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PubMed1987

Digital waveform generation by fractional addressing.

This article concerns the generation of waveforms by a digital oscillator in which sampled data in a memory buffer are recycled. The buffer contains a fixed waveform and the output sample rate is also fixed. Despite these constraints, the oscillator is capable of arbitrarily high frequency resolution if the technique of fractional addressing is used. However, fractional addressing introduces distortion. This article gives a theory of fractional addressing, resembling the theory of diffraction in crystal lattices with a basis. The theory shows how the spectrum of the distortion components can be calculated and how the distortion can be minimized. Attention is called to numerous symmetries in the distortion spectrum. These symmetries are especially interesting if the purpose of the system is to make use of the distortion components to create inharmonic signals. Of particular importance is the gamma p symmetry theorem, which makes it possible to derive simple formulas for the level of the largest distortion component and for the total distortion power.

Acoustics↗

PubMed2003

Nanowire crossbar arrays as address decoders for integrated nanosystems.

The development of strategies for addressing arrays of nanoscale devices is central to the implementation of integrated nanosystems such as biological sensor arrays and nanocomputers. We report a general approach for addressing based on molecular-level modification of crossed semiconductor nanowire field-effect transistor (cNW-FET) arrays, where selective chemical modification of cross points in the arrays enables NW inputs to turn specific FET array elements on and off. The chemically modified cNW-FET arrays function as decoder circuits, exhibit gain, and allow multiplexing and demultiplexing of information. These results provide a step toward the realization of addressable integrated nanosystems in which signals are restored at the nanoscale.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1985

Therapist actions that address initially poor therapeutic alliances in psychotherapy.

The authors studied six patients treated in time-limited dynamic psychotherapy who had initially poor therapeutic alliance scores; three patients went on to have improved alliances and good outcomes, and three had unimproved alliances and poor outcomes. The therapist actions that most strongly differentiated the two groups and occurred more frequently in the cases with improved alliances and good outcomes were 1) addressing the patient's defenses, 2) addressing the patient's guilt and expectation of punishment, 3) addressing the patient's problematic feelings in relation to the therapist, and 4) linking the problematic feelings in relation to the therapist with the patient's defenses.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed2004

History, memory, and profession: a view of American psychiatry through APA presidential addresses, 1883-2003.

The address of the retiring president of the American Psychiatric Association has been a traditional part of the annual meeting of the association since 1883. The presidential address, which has explicitly been exempted from general discussion or criticism, has become an opportunity for the elected leader of the association to reflect on the state of the profession. Over the last 120 years, the presidents of the association have themselves engaged with the history of psychiatry in ways that reflect the changes in psychiatry of the time. In the process, memory has served a professionalizing purpose, as some aspects of psychiatry's history have been remembered while others have not. In the presidential addresses, history is not just a story about the past but also a story about psychiatry's self-definition and its future.

Historiography↗

PubMed2005

Twenty years of progress in addressing domestic violence: an agenda for the next 10.

The past 20 years have seen great strides in addressing violence against women by their male partners. Although the author cannot point to one single intervention or set of interventions as being the most effective, institutional reforms that have included coordinated community responses have had a positive impact. During the next 10 years, researchers must learn how to address the obstacles that prevent institutional responses from being more effective in addressing the needs of victims.

Community Mental Health Centers↗

PubMed2002

Using community-based participatory research to address social determinants of health: lessons learned from Seattle Partners for Healthy Communities.

Seattle Partners for Healthy Communities (SPHC) is a multidisciplinary collaboration of community agencies, community activists, public health professionals, academics, and health providers who conduct research aimed at improving the health of urban, socioeconomically marginalized Seattle communities. SPHC uses a community-based participatory research approach to address social factors that affect the health of these communities. This article describes three SPHC projects that focus on social determinants of health, particularly the development of social support and improving housing quality. The characteristics of community participation in each of these projects are discussed and show a spectrum of participation. Although projects successfully addressed proximal social factors affecting health, influencing more distal underlying factors was more difficult. Implications for researchers using a community-based participatory research approach and public health practitioners seeking to engage communities in addressing social determinants of health are presented.

Community Participation↗

PubMed2004

Historical measures of social context in life course studies: retrospective linkage of addresses to decennial censuses.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence of a contribution of early life socioeconomic exposures to the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. However, extant studies investigating the impact of the neighborhood social environment on health tend to characterize only the current social environment. This in part may be due to complexities involved in obtaining and geocoding historical addresses. The Life Course Socioeconomic Status, Social Context, and Cardiovascular Disease Study collected information on childhood (1930-1950) and early adulthood (1960-1980) place of residence from 12,681 black and white middle-aged and older men and women from four U.S. communities to link participants with census-based socioeconomic indicators over the life course. RESULTS: Most (99%) participants were linked to 1930-50 county level socioeconomic census data (the smallest level of aggregation universally available during this time period) corresponding to childhood place of residence. Linkage did not vary by race, gender, birth cohort, or level of educational attainment. A commercial geocoding vendor processed participants' self-reported street addresses for ages 30, 40, and 50. For 1970 and 1980 censuses, spatial coordinates were overlaid onto shape files containing census tract boundaries; for 1960 no shape files existed and comparability files were used. Several methods were tested for accuracy and to increase linkage. Successful linkage to historical census tracts varied by census (66% for 1960, 76% for 1970, 85% for 1980). This compares to linkage rates of 94% for current addresses provided by participants over the course of the ARIC examinations. CONCLUSION: There are complexities and limitations in characterizing the past social context. However, our results suggest that it is feasible to characterize the earlier social environment with known levels of measurement error and that such an approach should be considered in future studies.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Psychiatrists and their patients: views on forms of dress and address.

BACKGROUND: Dress styles and forms of address vary among psychiatrists. METHOD: A semi-structured interview was administered to a sample of psychiatric in-patients, and a questionnaire was sent to junior and consultant psychiatrists, to identify preferences for dress styles and terms of address. RESULTS: Forty-nine (71%) of the in-patient sample participated. A preference was found for smart attire and white coats. Of the 69 (80%) doctors returning questionnaires, the majority supported smart dress as the most appropriate attire. Most patients preferred to be called by their first name while addressing doctors by title and surname. Junior doctors preferred to use first names when talking to patients while almost all consultants used title and surname. Doctors of all grades liked to be called by their title and surname. CONCLUSIONS: Paying more attention to the way we present ourselves and interact at work may help to facilitate the therapeutic alliance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Addressing community concerns about asthma and air toxics.

People with asthma who live near or downwind from a source of toxic emissions commonly express concerns about the possible impact of hazardous air pollution on their health, especially when these emissions are visible or odorous. Citizens frequently turn to their local and state health departments for answers, but health departments face many challenges in addressing these concerns. These challenges include a lack of asthma statistics at the local level, limited exposure information, and a paucity of scientific knowledge about the contributions of hazardous air pollutants to asthma induction or exacerbation. Health agencies are creatively developing methods to address these challenges while working toward improving asthma surveillance data at the state and local levels. Recent community health investigations suggest that hazardous air pollutants that are occupational asthmagens or associated with odors may deserve more attention. In seeking to address community concerns about hazardous air pollution and asthma, community health investigations may also help to fill gaps in our scientific knowledge and identify areas for further research or environmental intervention. The solutions to community problems associated with environmental contamination and asthma, however, require sustained, coordinated efforts by public and private groups and citizens. Public health agencies can make a unique contribution to this effort, but additional resources and support will be required to develop information systems and epidemiologic capacity at the state and local levels.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2006

Financial exploitation of older persons: challenges and opportunities to identify, prevent, and address it in the United States.

Financial exploitation is a recognized social problem of unknown, though likely increasing, magnitude. It can occur through numerous methods, including the misuse of powers of attorney and guardianship, illegal transfers of property, and outright fraud and theft. Financial crimes against older persons are difficult to address because they often go unreported. This paper provides a summary of findings from a study of financial exploitation of older persons. We review what is known about the nature and scope of financial exploitation of older persons and describe barriers to addressing the problem. We also identify gaps in knowledge, discuss current methods for addressing financial exploitation, and provide recommendations and suggested policy approaches for prevention and remediation.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

How to address patients' defences: a pilot study of the accuracy of defence interpretations and alliance.

This pilot study examined the accuracy of therapist defence interpretations (TAD) in high-alliance patients (N = 7) and low-alliance patients (N = 8). TAD accuracy was assessed in the two subgroups by comparing for each case the patient's most frequent defensive level with the most frequent defensive level addressed by the therapist when making defence interpretations. Results show that in high-alliance patient-therapist dyads, the therapists tend to address accurate or higher (more mature) defensive level than patients most frequent level. On the other hand, the therapists address lower (more immature) defensive level in low-alliance dyads. These results are discussed along with possible ways to better assess TAD accuracy.

Communication↗

PubMed2003

Preventing musculoskeletal disorders in clinical dentistry: strategies to address the mechanisms leading to musculoskeletal disorders.

BACKGROUND: The authors reviewed studies to identify methods for dental operators to use to prevent the development of musculoskeletal disorders, or MSDs. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors reviewed studies that related to the prevention of MSDs among dental operators. Some studies investigated the relationship between the biomechanics of seated working postures and physiological damage or pain. Other studies suggested that repeated unidirectional twisting of the trunk can lead to low back pain, while yet other studies examined the detrimental effects of working in one position for prolonged periods. Additional studies confirmed the roles that operators' flexibility and core strength can play in balanced musculoskeletal health and the need for operators to know how to properly adjust ergonomic equipment. RESULTS: This review indicates that strategies to prevent the multifactorial problem of dental operators' developing MSDs exist. These strategies address deficiencies in operator position, posture, flexibility, strength and ergonomics. Education and additional research are needed to promote an understanding of the complexity of the problem and to address the problem's multifactorial nature. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: A comprehensive approach to address the problem of MSDs in dentistry represents a paradigm shift in how operators work. New educational models that incorporate a multifactorial approach can be developed to help dental operators manage and prevent MSDs effectively.

Back Pain↗

PubMed2004

[Geoprocessing of health data: treatment of information on addresses].

This paper analyzes the current status of address data in the Brazilian Health Information System (SIS), with a view towards mapping large-city health events in geographic information systems (GIS) for risk analysis and evaluation. It is thus necessary to geocode these events to small geographic areas inside city limits. This study used a sample from the Reportable Health Events Information System (SINAN) database and also proposes alternatives to work with this large amount of events. Approximately 50% of addresses were referenced automatically and another 19% through conventional search. Data losses occurred mainly due to incomplete or inconsistent address data.

Brazil↗

PubMed1999

What are animal science departments doing to address contemporary issues?

Animal science departments are principle progenitors and disseminators of scientific information relating to the production of agricultural animals and their food products. The Land-Grant university missions of teaching, research, and extension are conduits designed to advance and enhance scientific knowledge within agriculture and to make this knowledge available to the public. I conducted an electronic survey to determine whether animal science departments are addressing contemporary issues through the traditional missions of the Land-Grant university system, which issues they are addressing, and how they are addressing these issues. Sixty-three animal science department administrative heads (AH) were contacted through an E-mail listserve maintained through Michigan State University. An introductory letter described the goals of the survey and asked the AH to submit contact information for faculty coordinators of teaching, research, and extension within their departments. Forty-nine percent of the administrative heads responded and submitted contact information for 72 faculty members. Survey questions were sent to the identified faculty. The total survey return was 38.9%, 37.7% of the respondents answered questions for teaching, 31.1% for research, and 31.1% for extension. Animal waste, animal welfare, and food safety are examples of issues where all three missions have concentrated efforts. However, graduate student education on issues was identified as lacking emphasis. Animal science departments are responding to contemporary issues in all three of the Land-Grant mission components.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1999

Randomised controlled trials addressing Australian aboriginal health needs: a systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency and design of controlled clinical trials specifically addressing the health needs of Aboriginal Australians. METHODOLOGY: Electronic searching of Medline, the Australasian Medical Index, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health bibliographic database, and handsearching of Aboriginal Health: an annotated bibliography. Studies that met the following selection criteria were included: i) addressed an Aboriginal health problem, ii) had a formal description of methods and results, and iii) compared the health effects of an intervention with a concurrent control group. All summary data were extracted by a single author. RESULTS: Only 13 studies were identified. Nine were randomised controlled trials and four were controlled trials but not randomised. Only one of these involved adults, which is unexpected. Although important Aboriginal child health issues were addressed in 12 of the 13 studies, most were undertaken many years ago and may not be familiar to Australian paediatricians. The majority appeared to be designed appropriately. Interestingly, the two studies not published in the medical literature had the largest sample size. There is no evidence that the number of published clinical trials involving Aboriginal Australians is increasing, or that long-term applied clinical research programmes have been established. CONCLUSION: There is a profound lack of well-designed studies assessing medical interventions. This is further evidence that Australia has failed to develop a research infrastructure able to inform health care in Aboriginal communities. Adults appear especially disadvantaged.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Disease surveillance in rural communities is compromised by address geocoding uncertainty: a case study of campylobacteriosis.

This study illustrates the impact of address geocoding uncertainty on rural estimates of reportable disease incidence using campylobacteriosis as an example. After all cases of campylobacteriosis notified from 1993 to 1997 had been geocoded, the minimum and maximum disease notification rates were calculated for rural and urban areas of New Zealand. The estimated maximum rural rates were four times higher than estimated minimum rural rates, whereas estimated minimum and maximum urban rates varied minimally. The impact of address geocoding on the estimation of disease notification rates across Public Health Service Regions showed considerable variation. The relative proportions of ungeocoded notifications to rural notifications ranged from 1.3:1 to 10.2:1, reflecting the range of uncertainty in estimated rural rates of campylobacteriosis. Unless the reliability of captured rural address data is improved significantly, disease surveillance systems will underestimate rural rates of disease and limit small area analyses.

Campylobacter Infections↗

PubMed1992

[A new measure for degree of urbanization: the address density of the surrounding area].

A new method of measuring the degree of urbanization of a given area, developed by the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics, is introduced. "The measure classifies areas according to what is called address density of the surroundings: the average address density within a radius of 1 km of an address in the area." The advantages are discussed, and the measure is used to classify the 647 municipalities in the Netherlands into five groups according to urbanization level. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗

PubMed2003

[Use of national French health insurance register to identify the current address of a cohort].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency of the Registre National Inter-régimes des bénéficaires de l'Assurance-Maladie (RNIAM), which is the French register of health insurance, in order to identify the present address of subjects who have lived in the Beaumont-Hague county, France, between 1978 and 1998, when they were less than 25 years old. METHODS: A cohort of 4,118 persons was defined by consulting school and civil status registers from three villages. We drew at random 824 subjects and between October 2000 and August 2001, we asked the RNIAM to locate them. For each subject, the usual identification parameters (first name, last name, birth date and eventually birth place) were provided. In case of a doubt concerning these parameters, a second request was undertaken with a slight modification. RESULTS: Altogether, 94.5% of the included people were identified by the RNIAM. Identification was better for people born in France than for those born abroad (97% versus 52%) and 84.5% of people were linked to a health insurance regimen. The RNIAM was able to identify a correct address for 68.7% of the subjects. CONCLUSION: The RNIAM seems promising for further epidemiological investigations. Nonetheless, it still remains insufficient by itself to identify addresses. Other means (tax records) should be evaluated and associated with the register data.

Adolescent↗