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Frequency, satisfaction and quality dimensions of perceived parent-adolescent communication among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong.

Chinese adolescents (N=88) responded to instruments measuring three dimensions of parent-adolescent communication (frequency of parent-adolescent communication, satisfaction with parent-adolescent communication and quality of parent-adolescent communication) and adolescent psychological well-being (mastery and life satisfaction). Results showed that Chinese adolescents perceived sharp distinction between fathers and mothers in terms of these three dimensions: fathers were perceived to have less communication with adolescents than did the mothers; the satisfaction and quality ratings for father-adolescent communication were lower than those based on mother-adolescent communication. Results also showed that relative to the frequency of parent-adolescent communication, satisfaction with and quality of parent-adolescent communication were more strongly related to adolescent psychological well-being. Although global quality of father-adolescent communication and mother-adolescent communication were related to adolescent life satisfaction, global quality of father-adolescent communication appeared to have a stronger relationship with adolescent mastery than did mother-adolescent communication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Suicide among adolescents. A psychological autopsy study of psychiatric, psychosocial and personality-related risk factors.

BACKGROUND: The suicide rate among young males in Belgium has doubled over the last decade. As more knowledge about risk factors is required to develop national prevention strategies, we investigated adolescent suicides using the psychological autopsy method. METHODS: A total of 32 informants were interviewed regarding 19 suicide cases (aged 15-19). A semi-structured interview schedule, constructed by Houston et al. (J Affect Disord 63:159-170, 2001), was used. RESULTS: All adolescents were suffering from one or more mental disorder(s) at the time of their death, and almost half of them were diagnosed with personality disorders. Adjustment disorders were diagnosed in one fifth of the sample, which appears to be relevant in view of the multiple life events and other psychosocial problems which adolescents were facing shortly before death. This suggests that difficulties in coping with stressful psychosocial problems are important in the course of the suicidal process. Only a small minority was receiving treatment for their disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Mental disorders, commonly untreated and combined with personality disorders and psychosocial problems, are frequently found in young suicide victims. This study suggests that education in the diagnosis and treatment of depression, adjustment disorders and suicide is important in the prevention of suicide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A prospective study of psychological distress and sexual risk behavior among black adolescent females.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the association between adolescents' psychological distress and their sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus (STD/HIV)-associated sexual behaviors and attitudes. METHOD: Sexually active black adolescent females (N = 522) completed, at baseline and again 6 months later, a self-administered questionnaire that assessed sexual health attitudes and emotional distress symptoms (using standardized measures, alpha =.84), a structured interview that assessed STD/HIV-associated sexual risk behaviors, and a urine screen for pregnancy. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, controlling for observed covariates, adolescents with significant distress at baseline were more likely than their peers, after 6 months, to be pregnant (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: = 2.0), have had unprotected vaginal sex (AOR = 2.1), have nonmonogamous sex partners (AOR = 1.7), and not use any form of contraception (AOR = 1.5). Additionally, they were also more likely to: perceive barriers to condom use (AOR = 2.2), be fearful of the adverse consequences of negotiating condom use (AOR = 2.0), perceive less control in their relationship (AOR = 2.0), have experienced dating violence (AOR = 2.4), feel less efficacious in negotiating condom use with a new sex partner (AOR = 1.6), and have norms nonsupportive of a healthy sexual relationship (AOR = 1.7). DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that psychological distress is predictive over a 6-month period of a spectrum of STD/HIV-associated sexual behaviors and high-risk attitudes. Brief screening to detect distress or depressive symptoms among adolescent females can alert the clinician to the need to conduct a sexual health history, initiate STD/HIV-preventive counseling, and refer for comprehensive psychological assessment and appropriate treatment. Among adolescents receiving STD treatment, those with even moderate emotional distress may be at heightened risk for further unhealthy outcomes. STD/HIV interventions should also consider psychological distress as one potential risk factor that may impact program efficacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Current issues in adolescent psychiatry.

Adolescent psychiatry as a body of knowledge has shown encouraging growth in recent years, as research findings from general psychiatry have been added to new data on adolescent psychological and physical development. The author reviews recent findings on selected topics in adolescent psychopathology, including adaptive disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, phobias, attention deficit disorders, depression, manic-depressive illness, suicidal impulses, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, and borderline states. He also outlines findings on normal adolescent development and discusses the problems of diagnosing children and adolescents with psychological problems. Studies in anxiety, attention deficit, and conduct disorders, he says, are yielding important new findings by combining biological and psychological insights.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Ethnic group differences in vulnerability to parental alcoholism and life stress: a study of Hispanic and non-Hispanic Caucasian adolescents.

Tested Hispanic and Caucasian adolescents' vulnerability to parental alcoholism and life stress. Sixty-nine Hispanic and 237 Caucasian adolescents completed measures of life stress, social support, and alcohol use. Their parents reported on the adolescents' psychological symptoms and their own alcohol and substance use. Parental alcoholism and life stress were related to almost all indicators of adolescents' psychological distress and alcohol use. In addition, results showed some evidence that Caucasian adolescents were more vulnerable to the effects of life stress and parental alcoholism than Hispanics. Neither social support nor the higher substance use of Caucasian parents provided a good explanation for this differential vulnerability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. XI. Psychological aspects.

The role of psychic risk factors in the early history of atherosclerosis was studied in 3,596 Finnish children and adolescents, aged 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years. The family atmosphere, behavioural pattern and self-esteem were tested. The results showed that the abuse of alcohol by the parents and daily smoking by the child were the factors most clearly indicating the existence of psychic problems. The results showed that boys manifested in every age group behaviour most disposed to coronary heart disease (CHD). Furthermore, low serum HDL-cholesterol, high serum triglycerides, thick triceps skinfold and self-esteem problems coexisted and they can be supposed to independently contribute to the aetiology of CHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Dissimilarity in adolescent and maternal representations of Type 1 diabetes: exploration of relations to adolescent well-being.

PURPOSE: To compare the illness representations of adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and their mothers, and to explore how congruence and incongruence influences adolescent psychological adjustment. METHODS: A total of 30 adolescents (13-19 years) with Type 1 diabetes completed self-report questionnaires of illness representations and psychological well-being; 26 mothers completed the illness representation questionnaire. RESULTS: t-Test and correlation analyses showed convergence on the majority of the illness representation dimensions with maternal representations differing significantly on only two dimensions: perceiving their adolescent's diabetes to have more serious consequences and to have a greater emotional impact. Computation of dissimilarity scores between mothers and adolescents, showed mothers to maximize the seriousness of diabetes across several dimensions, but no significant associations were found with adolescent psychological well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic illness in children and young people exists in a social context and the management of diabetes requires an ongoing supportive relationship between parent and child. The results show a high degree of consistency in the beliefs adolescents and their mothers hold, and such congruence is presumed to benefit psychological well-being. However, the mediators and moderators for family belief processes are unclear and several possibilities are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Adolescent adjustment and well-being: effects of parental divorce and distress.

This study investigates the long-term effects of parental divorce on adolescent psychological adjustment and well-being, and to what extent the effects are accounted for by parental psychological distress. Data were collected among 8,984 Norwegian adolescents (13-19 years) and their parents. Outcome variables were symptoms of anxiety and depression, subjective well-being, and three areas of school problems. Parental divorce was found to be associated with both higher mean levels and larger variances in adolescent problems. Divorce and parental distress contributed independently to adolescent distress, supporting the notion of "double exposure" effects. The prevalence of adolescents with substantial distress symptoms was 14% among those with non-distressed non-divorced parents and 30% among those with divorced and distressed parents. In general effects remained when controlling for demographic factors. Long-term effects of divorce on symptoms of anxiety and depression were stronger among girls than among boys.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Dissociation and childhood trauma in psychologically disturbed adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that dissociation in adolescence is positively correlated with stress or abuse experienced earlier, the authors assessed dissociation in a heterogeneous group of disturbed adolescents and examined the relationship between the degree of dissociation and the degree of reported childhood stress, abuse, or trauma. METHOD: The subjects were 47 adolescents, 13-17 years old, who were institutionalized for periods of 1-13 weeks in a private mental hospital; 35 were girls and 12 were boys. Participants completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale and a child abuse and trauma questionnaire. The hospital records of 40 of the 47 adolescents were also available. RESULTS: Scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale correlated significantly with self-reported physical abuse or punishment, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, neglect, and negative home atmosphere but not with abuse ratings made from hospital records. CONCLUSIONS: Together with the authors' previous work showing a relation between childhood stress and later dissociation in normal college students, these findings support the view that dissociation represents a reaction to early negative experience and places multiple personality disorder at the extreme end of a continuum of dissociative sequelae of childhood trauma. Researchers should continue to try to identify psychiatric patients with prominent dissociative characteristics or symptoms and attempt to correlate this phenomenology with negative earlier experiences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of individual and family psychology of adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and mood disorders.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a controversial diagnosis with unknown cause. Adult studies indicate high rates of psychosocial dysfunction and psychiatric comorbidity. The authors compared three groups of pediatric patients selected by diagnosis-(1l) CFS (n = 15), (2) juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (n = 15), and (3) mood disorders (n = 15)-across many psychological measures. CFS subjects had dramatic elevation of the Somatic Complaints subscale (mean T score = 75), whereas the mood disorders group had higher externalizing scores (mean T score = 68) on the Child Behavior Checklist. The CFS subjects missed significantly more school compared with the two control groups. After the onset of CFS, 13 of 15 of the CFS patients required significant educational accommodation. Only 4 of the 15 CFS patients had an Axis I psychiatric diagnosis, as determined by the Computerized Diagnostic Interview for Children. Despite a low rate of psychiatric diagnosis in the CFS sample, these data attest to their psychosocial and school dysfunction.

Adolescent↗