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PubMed1987

The relationship between the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and preschool gross motor and cognitive performance.

Early identification of disabilities enables early intervention by occupational therapists and other health professionals. Because the number of children who can be seen in therapy is limited, it is important to be able to identify those infants most likely to have deficits at a later age. Therefore, it is necessary to study and understand the relationship between infants' scores on early developmental assessments and later developmental outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) during the first 2 years of life are related to motor and cognitive performance at 4 1/2 years for a sample of children identified at birth as biologically high risk. This retrospective study involved 70 children who were evaluated at corrected ages of 4 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 4 1/2 years. The 4-month BSID Mental and Motor Scale scores did not relate significantly to later cognitive motor performance. In contrast, the 12-month BSID Mental Scale scores related significantly to preschool scores on both the motor and cognitive measures. However, the 24-month BSID Mental Scale scores related significantly only to scores on the preschool cognitive measures. Though significant, these correlation coefficients had small magnitudes. Thus, therapists should be cautious about using BSID testing at 4 months, 1 year, and 2 years when attempting to predict later preschool performance.

Child Development↗

PubMed1993

A self-administered rating scale for pubertal development.

The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a new self-rating scale to measure children's pubertal status without pictorial representations or interviews. The scale is an adaptation of an interview-based puberty-rating scale by Petersen, and included scores for each of five items rating physical development, an overall maturation measure, and a categorical maturation score designed to be similar to Tanner staging categories. Each measure was obtained from independent ratings by students and parents, and a 3-point categorical scale was also obtained from teachers. Subjects included 698 5th- and 6th-grade students (323 boys and 375 girls) from 61 schools and their parents and teachers. Fifth-grade students rated themselves and were rated by parents as less mature than 6th graders; 6th-grade girls were consistently rated more mature than boys of the same age. Significant correlations were found between parents and students for all of the measures for 6th-graders and 5th-grade girls and several measures for 5th-grade boys. This new scale is a useful tool for assessing pubertal status in settings that require noninvasive measures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The development of the Maternal Breastfeeding Evaluation Scale.

A Maternal Breastfeeding Evaluation Scale was developed from categories identified in qualitative research. Content validity was tested according to procedures described by Imle and Atwood and Lynn. A sample of 442 women who had breastfed completed an instrument of 56 Likert-scale items. A retest questionnaire was completed by a subsample of 28 women. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in three factors, accounting for 38.5 percent of the variance: Maternal Enjoyment/Role Attainment (29 percent), Infant Satisfaction/Growth (5 percent), and Lifestyle/Maternal Body Image (4 percent). A revised 30-item MBFES was developed using items loading strongly on these three factors. Cronbach's alphas for the revised scale and subscales were .93, .93, .88, and .80, respectively. Test-retest correlations (n = 28) were .93, .93, .94, and .82, respectively (p < .001 for all).

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Development and validation of the effectiveness of [corrected] auditory rehabilitation scale.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new scale of hearing-related function and quality of life in patients with hearing aids that addresses overlooked concerns, such as hearing-aid comfort, convenience, and cosmetic appearance, that may influence hearing-aid adherence while maintaining brevity and sensitivity to clinical change. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter instrument validation. SETTING: Four diverse sites in Washington State, including 2 private practices, 1 university setting, and 1 Veterans Affairs hospital. PATIENTS: Seventy-eight patients with hearing aids. INTERVENTIONS: We created 2 modules in the Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation (EAR) scale. The first module (Inner EAR) covers intrinsic hearing issues such as hearing in quiet and hearing in noise and is administered both before and after treatment. The second module (Outer EAR) covers extrinsic (hearing-aid related) issues such as comfort, appearance, and convenience and is administered after hearing-aid fitting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Both scales were developed and validated in 3 stages. Stage 1 used a qualitative approach from multiple data sources to develop preliminary instruments. Stage 2 used approaches from classic test theory to reduce the number of items and psychometrically validate the instruments. Stage 3 examined the responsiveness or sensitivity to clinical change. RESULTS: A 10-item Inner EAR module and a 10-item Outer EAR module were created and validated. Internal consistency of individual domains (Cronbach alpha = 0.85 and 0.72, respectively) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.76 and 0.81, respectively) were excellent. Evidence of construct validity included concurrent validity with other hearing scales and global visual analog scales, discriminant validity with dizziness handicap, correlation with hearing-aid adherence, and confirmatory factor analyses. Both scales had strong evidence of responsiveness (sensitivity to change), with higher effect sizes and Guyatt responsiveness statistics than the 2 widely used hearing scales in this study. The scales took an average of 5 minutes to complete. CONCLUSIONS: The EAR scale is a valid and reliable measure of the effectiveness of amplification in the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss. It addresses the range of issues that are of importance to hearing-aid patients. The scales have excellent psychometric properties, are more responsive than several widely used hearing scales, and are minimally burdensome for patients to complete. The EAR may be a valuable outcome measure in future studies of both existing hearing aids and newer hearing-aid technologies, such as bone-anchored aids or middle ear implants.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗

PubMed2006

Issues in multi-item scale testing and development using structural equation models.

Employing a structural equation model to evaluate a measurement scale can be challenging, especially for a multidimensional scale that contains many items. We describe two issues that can contribute to the poor fit of such models: the statistical power associated with the test of a large measurement scale; and the degree of correlation between items and factors within the scale. These issues are not well understood, so our purpose is to explain them at an applied level, clarify their practical implications for tests of measurement scales and other large structural equation models, and discuss potential strategies for addressing them.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗

PubMed2005

Development and initial validation of a 15-item informant version of the Geriatric Depression Scale.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a brief informant version of the Geriatric Depression Scale for use in screening for depression in older adults. DESIGN: A scale development and validation study. SETTING: Internal medicine and geriatric outpatient clinics located at the James A. Haley Veterans' Medical Center and the University of South Florida Medical Center, Tampa, Florida. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 147 patients (81 females and 66 males) and their adult informants. MEASUREMENTS: Self and informant versions of the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale, NEO-FFI, and a health behaviors questionnaire. RESULTS: The 15-item informant version of the GDS was found to have sufficient internal consistency reliability (alpha = 0.86) and retest reliability (r = 0.81) to support its use as a clinical instrument. Construct validity was demonstrated by a pattern of correlations with external demographic and personality variables consistent with those of other versions of the GDS, as well as substantive correlations with these other versions. Efficacy of the GDSI-15 was found to be as good as that for the full 30-item informant version of the GDS. CONCLUSIONS: The GDSI-15 may be a useful adjunct or alternative to standard screening methods in assessing patients in outpatient settings.

Aged↗

PubMed1980

A comparison of preterm and full-term infants on auditory discrimination at four months and on Bayley Scales of Infant Development at eighteen months.

A variable-trials auditory discrimination procedure was employed to measure individual differences in stimulus encoding and memory among 4-month-old preterm and full-term infants who were equated on conceptional age. It was assumed that differences among individuals on this task would be predictive of cognitive functioning at 18 months. At 4 months, cardiac response to repetitive and novel auditory stimulation was assessed. At 18 months, infants were tested on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. When equated on level of maturity, preterm infants were indistinguishable from full-term infants in their rates of response decrement to stimulus repetition and in their subsequent response to a novel stimulus. Furthermore, these 2 groups did not differ in mental or motor performance at 18 months. A second finding was that responsiveness to auditory novelty at 4 months was a strong predictor of 18-month mental performance for females but not for males. Alternatively, rate of response decrement measured at 4 months was not predictive of Bayley scores for either sex. Auditory discrimination measures were unrelated to motor performance.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1986

The development of a touch scale for measuring tactile defensiveness in children.

A three-phase study was conducted to develop an attitude scale measuring tactile defensiveness in children aged 6 to 10 years. It was assumed that the effects of tactile defensiveness on the perception and behavior of children produces stereotypical responses that can be measured by an attitude scale. A 49-item scale was developed and administered to 80 normal and 22 tactually defensive children within a large suburban school district. A subsequent item analysis reduced the scale to 26 items. This touch scale yielded an internal consistency reliability of .79432 and could distinguish between groups at a statistically significant level (.0073). The touch scale offers potential for diagnosing tactually defensive children. However, future research is required before it can be employed as a diagnostic tool. Such research could focus on the test-retest reliability of the scale and the refinement of the diagnostic validity of the test.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Development of the sleep quality scale.

Sleep quality affects health and the overall quality of life. As the factors that influence sleep quality and their relative importance vary among individuals, a self-report method is essential. Although various questionnaires have been used to assess sleep quality, few all-inclusive assessment scales have been developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for measuring sleep quality and to study its validity and reliability. A Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) was developed using item analysis and factor analysis on items with content validity. SQS, composed of 28 items and six factors, accounted for 62.6% of the total variance. The difference of SQS score between insomniacs and normal subjects confirmed the construct validity (t = -13.8, P = 0.000). Concurrent validity was identified by the significant correlation of SQS with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (r = 0.72, P = 0.000). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.92 for internal consistency and the correlation coefficient was 0.81 for test-retest reliability at a 2-week interval. The developed SQS was therefore confirmed to be a valid and reliable instrument for the comprehensive assessment of sleep quality.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Development of a scaled up liver device incorporating cryo-preserved pig liver micro-organs.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Currently there is no effective therapy for most patients with fulminant or end stage liver disease. METHODS: Pig liver micro-organs (LMOs), which preserve liver micro-architecture and ensure a maximal 150-200mum distance from a source of nutrients and gases have been prepared and a method to cryo-preserve them has been developed. A new scaled-up extra-corporeal liver device termed aLIVE-H in which LMOs are exposed to liver-like hemodynamic conditions has also been developed. The purpose of this work is to test the safety and function of cryo-preserved LMOs and how the hemodynamic properties of the scaled up aLIVE device affect their function. RESULTS: Pig LMOs in aLIVE-H, transcribe albumin and Factor V at similar levels, irrespective of their position within the bioreactor, indicating that the hemodynamic features of the aLIVE-H device allow for homogeneous plasma distribution and proper function at different locations. Cryo-preserved LMOs transcribe albumin and Factor V at levels comparable to those transcribed by a normal pig liver. Connecting the aLIVE-H bioreactor to normal pigs did not affect key blood components and biochemical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: An extra-corporeal liver device aLIVE-H which imitates the hemodynamic and functional properties of the normal liver and incorporates cryo-preserved LMOs has been developed and characterized. aLIVE-H was found to perform key synthetic liver functions.

Albumins↗

PubMed1998

Visual gait analysis: the development of a clinical assessment and scale.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and evaluate a four-point scale visual gait assessment form, the Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment (RVGA), for clinical use with patients with neurological deficits. DESIGN: Preliminary clinical testing of reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. SETTING: Patients were recruited from the Rivermead Rehabilitation Centre (RRC), a centre specializing in rehabilitation for patients with neurological disease. PATIENTS: Ten inpatients were assessed by up to seven physiotherapists for the main reliability study, and eight different patients were also assessed by two raters one week apart. Twenty outpatients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who were receiving physiotherapy to improve their mobility and 27 inpatients with various neurological conditions were also assessed and the data used to examine validity, re iability and sensitivity to change. OUTCOME: The other comparative measures used were walking time, stride length, step length asymmetry, balance and the Rivermead Mobility Index. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability between multiple raters was reasonable both for the global scores from the gait assessment form (Kendall's coefficient of concordance; p < 0.001), and for individual items (complete agreement occurred on 63.8% of all observations). There was a significant correlation between the global RVGA score and the various criterion measures (r = 0.53-0.79; p < 0.001) and between change in the RVGA score and change in walking time in patients who received treatment (r = 0.68; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The RVGA provides the clinician with a clinical assessment of the quality of gait which may be used in conjunction with other measures to inform and monitor the value of physiotherapy treatment for people with MS and stroke, and possibly other neurological deficits.

Central Nervous System Diseases↗

PubMed1992

Development of a scale to measure the trait of food neophobia in humans.

Using standard test construction techniques, we developed a paper and pencil measure of the trait of food neophobia, which was defined as a reluctance to eat and/or avoidance of novel foods. The resulting 10-item test was found to have satisfactory test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Three behavioral validation studies demonstrated that test scores predicted behavior in laboratory food selection situations. Scores on the measure were found to be correlated with trait anxiety, age, the Experience Seeking subscale of the Sensation Seeking Scale, general neophobia, and general familiarity and experience with unusual foods. Scores were not related to gender or to finickiness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

The Carroll rating scale for depression. I. Development, reliability and validation.

The Carroll rating scales (CRS) was developed as a self rating instrument for depression, closely matching the information content and specific items of the Hamilton rating scales (HRS). The CRS was found to have acceptable face validity and reliability. The concurrent validity of the CRS was acceptable, based on comparisons with the HRS and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The internal consistency of the CRS was very similar to that of the HRS. The CRS contained information about HRS scores beyond what could be predicted from BDI scores, but the BDI did not predict HRS scores beyond what could be predicted from CRS scores. The CRS and BDI scores were strongly correlated and both had access to a subjective dimension of depression that could not be predicted from HRS scores. The complementary uses of self ratings and observer ratings are evident from these results. The CRS may be a useful alternative to the BDI as a self rating scale, with the additional advantage of closer correspondence to the HRS.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Can professionalism be measured? The development of a scale for use in the medical environment.

PURPOSE: To assess a scale that measures professional attitudes and behaviors associated with the medical education and the residency training environment. METHOD: In 1995-96, the authors surveyed medical students and residents from five institutions in the northeast region of the United States. RESULTS: Of 757 distributed questionnaires, 565 were returned (75% response rate). Of those, 529 (94%) were used in the analysis. The mean score for the retained 12 items was 92.9 (SD, 11.9), with higher scores indicating more positive perceptions. The internal reliability of the scale was moderately high (alpha = .71). A factor analysis identified three subscales: excellence, honor/integrity, and altruism/respect, with eigenvalues (alpha coefficients) of 3.18 (.72), 1.70 (.60), and 1.20 (.59), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results are interpreted as an encouraging first step toward the development of a reliable scale that measures professionalism within the environment of medical education and residency training.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2005

[Development and reliability study of the adolescent inhalant use severity scale].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a scale in order to investigate the severity of inhalant use in adolescents and to conduct reliability and validity studies of this scale. METHOD: A questionnaire was developed by conducting interviews with two groups: professionals working with adolescent inhalant users and inhalant-using adolescents. This questionnaire was developed into a 21-item scale. This was applied by two different interviewers to 50 adolescents at Bakirköy Mental Health Hospital Inhalant Use Research and Treatment Center for Children and Adolescents. Two other professionals applied the Visual Analog Scale to the same 50 adolescents to evaluate the severity of inhalant use. The correlation between the two interviewer scores and the scores obtained from the Visual Analog Scale and the 21-item scale was evaluated. Addicts and non-addicts were evaluated using SCID-I and the scores of addicts and non-addicts were compared. Test re-test reliability of the scale was evaluated by applying the scale in the 10-15 days following the first administration. RESULTS: The correlation between the questionnaire scores and the Visual Analog Scale scores was adequate (0.72). The mean scores of addicts were higher than those of non-addicts (p<0.001). The Cronbach alpha value was 0.84. Three items had no internal consistency and the same items' interrater and test re-test reliability correlations were low. CONCLUSION: It is thought that when the 3 inconsistent items are removed the 18-item Yeniden Inhalant Use Severity Scale (YUKUD) is a reliable and valid measure to evaluate the severity of inhalant use in adolescents and that it can be used in related research.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2004

Development of a psychosomatic complaints scale for adolescents.

There have been only a few questionnaires that can be used to comprehend the psychosomatic complaints of adolescents. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was to develop a scale for high school students in order to comprehend psychosomatic complaints deriving from psychologic problems. The collection of scale items was performed referring to the health actual situation survey carried out on Japanese school children in the past, and 30 items with a high incidence of psychosomatic complaints were selected out of them and were set as scale items. A survey to assess reliability and validity of the 30 items of the psychosomatic complaint scale was then conducted on the subjects of 759 high school students in total over 3 years. At assessment of validity of the scale, one-factor structure was confirmed by factor analysis and both the eigenvalue and factor loading were found to be at acceptable levels. Further, at assessment of the reliability of the scale, both Cronbach's alpha coefficient indicating internal consistency and the correlation coefficient indicating reproducibility were found to be high. It was concluded that the psychosomatic complaint scale developed in the present investigation was excellent in validity and reliability and was highly practical, having a reduced number of items.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Construction of a scale for measuring development of moral judgement.

The present research is a part of a study done to develop an objective measure of the development of moral judgement according to Kohlberg's theoretical construct. The Padua Scale of Moral Judgement and the relationship between empirical data and theory are presented. The scale was constructed from responses to the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form derived from Kohlberg's Moral Judgement Interview. Reliability and validity of the new scale as well as group age and sex differences were examined.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The scale of ethnic experience: development and psychometric properties.

The Scale of Ethnic Experience (SEE) is a new self-report instrument designed to measure multiple ethnicity-related cognitive constructs across ethnic groups. We present the development and psychometric properties here. We generated and refined an item pool using expert consultants and culturally diverse focus groups. We derived a final 32-item version of the SEE based on separate factor analyses of data from college students in 4 ethnic groups: African Americans, Caucasian Americans, Filipino Americans, and Mexican Americans. Four factors were consistent across the ethnic groups: Ethnic Identity, Perceived Discrimination, Mainstream Comfort, and Social Affiliation. We found evidence of test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and criterion and construct validity for all groups. Finally, we cross-validated the factor structure of the SEE in a culturally diverse sample. Results support the reliability and validity of the SEE as a multidimensional measure of ethnicity-related cognitive constructs that can be used across American ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗