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PubMed1975

Influence of humidity and rain on uptake and metabolism of 14C-azinphos-methyl in bean plants.

In several experiments the influence of relative humidity and rain on uptake and metabolism of carbonyl-14C-azinphos-methyl was examined in bean plants under the following environmental conditions: Growth room with 35/80%, 65/85% and 95/95% (day/night) relative humidity and open field with and without rain. Increasing relative humidity had an enhancing effect on the rate of uptake and metabolism. A higher portion of water-soluble compounds was found in the bean tissue, although the azinphos-methyl itself is relatively non-polar. Low relative humidity and possible dry periods in summer will reduce the uptake and will leave the azinphos-methyl relatively persistent on the leaf surface. Rain or spray irrigation easily removed azinphos-methyl from the leaves. The rate of this removal seemed to depend on the intensity and time of rainfall after application. However, repeated wettings by rain may simultaneously stimulate uptake and metabolism of azinphos-methyl by the leaves.

Azinphosmethyl↗
PubMed1977

Physiological response to organophosphate residues in field workers.

The physiologic response of 21 male agricultural field workers exposed to foliage-borne Guthion residues was monitored during routine peach-thinning operations in a northern California orchard. Surveillance included daily venipuncture and urine collection to determine whole blood cholinesterase (CHE) activity and level of dialkylphosphate excretion for 3 baseline (nonexposed) and 5 normal work days. Foliage samples were obtained to measure dislodgeable and total Guthion residues. A decrease in group-mean CHE activity by 15% over the surveillance period was found. Apart from one worker who showed a consistent decrease in CHE activity, reaching a maximum of 30% below baseline at the end of the work week, daily changes in individual CHE activity were erratic. Group-mean dialkylphosphate excretion levels provided a semiquantitative indication of exposure to Guthion. Medical examination before and after the exposure period revealed an absence of clinical signs of organophosphate intoxication.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Association of azinphos-methyl with rat erythrocytes and hemoglobin.

To investigate whether hemoglobin might serve as a biomarker of exposure to azinphos-methyl (AZM) encountered by agricultural workers, we exposed rats to [14C]azinphos-methyl ([14C]AZM). We administered single doses of 1.5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, or 6 mg/kg of [14C]AZM by gavage to rats and collected blood 3 days later. We found a dose-dependent association between radioactivity and erythrocytes and hemoglobin (measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry). In another experiment, we administered a single dose of 3 mg/kg [14C]AZM by gavage to rats and collected blood 3, 11, 15, and 22 days after administration. Radioactivity continued to be associated with erythrocytes and hemoglobin at all time-points. Brain and plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were not significantly inhibited, nor did we observe signs of acute toxicity in any of the treated animals. Loss of radioactivity associated with erythrocytes and hemoglobin over the study period was consistent with the expected kinetics of erythrocyte turnover, indicating adduct stability. Approximately 0.49%, 0.43%, 0.39%, and 0.32% of the original radioactivity was recovered in the hemoglobin 3 11, 15, and 22 days, respectively, after administration. These data support our hypothesis that AZM may form a hemoglobin adduct and may be useful as a biomarker of AZM exposure.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2005

Effects of azinphos-methyl on cholinergic responses and general health in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) after previous treatment with p,p'-DDE.

Although organochlorine (OC) pesticides were replaced with organophosphates (OPs) in the early 1970s, they continue to persist in orchard environments today. Extensive research has been conducted to determine the effects of currently used OPs on cholinesterase (ChE) activity; however, although OCs continue to be prevalent in areas of previous use, few studies have looked at the toxicity of a combination of residual OC compounds with currently used OP pesticides. The focus of our study was to determine the effects of azinphos-methyl (a common OP used in apple orchards today) on ChE activity and general health in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) previously exposed to p,p'-DDE (a commonly detected metabolite of DDT). The main results of our study were as follows: (1) azinphos-methyl alone caused a dose-dependent inhibition of plasma and brain ChE activity; (2) p,p'-DDE in combination with azinphos-methyl did not change azinphos-methyl inhibition of ChE activity; and (3) there were suggestions of immunostimulation in birds dosed 1 year previously to p,p'-DDE and of anemia when p,p'-DDE was combined with azinphos-methyl; however, there was no dose-response for these parameters in birds subsequently dosed with p,p'-DDE.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Acute and chronic toxicity of azinphos-methyl to two estuarine species, Mysidopsis bahia and Cyprinodon variegatus.

The acute and chronic toxicity of azinphos-methyl (Guthion) was evaluated for two estuarine species in the laboratory. Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were selected as the representative invertebrate and vertebrate estuarine test species, respectively. The toxicological endpoints determined for each species included the 96-h LC50, the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC), the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), and the acute-to-chronic ratio. The 96-h LC50 value derived for sheepshead minnows (2.0 microg/L) was seven times higher than the 96-h LC50 value (0.29 microg/L) derived for mysids. The MATCs were 0.024 microg/L and 0.24 microg/L for the mysid and the sheepshead minnow, respectively. The estimated acute-to-chronic ratios were 12 for mysids and 8.3 for sheepshead minnows.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Impact of guthion on survival and growth of the frog Pseudacris regilla and the salamanders Ambystoma gracile and Ambystoma maculatum.

The effects of the insecticides Guthion (technical grade) and Guthion 2S (commercial formulation) on survival and growth of tadpoles of the Pacific treefrog Pseudacris regilla, and larvae of the Northwestern salamander Ambystoma gracile and the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum were determined in continuous-flow exposures in the laboratory. Ninety-six-hour LC50 values were >3.6 mg/L for P. regilla with technical grade Guthion and 1.47 mg/L with the formulation Guthion 2S (measured as active ingredient Guthion). Ten-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on length and weight for P. regilla with Guthion were 3.60 and 0.98 mg/L. LOAEL and NOAEL values based on length and weight for P. regilla with Guthion 2S were 0.17 and 0.07 mg/L. The 96-h LC50 for Guthion 2S was 1.67 and 1.90 mg/L for A. gracile and A. maculatum, respectively. LOAEL and NOAEL values based on length and weight for A. gracile with Guthion 2S were 0.22 and 0.10 mg/L; they were 0.11 and 0.03 mg/L for A. maculatum based on weight. These species are as similar in sensitivity as some fish species but are more tolerant to Guthion than most invertebrates.

Ambystoma↗
PubMed1999

A field test of the quotient method for predicting risk to Microtus canicaudus in grasslands.

We used gray-tailed voles, Microtus canicaudus, as an experimental model species to field test a prediction of the Quotient Method (QM) for risk to small mammals of an insecticide in grasslands. In May 1997, we placed voles into 12 0.2-ha enclosures planted with a mixture of pasture grasses. In late July, we applied 1.55 kg/ha of the insecticide Guthion(R) 2S (azinphos-methyl) in three treatments: a control (all habitat sprayed with water), full spray (all of the habitat sprayed with Guthion 2S), and half-spray (one-half of the habitat sprayed with Guthion 2S and one half with water). Five replicates were used for the half-spray and control, and two replicates for the full-spray. The Guthion 2S treatment did not depress population size, growth rate, or survival of voles in half-spray or full-spray enclosures. Our results were inconsistent with the QM prediction for use of Guthion 2S in grass habitats. These results also differed from our previous studies in alfalfa habitats in which measurable responses were detected at the same application rate. The differences probably are due to the different types of vegetation between current and previous studies. The grass habitat in our enclosures was an average of 60 cm high and was very thick from ground level to about 40 cm. Much of the residue likely accumulated in the upper strata of vegetation and did not reach ground level at this application rate. Under the conditions of this study, voles were less affected in grassland habitat than they were in alfalfa habitat.

Animals↗