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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

The jamming avoidance response in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia. A behavior controlled by distributed evaluation of electroreceptive afferences.

This study analyzes the algorithm by which the animal's nervous system evaluates spatially distributed temporal patterns of electroreceptive information. The outcome of this evaluation controls the jamming avoidance response, which is a shift in the animal's electric organ discharge frequency away from similar foreign frequencies. The encoding of "behaviorally relevant" stimulus variables by electroreceptors and the central computation of their messages are investigated by combined behavioral and neurophysiological strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of phencyclidine and other N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists on the schedule-controlled behavior of rats.

The behavioral effects of phencyclidine (PCP) were compared with those of several compounds known to antagonize the actions of N-methyl-D-aspartate using two patterns of schedule-controlled responding in rats. Rates of variable interval responding suppressed by punishment were increased greatly by the benzodiazepine chlorodiazepoxide and showed small increases after MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine] . However, no consistent increases in response rates were produced by PCP, by the stereoisomers of N-allylnormetazocine (NANM: SKF 10,047) or by the anti-ischemic drug, ifenprodil. Small doses of PCP did increase rates of unpublished variable interval responding, as did a low dose of MK-801. Timing behavior maintained by a differential reinforcement of low rate schedule was disrupted by all the compounds studied. Response rates were increased by at least one dose of PCP, MK-801, (+)-NANM and 3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid. The effect of MK-801, however, was considerably greater than that of the other compounds. Ifenprodil and (-)-NANM did not increase rates of responding but, at high doses, produced decreases in reinforcement frequency indicating that efficient timing behavior had been disrupted. These results show that although PCP, MK-801 and (+)-NANM produce generally similar behavioral effects, there may also be some differences between the compounds, notably a more consistent effect of MK-801 on punished responding. These behavioral effects may be related to antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate but ifenprodil, which is also an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, does not show a similar behavioral profile.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effects of positive and negative feedback on behavior control in hyperactive and normal boys.

The hypothesis that hyperactive boys have relatively less response to negative feedback than to positive feedback was studied. Sixteen hyperactive boys and 16 controls were compared on two tasks under different feedback conditions. Feedback conditions were no feedback, positive feedback, and negative feedback. Tasks were symbol encoding and correcting spelling words. Hyperactives and controls were compared in amount of time on-task and amount of work correctly completed. Hyperactives were on-task significantly more under conditions of negative feedback than under positive feedback, but negative feedback significantly increased errors on the spelling correction task. Controls were equally responsive to positive, negative, or no feedback. Hyperactives accomplished significantly less than controls on the coding task, but performed as well as controls on the spelling correction task, which was administered to each boy at his own level of spelling ability. The results imply that while consistent negative feedback can reduce off-task behavior for hyperactives, it can also decrease the accuracy of the work they are doing.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1992

Postinspiratory neuronal activities during behavioral control, sleep, and wakefulness.

Cells that discharge in early expiration and inhibit other respiratory cells purportedly cause a separate phase of the respiratory cycle that has been named "postinspiration." Our objective was to study these postinspiratory cells in the intact unanesthetized cat during sleep, wakefulness, and behavioral inhibition of inspiration, but we were unable to find cells with strong and consistent activity confined to early expiration. Instead, we found that various cell types were active in early expiration. They included inspiratory-expiratory phase-spanning cells, retrofacial augmenting expiratory cells with bursts in early expiration, retrofacial decrementing expiratory cells, tonic expiratory cells, and cells with variable activity in the early part of expiration. Just as the cell types active during early expiration were heterogeneous so too were their activities during behavioral inhibition of inspiration and during sleep. These results suggest that the state of early expiration is determined by many different cell types rather than a single class of postinspiratory cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Rate-dependent effects of drugs: modification by discriminative stimuli of the effects of amobarbital on schedule-controlled behavior.

Food-deprived pigeons responded under a 10-min fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. During even-numbered minutes of the schedule, the discriminative stimuli were the same as those present when food was delivered. During odd-numbered minutes there was either a change in keylight color or a change in overhead illumination, either for the entire duration of the odd-numbered minutes, or for 3-sec after each response. Responding during even-numbered minutes showed the usual pattern of positive acceleration; responding during odd-numbered minutes was similarly graded, but rates were much lower. The response-rate-increasing effects of amobarbital were inversely related to control rates of responding for both even- and odd-numbered minutes. However, when the stimulus change during odd-numbered minutes was either keylight color or a change from a darkened to a brightly illuminated chamber, increases in responding were considerably less than predicted on the basis of the effects on responding during even-numbered minutes. When the stimulus change was from a darkened to a dimly illuminated chamber, control rates of responding changed little, but increases in responding during odd-numbered minutes after amobarbital were considerably greater, and of the approximate order expected on the basis of control rate.

Amobarbital↗
PubMed1981

Some effects of sub-acute exposure to toluene on schedule-controlled behavior.

Behavioral effects of repeated exposure to toluene have been assessed on mice responding under an FI 60-sec schedule of milk presentation in a hermetically sealed chamber. Sessions consisted of alternating 10 min periods where milk was available under the FI schedule and 25 min periods where responding had no scheduled consequences. Mice were exposed to 500, 1000 or 2000 ppm toluene, for the last 4 hrs of five consecutive daily sessions. At concentrations of 500 ppm toluene had little effect on responding, on any of the 5 days of repeated exposure. Concentrations of 1000 ppm consistently increased rates of responding during each session and each day of repeated exposure. Concentrations of 2000 ppm consistently decreased responding after the first exposure series during daily exposures; increases in responding were seen at the beginning of sessions during the initial days of exposure. Consistent concentration-dependent effects of toluene were obtained over 4-hr exposure periods with schedule-controlled responding in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Tolerance to effects of cocaine on schedule-controlled behavior: effects of fixed-interval schedule parameter.

Tolerance to the effects of cocaine on key pecking by pigeons, maintained by differently valued fixed-interval schedules of food presentation, was studied. Key pecking was established on a multiple fixed-interval 5-sec fixed-interval 30-sec fixed-interval 120-sec schedule. Cocaine (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) was administered acutely and then chronically (i.e., before each session) in 5.6 mg/kg doses. Acute cocaine administration produced dose-related decreases in response rates under all three schedules. When cocaine was administered chronically, response rates either recovered fully, or increased to the extent that no reinforcers were missed during the sessions. The development of tolerance was not systematically related to the schedule value. Considered in relation to previous research, these results indicate that different control rates of reinforcement, within the schedules and parameters studied, do not contribute to tolerance to cocaine's behavioral effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effects of narcotic abstinence on schedule-controlled behavior in dependent rats.

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press for food on a variable interval one minute schedule of reinforcement. Four of these rats were then made tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine by a series of automatic IV injections. Four other rats were made tolerant to and physically dependent on LAAM. During the dependence state behavioral tolerance was exhibited to the suppressant effect of morphine on lever pressing, but not to the suppressant effect of LAAM. Abstinence was induced by discontinuation of injections. During both the morphine and LAAM abstinence states from the fourth through twelfth days mean lever presses per session were significantly higher than pre-drug control values. However, there were quantitative differences. Mean lever presses per session were significantly higher during morphine abstinence than during LAAM abstinence. This difference in degree of increased lever pressing observed during morphine and LAAM abstinence in this study extends our previous reports which demonstrated that in the rat morphine abstinence was associated with more severe behavioral disruptions than LAAM abstinence.

Animals↗