% of the maximum tooth whitening remained for all 3 gel concentrations. Tooth whitening can be accomplished with any of the 3 concentrations used.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Managing discoloured non-vital teeth: the inside/outside bleaching technique.

The discoloured, non-vital anterior tooth is a common aesthetic concern for many patients. It can have a profound effect on their self-esteem, interaction with others and employability. Discoloured non-vital teeth are frequently compromised owing to previous trauma, caries, endodontic therapy and failed restorations. Destructive invasive treatment options are likely to weaken the residual structure of the tooth. This can reduce the prognosis and challenge the long-term viability of the tooth, thereby initiating further prosthetic predicaments. This paper discusses modern approaches to the treatment of discoloured teeth. The importance of preventing and eliminating the potential for discoloration will be highlighted. The paper will include a detailed technical account on the application of the inside/outside bleaching technique, with several clinical examples.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Should etching be performed as a part of a vital bleaching technique?

Many clinicians advocate etching the teeth before vital bleaching as a way to enhance the permeability of the tooth surface to hydrogen peroxide and thus to enhance the bleaching effect. However, no studies have been published to date to document the effect of etching on vital bleaching. In this study, ten patients received a bleaching treatment regimen of several appointments. Half of the teeth in one arch of each patient were etched with phosphoric acid for 20 seconds before they were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide. The teeth in the other half of the same arch were treated with tap water prior to bleaching. Evaluations of the patients after 3 and 6 weeks failed to confirm any enhanced lightening effect from etching.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1994

Clinical evaluation of Colgate Platinum Professional Toothwhitening System and Rembrandt Lighten Bleaching Gel.

A 2-week study was conducted to evaluate the tooth-whitening efficacy of Colgate Platinum Professional Toothwhitening System vs Rembrandt Lighten Bleaching Gel. Thirty-eight subjects completed this single-blind, randomized, parallel clinical study. The subjects were balanced into two groups based on a minimal shade of A3 on the Vita shade guide. The duration of product use was 30 minutes, twice daily for 2 weeks. Change in toodth color was measured by reflectance spectroscopy using a colorimeter. The readings were taken in the L*, a*, and b* color space at the initiation of the study, at 1 week, and at 2 weeks. Calculation of color change (deltaE) was performed using the color difference equation established by the Commission International de L'Eclairage. Results demonstated that Colgate Platinum was 46% more effective at tooth whitening after 1 week, and 96% more effective after 2 weeks of treatment. The results demonstrated that the Colgate product was significantly superior vs Rembrandt at increasing tooth whiteness (increase in deltaE), and tooth lightness (increase in deltaL*). No adverse reations were noted on clinical examination.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2001

In vitro microleakage of composite restorations after nonvital bleaching.

OBJECTIVE: After bleaching treatment, esthetic restorations often need to be replaced due to color changes. Some papers have shown alterations in the bond of adhesive restorations to bleached teeth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate tooth and resin composite adhesion when submitted to nonvital dental bleaching. METHOD AND MATERIALS: One hundred and twenty bovine teeth were assigned to 3 groups (n = 40); paste of sodium perborate and water; 37% carbamide peroxide gel; and no bleaching (control). After 3 weeks of continuous bleaching treatment, standardized Class V cavities were prepared at the cementoenamel junction and restored with Single Bond adhesive system and Z100 resin composite. The samples were thermocycled 1,500 times (5 +/- 1/55 +/- 1 degrees C) with a 1-minute dwell time. Then, they were immersed in a 2% methylene blue solution (pH 7) for 4 hours, sectioned, and analyzed by stereomicroscopy. Microleakage analyses were done, using scores from 0 to 4, considering leakage on the incisal wall (enamel) and the cervical wall (dentin). Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The results showed that sodium perborate and carbamide peroxide gel significantly increase the microleakage in Class V resin composite restorations to dentin but not to enamel margins. CONCLUSION: The risk of microleakage in dentin margins is increased soon after bleaching treatment.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Extraradicular diffusion of hydrogen peroxide and pH changes associated with intracoronal bleaching of discoloured teeth using different bleaching agents.

AIM: To evaluate the extraradicular pH and hydrogen peroxide (HP) diffusion when either 35% carbamide peroxide (CP), 35% HP or sodium perborate (SP) is used for intracoronal bleaching of artificially discoloured teeth. METHODOLOGY: Single rooted extracted human premolars were stained with whole blood cells. After shaping and cleaning, they were root filled and a base cement placed 1 mm below the buccal cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Four cemental defects were prepared just below the CEJ on each root surface. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups of 11 specimens, and intracoronally bleached using CP, HP, SP or distilled water (CL). Each tooth was suspended in a vial of distilled water and bleached for 7 days. The pH of the extraradicular distilled water was tested at 0, 1, 2 and 7 days and the HP that diffused through the root quantified using the Ferrous Oxidation-Xylenol Orange 2 Assay. The results were analysed using the one-way anova and Scheffe tests. RESULTS: Carbamide peroxide produced the greatest increase and HP the least pH change (P < 0.05 except day 1), SP was intermediate. From day 1 onwards, radicular diffusion of HP was greatest with HP and least with CP (P < 0.01), again SP was intermediate. There was no significant difference between CP and SP. CONCLUSIONS: Carbamide peroxide had very low levels of extraradicular diffusion of HP, in the presence of cemental defects. It could be an alternative to the other intracoronal bleaching agents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The effect of different fluoridation methods on the red wine staining potential on intensively bleached enamel in vitro.

PURPOSE: To study the effect in vitro of different fluoridation methods after intensive bleaching on the color of enamel slabs during a severe staining challenge with red wine. METHODS: 75 specimens were equally divided among five groups. Group 1 (no bleaching, no wine) served as control. Groups 2, 3 and 4 underwent bleaching with 35 % H2O2 for 10 minutes followed by home-bleaching for 8 hours/day with 10% carbamide peroxide on 14 consecutive days. Groups 2 and 3 were fluoridated for 1 hour with either Elmex gelée or Duraphat, respectively whereas Group 4 remained without fluoridation. Group 5 (no bleaching, no fluoride, wine) served as control for the influence of red wine on the color of untreated enamel. Color determination was accomplished using the CIE-Lab System. RESULTS: Nine successive cycles of wine saliva treatment (10 minutes wine, 23 hours 50 minutes saliva) for Groups 2-5 revealed the highest changes of a-values (deltaa= 4.17) (towards red) for the Duraphat-treated group (bleaching, Duraphat, wine) with significantly higher deltaa-values compared with Group 4 (bleaching, no fluoride, wine) (deltaa= 2.97). After final cleaning no differences were found between the three bleached groups (Groups 2, 3 and 4) for deltaL, deltaa, deltab and deltaE, respectively. Exposure to red wine led to an increase in a-values (deltaa= 0.44) of the intrinsic tooth color in Group 5 (no bleaching, no fluoride, wine) that was significantly different from baseline.

Amines↗

PubMed1992

Home bleaching.

In recent years the bleaching of teeth has become very popular. Bleaching regimes are based on the liberation of hydrogen peroxide at the tooth surface. The use of the bleaching products available in the UK as prescribed by a general dental practitioner appears to be valuable in the treatment of discoloured teeth if supervised by the practitioner, although a number of products have been released directly to patients. There is concern that these products are bought and used by patients without any professional supervision.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed2001

Vital bleaching with whitening strips: summary of clinical research on effectiveness and tolerability.

Rapid innovation in vital bleaching has increased the popularity of tooth whitening among dental professionals and patients. A broad range of peroxide-based treatments are currently available including those that are professionally-administered (in-office), professionally-dispensed (custom-tray-based systems), and self-directed (over-the-counter). Recently, a novel, flexible polyethylene bleaching strip was introduced that delivers a hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel to the anterior dentition. This "trayless" system, available in professional-strength and over-the-counter versions, reportedly offers advantages with respect to overall peroxide dose, contact time, and ease-of-use compared to other delivery systems. This paper reviews the relevant published clinical research on whitening strips tested among a broad range of patients commonly encountered in contemporary dental practices.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

An atomic force microscopy study on the effect of bleaching agents on enamel surface.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of three peroxide-containing bleaching agents, Opalescence, Nite White and a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution, on enamel surfaces using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). METHODS: Fifteen non-carious human incisors (ten maxillary and five mandibular, extracted for periodontal reasons) were used. The teeth were divided randomly into three groups of five, according to the bleaching agents. The labial surface of each tooth was imaged by AFM before and after treatment. Each bleaching agent was applied for a total of 28 h (in individual 4 h treatments). The specimens were examined only after 28 h of treatment. RESULTS: On comparing the AFM images of untreated and treated enamel, surface alterations were observed after 28 h of treatment with Opalescence, Nite White and 30% hydrogen peroxide solution. Several grooves present in the enamel surface of untreated teeth became deeper after the bleaching procedure. The depths of the grooves increased in each case. The increase in the depth of grooves was more pronounced in the case of the 30% H2O2 solution. CONCLUSION: Home-use bleaching agents are capable of causing enamel surface alterations. It is hypothesized that the peroxide-containing bleaching agents affect the organic phase of enamel. Peroxides can affect not only the surface but also the inner structure of enamel. As a result of its low molecular weight, hydrogen peroxide can penetrate into the enamel. Thus, inner oxidative effects are more likely to occur in the subsurface enamel where more organic material is present and oxidation is capable of altering the outer enamel and the surface.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1994

The conservative management of a discolored pulpless premolar: a case report.

Endodontically treated premolars may discolor with time, impairing the esthetic appearance. Frequently combined with large defects, they are subject to an increased risk of fracture. The restoration of such teeth with a cast post and core and a separate porcelain-fused-to-metal crown results in additional loss of intact tooth structure. A case is presented in which the cavity of a discolored, pulpless maxillary premolar was restored, without further loss of tooth substance, with an adhesively luted porcelain inlay after intracoronal bleaching, a technique traditionally used to lighten discolored, pulpless anterior teeth.

Adult↗