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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Comparison of physical characteristics, body temperature and basal metabolism between Thai and Japanese in a neutral temperature zone.

The aim of this research is to compare the physical status, basal metabolism and some other physiological characteristics between native Thai in Bangkok, Thailand, and native Japanese in Japan, and discuss the results regarding acclimatization to tropical climate. Measurements of the Thai were made in September in Bangkok, while those of native Japanese were done in August at Nishinomiya (Japan). The subjects were adult males (20-22 years old) in both cases. Physically the Thai are generally a little shorter and more slender than Japanese in the mean value. The mean skinfold thickness for Thai was 8.4 mm, which is significantly less than that of Japanese (11.0 mm). The mean oral temperature measured under basal conditions was the same between both subject groups. The Thai showed a slightly lower basal metabolism per unit body surface, and mean skin temperature measured in a similar environmental condition was lower for Thai than for Japanese. The results of anthropometric measurements and physiological characteristics measured were discussed in view of physiology of acclimatization ot tropical climate.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1989

Body fat mass and basal metabolic rate in Dutch women before, during, and after pregnancy: a reappraisal of energy cost of pregnancy.

Body weight, fat mass, and basal metabolic rate were measured longitudinally from early pregnancy until 2 mo postpartum in 57 healthy Dutch women; 23 of whom were also studied before pregnancy. Weight gain over pregnancy was 11.8 +/- 3.7 kg and weight gain from 12 wk gestation to delivery was 10.3 +/- 3.8 kg. Birth weights and placental weights were 3458 +/- 527 and 657 +/- 114 g, respectively. Gain in maternal fat stores over pregnancy was 2.0 +/- 2.6 kg and difference in fat mass from 12 wk gestation to 5 wk postpartum was 1.2 +/- 2.2 kg. The energy equivalent of the gain in fat stores, including costs of synthesizing, can be estimated as 22,000 kcal. The cumulative increment in basal metabolism over pregnancy was 34,350 +/- 30,000 kcal. When the energy equivalent of the gain in tissue other than fat stores is assumed to be approximately 11,750 kcal, total energy cost of pregnancy is at 68,100 +/- 38,560 kcal.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Maternal basal metabolic rate in twin pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the basal metabolic rate in patients with twin pregnancies and compared the results with those of singleton pregnancies and non-pregnant women. METHODS: In 15 non-pregnant women, 14 patients with twin and 25 patients with singleton pregnancies, the resting energy expenditure was measured using an open-circuit ventilatory system during the third trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS: The averaged resting energy expenditure in patients with twin pregnancy was 1,636 +/- 174 kcal/day, significantly higher than that in patients with singleton pregnancy (1,456 +/- 158 kcal/day; p < 0.05). Both of these levels are significantly higher than those in non-pregnant women (1,228 +/- 132 kcal/day; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the estimated increased metabolic demands in patients during the third trimester of twin pregnancy are about 10% higher than those in women with singleton pregnancy. A prospective clinical study concerning nutrition counseling is needed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Basal metabolic rate: history, composition, regulation, and usefulness.

The concept of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was developed to compare the metabolic rate of animals and initially was important in a clinical context as a means of determining thyroid status of humans. It was also important in defining the allometric relationship between body mass and metabolic rate of mammals. The BMR of mammals varies with body mass, with the same allometric exponent as field metabolic rate and with many physiological and biochemical rates. The membrane pacemaker theory proposes that the fatty acid composition of membrane bilayers is an important determinant of a species BMR. In both mammals and birds, membrane polyunsaturation decreases and monounsaturation increases with increasing body mass and a decrease in mass-specific BMR. The secretion and production of thyroid hormones in mammals are related to body mass, with the allometric exponent similar to BMR; yet there is no body size-related variation in either total or free concentrations of thyroid hormones in plasma of mammals. It is suggested that in different-sized mammals, the secretion/production of thyroid hormones is a result of BMR differences rather than their cause. BMR is a useful concept in some situations but not in others.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of low zinc intakes on basal metabolic rate, thyroid hormones and protein utilization in adult men.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), thyroid hormones and protein utilization were measured in six young men participating in a 75-d metabolic study of low zinc intakes. During metabolic period (MP) 1 (12 d) and MP 3 (9 d) the subjects received 16.5 mg Zn/d. During MP 2 (54 d) they received 5.5 mg Zn/d. Nitrogen intake averaged 12.6 g/d. Mean BMR significantly decreased from 1.00 +/- 0.06 to 0.91 +/- 0.05 kcal/(kg X h) (mean +/- SD) with the low zinc diet and tended to increase during period 3. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine (T4) and free T4 tended to decrease during the low zinc period and to increase when the adequate zinc diet was fed; only the decrease in free T4 was significant at P less than 0.05, however. Among the measures of protein status, urinary urea excretion, serum prealbumin, albumin and retinol-binding protein levels all decreased significantly during the low zinc period. The results suggest that low zinc intakes may be associated with decreases in BMR. In addition, decreases in thyroid hormone levels and alterations in protein utilization may occur.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of dietary quality on basal metabolic rate and internal morphology of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).

European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were fed either a low- or high-quality diet to test the effects of dietary quality on basal metabolic rate (BMR) and internal morphology. Basal metabolic rate did not differ significantly between the two dietary groups, but internal morphology differed greatly. Starlings fed the low-quality diet had heavier gastrointestinal tracts, gizzards, and livers. Starlings fed the high-quality diet had heavier breast muscles. Starlings on the low-quality diet maintained mass, while starlings on the high-quality diet gained mass. Dry matter digestibility and energy digestibility were lower for starlings fed the low-quality diet, and their food and water intake were greater than starlings on the high-quality diet. The lack of dietary effect on BMR may be the result of increased energy expenditure of digestive organs paralleling a reduction of energy expenditure of organs and tissues not related to digestion (i.e., skeletal muscle). This trade-off in energy allocation among organs suggests a mechanism by which organisms may alter BMR in response to a change in seasonal variation in food availability.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Phenotypic plasticity in the scaling of avian basal metabolic rate.

Many birds exhibit short-term, reversible adjustments in basal metabolic rate (BMR), but the overall contribution of phenotypic plasticity to avian metabolic diversity remains unclear. The available BMR data include estimates from birds living in natural environments and captive-raised birds in more homogenous, artificial environments. All previous analyses of interspecific variation in BMR have pooled these data. We hypothesized that phenotypic plasticity is an important contributor to interspecific variation in avian BMR, and that captive-raised populations exhibit general differences in BMR compared to wild-caught populations. We tested this hypothesis by fitting general linear models to BMR data for 231 bird species, using the generalized least-squares approach to correct for phylogenetic relatedness when necessary. The scaling exponent relating BMR to body mass in captive-raised birds (0.670) was significantly shallower than in wild-caught birds (0.744). The differences in metabolic scaling between captive-raised and wild-caught birds persisted when migratory tendency and habitat aridity were controlled for. Our results reveal that phenotypic plasticity is a major contributor to avian interspecific metabolic variation. The finding that metabolic scaling in birds is partly determined by environmental factors provides further support for models that predict variation in scaling exponents, such as the allometric cascade model.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Mammalian basal metabolic rate is proportional to body mass2/3.

The relationship between mammalian basal metabolic rate (BMR, ml of O(2) per h) and body mass (M, g) has been the subject of regular investigation for over a century. Typically, the relationship is expressed as an allometric equation of the form BMR = aM(b). The scaling exponent (b) is a point of contention throughout this body of literature, within which arguments for and against geometric (b = 2/3) and quarter-power (b = 3/4) scaling are made and rebutted. Recently, interest in the topic has been revived by published explanations for quarter-power scaling based on fractal nutrient supply networks and four-dimensional biology. Here, a new analysis of the allometry of mammalian BMR that accounts for variation associated with body temperature, digestive state, and phylogeny finds no support for a metabolic scaling exponent of 3/4. Data encompassing five orders of magnitude variation in M and featuring 619 species from 19 mammalian orders show that BMR proportional, variant M(2/3).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Are basal metabolic rate prediction equations appropriate for female children and adolescents?

The basal metabolic rate (BMR), which accounts for 50-70% of total energy expenditure, is essential for estimation of patient and population energy needs. Numerous equations have been formulated for prediction of human BMR. Most equations in current use are based on measurements of Caucasians performed more than four decades ago. We evaluated 10 prediction equations commonly used for estimation of BMR in 76 Caucasian and 42 African-American girls between 8 and 17 yr of age against BMR measured by whole-body calorimetry. The majority of the prediction equations (9 of 10) overestimated BMR by 60 +/- 46 kcal/day (range, 15-176 kcal/day). This overestimation was found to be significantly greater (P < 0.05) for African-American (77 +/- 17 kcal/day) than for Caucasians (25 +/- 17 kcal/day) in six equations, controlling for age, weight, and sexual maturity. We conclude that ethnicity is an important factor in estimation of the BMR and that the current prediction equations are not appropriate for accurate estimation of the BMR of individual female children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The Oxford Brookes basal metabolic rate database--a reanalysis.

OBJECTIVE: To produce prediction equations for basal metabolic rate (BMR) derived from weight and height covering the age range from birth to old age. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data on BMR, sex, age, weight, height, ethnicity and measurement technique from the Oxford Brookes BMR database. SETTING: Worldwide. SUBJECTS: Data for 13,910 men, women and children from 174 papers published between 1914 and 2001. RESULTS: Absolute and proportional regression models were developed for each sex, showing a steep rise in predicted BMR with age until 15 years, more pronounced in males than females, then a gradual fall through adulthood. Predicted BMR increased by 6% and 1.4%, respectively, per standard deviation increase in weight and height. Predicted BMR in Caucasians was 4% higher than in non-Caucasians, though the effect size was sensitive to the inclusion or exclusion of data from certain influential publications. The effect of measurement technique on BMR, closed-circuit versus open-circuit, was small, near 1%. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to develop prediction equations that avoid splitting the data into arbitrary age groups. Heterogeneity between publications is greater than might be expected by chance, probably due to undocumented differences in technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Weekly changes in basal metabolic rate with eight weeks of overfeeding.

OBJECTIVE: The contribution of basal metabolic rate (BMR) to weight gain susceptibility has long been debated. We wanted to examine whether BMR changes in a linear fashion with overfeeding. Our hypothesis was that BMR does not increase linearly with 1000-kcal/d overfeeding in lean healthy subjects over 8 weeks. The null hypothesis states that BMR increases linearly with 1000-kcal/d overfeeding in lean healthy subjects. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Initially, 16 lean healthy sedentary subjects completed 2 weeks of weight maintenance feeding at the General Clinical Research Center. The subjects were then overfed by 1000 kcal/d over 8 weeks. BMR was measured under standard conditions each week using indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: Baseline BMR was 1693 +/- 154.5 kcal/d. BMR increased from 1711 +/- 201.3 kcal/d at week 1 of overfeeding to 1781 +/- 171.65 kcal/d at the second week of overfeeding (p = 0.05). BMR fell during the third week of overfeeding to 1729 +/- 179.5 kcal/d (p = 0.05). After 5 weeks of overfeeding, BMR reached a plateau. Thereafter, there was no further change. Comparison of BMR with weeks of overfeeding was significantly different compared with the linear model (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Increases in BMR in lean sedentary healthy subjects with 1000-kcal/d overfeeding are not linear over 8 weeks. There seems to be a short-term increase in BMR in the first 2 weeks of overfeeding that is not representative of longer-term changes.

Adiposity↗