Auditory processing disorders in children.
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Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
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Auditory brainstem response, middle latency response, and late cortical evoked potentials in children with learning disabilities.
Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) and behavioral tests were used to evaluate auditory processing in 10 children aged 7 to 11 years who were diagnosed as learning disabled (LD). AEPs included auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), middle latency responses (MLRs), and late cortical responses (P1, N1, P2, P3). Late cortical responses were recorded using an active listening oddball procedure. Auditory processing disorders were suspected in the LD children after a psychologist found phonologic processing and auditory memory problems. A control group of 10 age- and gender-matched children with no hearing or reported learning difficulties was also tested. Teacher ratings of classroom listening and SCAN Competing Words and Staggered Spondaic Word scores were poorer in the LD children. There were minor ABR latency differences between the two groups. Wave Na of the MLR was later and Nb was smaller in the LD group. The main differences in cortical responses were that P1 was earlier and P3 was later and smaller in the LD group.
Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
[Early auditory evoked potentials in children with language development disorders].
One of the prerequisites for normal language development is a highly sensitive auditory perception. An auditory perception deficit is therefore likely to affect the normal course of language acquisition. To test this hypothesis, we studied the BAEPs in 25 preschool boys with an expressive developmental language disorder and 12 boys with a history of stuttering. These children had no hearing disorders. Comparisons with the control group (49 neurologically healthy male subjects with normal hearing) revealed a statistically significant delay of waves III, IV and V in the language impaired subjects, whereas no significant differences were detected in the group of stutterers. Our findings suggest that a delayed or altered conduction of acoustic stimuli is important to the pathogenesis of developmental language disorders.
Adolescent↗
Impaired preconscious auditory processing and cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease.
OBJECTIVE: To study whether preconscious auditory processing is deteriorated in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) having mild to moderate cognitive symptoms. To investigate whether auditory processing correlates with the impairment of the higher cortical functions. METHODS: P50m and N100m responses elicited by a sequence of repetitive tones were recorded with a whole-head magnetometer from 22 patients with probable AD and from 18 healthy age-matched controls. In addition, an extensive neuropsychological test battery assessing main cognitive domains was administered to all subjects. RESULTS: The patients with AD had significantly delayed N100m responses in the left hemisphere that correlated with the impairment of the language functions. CONCLUSIONS: N100m auditory responses measured with magnetoencephalography may be useful in evaluating the severity and progression of the cortical dysfunction in dementia.
Aged↗
Do 'auditory processing' tests measure auditory processing in the elderly?
OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between measures of auditory processing and measures of auditory or cognitive function in elderly listeners with impaired hearing. DESIGN: Multiple measures of auditory processing, auditory function, and cognitive function were obtained and linear, multiple-regression analyses were conducted to examine the relations between these sets of variables. In particular, four measures of auditory processing were obtained from each of 213 elderly participants. Measures of auditory processing included duration discrimination for a 1000-Hz pure tone, temporal-order discrimination for mid-frequency pure tones, dichotic syllable identification, and recognition of 45% time-compressed monosyllables. Each participant also completed additional measures of auditory function, including pure-tone thresholds, auditory brain stem responses for each ear and at two presentation rates (11.1 and 71.1 clicks per second), and performance-intensity functions for monosyllabic words (PI-PB rollover). Finally, three measures of cognitive function, all from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, were obtained from the 213 participants. RESULTS: For three of the four measures of auditory processing examined in this study (duration discrimination, temporal-order discrimination, and dichotic CV identification), a measure of cognitive function (IQ) and age were the two primary predictors of individual differences in performance. For these three measures of auditory processing, 11 to 14% of the total variance could be accounted for by the predictor variables. For the remaining measure of auditory processing (recognition of time-compressed monosyllables), 56% of the total variance could be accounted for by a set of four predictor variables, but most of this variance (54% of the total variance) was associated with individual differences in hearing loss. When hearing loss was removed as a predictor for this measure of auditory processing, 14% of the total variance was explained by four variables: age, IQ, and two measures derived from auditory brain stem response wave-V latency. CONCLUSIONS: Performance on the battery of auditory processing measures by elderly hearing-impaired listeners was systematically related to individual differences in cognitive function rather than auditory function, especially for stimuli not affected by peripheral hearing loss. However, much of the variance in auditory processing performance remained unaccounted for by any of the predictor variables examined in this study.
Aged↗
Central auditory processing disorder and ADHD.
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Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
Learning defect identified in brain.
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Auditory Cortex↗
Behavioral characteristics of auditory processing disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: predominantly inattentive type.
Auditory processing disorder (APD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present overlapping symptomatology. Previous research has demonstrated that professionals use different behavioral descriptors to characterize APD and ADHD combined and predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtypes, which present with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. The present study extends this research by comparing audiologists' and pediatricians' rankings of 58 behavioral symptoms associated with APD and ADHD predominantly inattentive (PI) subtype, the ADHD subtype that presents without hyperactivity and impulsivity. Audiologists ranked the degree to which each symptom pertained to individuals with APD, and pediatricians ranked the same symptom as it relates to ADHD-PI. Item analysis revealed that respondents identified a reasonably exclusive set of behaviors characterizing APD and ADHD-PI. None of the four behaviors ranked 2 SD above the grand means (i.e., inattention, academic difficulties, asking for things to be repeated, and poor listening skills) was ranked in common.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
[Rehabilitation of cortical auditory disorders].
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Auditory Cortex↗
Application of pattern evoked potential techniques for evaluating infant perceptual systems.
An evoked potential (EP) test was developed to aid in the diagnostic evaluation of a 16-week-old infant of initially unknown pathology and degree of perceptual deficit. Patterned stimuli were presented at two repetition rates to challenge the infant's visual and auditory information processing capabilities. The data were compared to those obtained from a "normal" infant of the same age and sex and, where possible, to normative population data. The EP data indicated the following: (1) the "suspect" infant's occipital response to visual pattern was abnormal in terms of waveform characteristics and in the relationship of its amplitude to spatial frequency of pattern; (2) in comparing brain response to 1 Hz and 6 Hz stimulation rates, the "suspect" infant's occipital EPs were abnormally attenuated for the faster presentation rate when a patterned visual display was part of the stimulus complex; (3) an auditory speech sound produced equivalent EP effects in both infants. These data indicated that the "suspect" infant's perceptual deficit was restricted to the processing of visual pattern information, possibly due to abnormal functioning of the geniculo-striate system. Subsequent tests and the diagnosis of ocular albinism corroborated the results of the abnormalities suggested by the EP procedure.
Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
[Comparison between the old and new evaluation mode in the dichotic discrimination test].
The dichotic discrimination test for children could make an important contribution to the diagnosis of central auditory processing disorders. With previous test procedures and their interpretation it was not possible to get the auditory discrimination ability in only one grade. To evaluate this ability, it was necessary to measure the degree of comprehension in each ear as well as the required noise level. The evaluation cannot be used for statistical results because there are too many parameters. Moreover, results apparently similar can come from varying abilities. We are therefore working on a new method to evaluate dichotic hearing more accurately. By using a constant noise level and only evaluating positively those hearing pairs which have been repeated correctly, we arrive at one single grade. The dichotic discrimination test was administered to 46 children with auditory perception disorders and the results evaluated according to both, the previous and new evaluation system. According to the new evaluation, a maximum of 20 correct responses is possible. The average number of correct responses was significantly lower than by the previous evaluation system. The standard deviation increased from 16% on the left side and 13% in the right to 24%, or five word-pairs. The difference is even clearer when the test is subdivided into four performance ranges, each of 25%. Of all the children examined, 85% fell in the upper performance range according to the previous evaluation. No child was in the lowest performance range. According to the new evaluation, only 56.5% of the children were in the upper performance range, while three children, that is 6.5%, were in the lowest performance range. This difference, P = 0.0002, is highly significant. Our results demonstrate clearly that on the basis of the new evaluation system the measurement of dichotic ability is possible, for the first time. We consider the new evaluation method to be an improvement in determining dichotic discrimination and in comparing it with other abilities. To check the validity, further independent testing should be carried out and results compared with those obtained from children without auditory perception disorders.
Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
Sacculo-collic pathway dysfunction accompanying auditory neuropathy.
CONCLUSIONS: In a patient with bilateral auditory neuropathy (AN), the vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) was probably absent because of a neuropathy involving the inferior vestibular nerve and/or its end organ, the saccule. Our result can therefore be interpreted as a concomitant unilateral sacculo-collic neuropathy. We suggest the use of more precise terms to characterize AN patients with involvement of different parts of the inner ear and its innervations. We encourage detailed vestibular assessment in patients with AN in order to assess the co-existence of any symptomatic or asymptomatic vestibular disorder. Information such as that provided in this report will be valuable for clinicians caring for this group of patients. OBJECTIVE: AN is a disorder characterized by the absence or severe impairment of auditory brainstem responses in the presence of normal cochlear outer hair cell function as revealed by otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and/or electrocochleography (ECoG). A variety of processes and etiologies are thought to be involved in its pathophysiology. In most literature reports the auditory profile of patients with AN is discussed. However, the extent of vestibular involvement, especially that involving the saccule, is not known. We performed vestibular tests to assess the status of the saccule in a patient with AN. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One patient with AN was studied. The patient was a right-handed 21-year-old female with chief complaints of hearing loss and speech perception difficulty. RESULTS: The auditory test results were consistent with the diagnosis of AN, i.e. absent auditory brainstem responses, moderate hearing loss, an inappropriately profound speech discrimination score and the presence of OAEs and measurable cochlear microphonics on ECoG. On neurological examination, gait and balance tests were normal. Ice-water caloric testing induced a sensation of dizziness in both ears. Short tone-burst VEMPs showed no response on left-ear stimulation and a biphasic response with normal latency and amplitude on right-ear stimulation.
Adult↗
Auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony and its perceptual consequences.
Auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony is a form of hearing impairment in which cochlear outer hair cell function is spared but neural transmission in the auditory pathway is disordered. This condition, or group of conditions with a common physiologic profile, accounts for approximately 7% of permanent childhood hearing loss and a significant (but as yet undetermined) proportion of adult impairment. This paper presents an overview of the mechanisms underlying auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony-type hearing loss and the clinical profile for affected patients. In particular it examines the perceptual consequences of auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony, which are quite different from those associated with sensorineural hearing loss, and considers currently available, and future management options.
Adult↗
Auditory ERP in extremely premature 5-year-old children.
The aim of this research was to test the hypothesis of a functional impairment in the automatic detection of deviant tones in 141 children born after 25 to 28 weeks of gestational age, as compared to 45 age-matched full-term control children. All of them were assessed at age 5 years 9 months and instructed to listen passively to two different pure tones (1000 vs 1200 Hz; 20 vs 80%) counterbalanced between ears. Rarity was thus defined by specific ear by tone combinations. The temporal N100 showed a clear contralateral functional organization of the central auditory pathway, especially for the left ear, but without group difference. By contrast, in full-term controls but not in premature children, the central N200 was specifically increased over frontal leads to rare stimuli as compared to frequent. Premature children demonstrated a lack of brain response when more complex processing integrating different informations was required.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
The effects of antioxidants in the senescent auditory cortex.
We investigated whether a 2-month dietary supplementation of antioxidants, in the form of blueberry phytochemicals, could reverse or retard the age-related decline in temporal processing speed observed in the aged rat. To this end, extracellular single unit responses to frequency modulated (FM) sweeps were recorded in the primary auditory cortex (AI) of aged rats that had been placed on either a blueberry-supplemented or control diet 2 months prior to the physiological recordings. Results showed that most cells recorded from the blueberry-fed rats responded most vigorously to fast FM sweeps, similar to that observed in young rats. In contrast, the majority of cells recorded from the control rats showed a preference for slow FM sweep rates. These results suggest that age-related changes in temporal processing speed in A1 may be reversed by dietary supplementation of blueberry phytochemicals.
Action Potentials↗
Auditory recovery cycle dysfunction in schizophrenia: a study using event-related potentials.
Previous event-related potential (ERP) studies reported evidence of impaired auditory information processing in patients with schizophrenia. The recovery cycle of the auditory N1 ERP component was measured in 17 patients with schizophrenia and 17 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Subjects performed a visual distraction task while listening to 80-dB SPL, 1000-Hz tone pairs, presented with intra-pair intervals of 1, 3, 5 or 7 s, with inter-pair intervals of 9-13 s. Patients with schizophrenia had significantly reduced N1 amplitudes for S1 stimuli compared with healthy volunteers. For N1 amplitudes elicited by S2 stimuli, there was a significant group effect whilst the main effect of intra-pair interval was not significant. These results provide additional evidence of inhibitory auditory processing deficits in schizophrenia.
Adult↗
Deficient auditory processing in children with Asperger Syndrome, as indexed by event-related potentials.
Asperger Syndrome (AS) is characterized by normal language development but deficient understanding and use of the intonation and prosody of speech. While individuals with AS report difficulties in auditory perception, there are no studies addressing auditory processing at the sensory level. In this study, event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded for syllables and tones in children with AS and in their control counterparts. Children with AS displayed abnormalities in transient sound-feature encoding, as indexed by the obligatory ERPs, and in sound discrimination, as indexed by the mismatch negativity. These deficits were more severe for the tone stimuli than for the syllables. These results indicate that auditory sensory processing is deficient in children with AS, and that these deficits might be implicated in the perceptual problems encountered by children with AS.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Auditory abnormalities in autism: toward functional distinctions among findings.
Recently, findings on a wide range of auditory abnormalities among individuals with autism have been reported. To date, functional distinctions among these varied findings are poorly established. Such distinctions should be of interest to clinicians and researchers alike given their potential therapeutic and experimental applications. This review suggests three general trends among these findings as a starting point for future analyses. First, studies of auditory perception of linguistic and social auditory stimuli among individuals with autism generally have found impaired perception versus normal controls. Such findings may correlate with impaired language and communication skills and social isolation observed among individuals with autism. Second, studies of auditory perception of pitch and music among individuals with autism generally have found enhanced perception versus normal controls. These findings may correlate with the restrictive and highly focused behaviors observed among individuals with autism. Third, findings on the auditory perception of non-linguistic, non-musical stimuli among autism patients resist any generalized conclusions. Ultimately, as some researchers have already suggested, the distinction between impaired global processing and enhanced local processing may prove useful in making sense of apparently discordant findings on auditory abnormalities among individuals with autism.
Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗