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PubMed2006

How well does a national newspaper reporting system profile drowning?

In Finland, the Finnish Association for Swimming Instruction and Life Saving (SUH) and Statistics Finland (SF) both provide nationwide data on unintentional drowning. The SUH database relies on rapid reporting from a newspaper clipping service and additional local police information, whereas the SF database relies on the later release of the death certificate information, which is based on extensive medico-legal investigation. The aim of the study was to explore the main differences between the SUH and SF databases for drowning and to evaluate the capacity of the former to characterize drowning events in Finland from 1998 to 2000. Computerized files of death certificates tabulated by SF were linked with the SUH database by deterministic methods. SF and SUH databases allowed the identification of 704 and 567 unintentional drownings, respectively, giving an unintentional drowning rate of 4.5 and 3.6/100?000 per year. Of the 704 drownings described by SF, 418 (59.4%) were also found in the SUH database. The SUH database markedly underreported drowning fatalities in certain settings, such as bath, ditch and swimming pool drownings; fall- and land-traffic-related drownings; and drownings occurring in South Finland. The narrative text of SUH drownings contributed limited information to characterize the drowning events. It was concluded that the newspaper-based SUH data provide more timely data on individual drownings but are not representative of all drownings. Conversely, the SF vital statistics data are more accurate but may take up to 2 years to become available. Both SUH and SF data provide little detailed information on drowning events. A multidisciplinary national surveillance system for drowning is necessary to provide more accurate and timely drowning data, analyse risk factors and design follow-up studies for developing and monitoring prevention strategies.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of heat on insulin absorption: different effects on amorphous and soluble insulins.

A rise in ambient temperature stimulates the absorption of soluble, rapid-acting insulin. In the present study, the effect of intensive heat (Finnish sauna) on the absorption of amorphous insulin from a subcutaneous injection site in eight patients with type I diabetes was examined. The rate of absorption was determined by external measurement of the disappearance rate of 125I-labelled intermediate-acting (Semilente) insulin. The sauna (twice for 25 min at 85 degrees C) failed to stimulate insulin absorption significantly or to lower blood glucose levels as compared to a control day at 22 degrees C. Thus, heat has a different effect on the pharmacokinetics of amorphous and soluble insulins.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Potential use of the sauna in the long-term treatment of hypertensive cardiovascular circulation disorders--a comparison with kinesiotherapy].

The authors report about the long-term response (one and three years) of blood pressure and heart frequency under rest and load (50 W) in patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, essential hypertension and after aortocoronary venous-bypass operation (ACVB) (n = 65) under regular visits (twice a week) to the Finnish sauna. In comparison, 68 hypertensive patients who took a regular kinesiotherapy (running and swimming) were studied. Besides the parameters of heart circulation mentioned above, peripheric microcirculation (M. tibialis anterior) by means of xenon-133 muscle clearance and central hemodynamics by means of LVEF (single probe with In 113) were studied in CHD-patients. Cardiac output at rest and under 50 W load was recorded in hypertensive patients. It was shown that regular balneotherapy had a positive effect on regulation of blood pressure and hemodynamics in patients with hypertension or CHD with hypertension, as had kinesiotherapy in hypertensive patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Effects of exposure to Finnish sauna.

Pathophysiological effects of exposure to Finnish sauna (80 to 90 C, 30 to 40% relative humidity) were investigated in 60 volunteers--33 men and 27 women aged between 18 and 63 years. The volunteers entered the sauna after a rest period of 20 min, and remained there for 20 min or until they suffered discomfort. Weight, height, rectal and skin temperatures, blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates and ECG were recorded 20 min prior to the sauna, during the sauna, and 20 min after leaving the sauna. Marked physiological changes appeared in the first few minutes in the sauna without any prodromal warning. At the 20th min the mean heart rate was 143 +/- 25 (SD) beats/min (greater than 160 beats/min in 32% of the subjects). Mean rectal temperature was 38.6 +/- 0.6 (SD) C (greater than 39 C in 22%): mean skin temperature was 40.4 +/- 1 (SD) C (greater than 40 C in 35%); mean systolic blood pressure was 130.5 +/- 26.6 (SD) mm Hg (greater than 160 mm Hg in 17%); and mean diastolic pressure was 66.6 +/- 15.9 (SD) mm Hg (greater than 50 mm Hg in 17%). The mean total sweat loss was 457 +/- 264 (SD) g. Three subjects experienced syncope, and one developed an anginal attack; ECG changes suggestive of coronary insufficiency were recorded. No decrease in blood pressure occurred in patients with preexisting high blood pressure. It is concluded that sauna bathing involves dangers to the bather's health, which may appear suddenly, without prodromal warning signs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Sauna-induced acceleration in insulin absorption from subcutaneous injection site.

The effect of the Finnish sauna on insulin absorption from a subcutaneous injection site was examined in eight insulin-dependent diabetic patients by measuring externally the disappearance rate of 125I-labelled rapid-acting insulin. The sauna (twice for 25 minutes at 85 degrees C) accelerated insulin absorption by 110% as compared with room temperature (p < 0.01). After the sauna blood glucose concentrations were 3.0-3.3 mmol/1 (54.1-59.5 mg/100 ml) lower than on the control day (p < 0.05). The fall in blood glucose values was proportional to the increased rate of insulin absorption (r = 0.30; p < 0.01). The hypoglycaemic effect of a sauna in insulin-treated diabetics is clearly at least partly due to enhanced insulin absorption from the injection site. Such an effect might be prevented by taking a snack or reducing the insulin dose.

Absorption↗

PubMed1986

Haemodynamic role of vasopressin released during Finnish sauna.

The effect of vasopressin released during Finnish sauna on blood pressure, heart rate and skin blood flow was investigated in 12 healthy volunteers. Exposure to the hot air decrease body weight by 0.6 to 1.25 kg (mean = 0.8 kg, P less than 0.001). One hour after the end of the sauna sessions, plasma vasopressin was higher (1.7 +/- 0.2 pg/ml, P less than 0.01 mean +/- SEM) than before the sauna (1.0 +/- 0.1 pg/ml). No simultaneous change in plasma osmolality, plasma renin activity, plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone, beta-endorphin and metenkephalin levels was observed. Despite the slight sauna-induced elevation in circulating vasopressin, intravenous injection of the specific vascular vasopressin antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP (5 micrograms/kg) 1 h after the sauna had no effect on blood pressure, heart rate or skin blood flow. These data suggest that vasopressin released into the circulation during a sauna session reaches concentrations which are not high enough to interfere directly with vascular tone.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Systemic responses in man exposed to different heating and cooling treatment in a sauna.

Finnish saunas are popular for alleviating psycho-emotional and physical stress. Regular visits to a sauna may promote three adaptive effects: a simulation of the training generally associated with sports activities, the building up of resistance to the effects of extreme exposures, and the regulation of autonomic functions. However, the effect that the sauna has on the physiological mechanisms of humans--particularly, the effect of contrast-cooling following thermal exposure--is still obscure. An example of contrast-cooling following thermal exposure is that caused by swimming after using a sauna; such contrast-cooling may be a risk factor for people with unstable blood pressure, and gradual cooling-off after using a sauna may be preferable. In this series, various autonomic functions under different heating and cooling treatment in a sauna were studied. The authors have concluded that the mode of exposures to heating and cooling under control of Heart Rate (HR) changes has, to a certain extent, a relaxing effect, and thus can be recommended for alleviating psycho-emotional stress.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Heat stress: comparison of short exposure to severe dry and wet heat in saunas.

Sixty subjects, 33 males and 27 females, from 18 to 63 years of age, were exposed to two kinds of saunas: the Finnish sauna (dry sauna) with an air temperature of 80 to 90 C and a relative humidity of 50%, and the wet sauna with an air temperature of 45 to 50 C and a relative humidity of 100%. There was a rest period of one week between the two experiments. For the 60 subjects the mean duration in the wet sauna was 19.6 minutes and in the dry sauna it was 17.4 minutes. After 10 and 20 minutes of exposure in the wet sauna the mean rectal temperature was 38.1 and 38.5 respectively, the mean skin temperature 40.2 and 40.4 C, the respiratory rate 21 and 22.9 breaths/min, the pulse rate 113 and 135.4 beats/min, the mean diastolic pressure 76.1 and 71.9 mm Hg, and the mean systolic pressure 115.7 and 123.5 mm Hg. Comparing the different physiological parameters in both saunas showed significant differences only during the first 10 minutes: a greater drop in diastolic blood pressure, a higher increase in systolic blood pressure, and a greater rise in pulse rate in the dry sauna. After 20 minutes there were no significant differences between any of the above parameters. It is concluded that the heat strain and hence the risk in both saunas are similar and exposure in either sauna exceeding 10 minutes may be dangerous.

Adolescent↗