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PubMedDate not supplied

The blood flow velocity waveform in the fetal descending aorta; its relationship to fetal heart rate pattern, eye and body movements in normal pregnancy at 27-28 weeks of gestation.

In 13 normal pregnancies at 27-28 weeks of gestation the blood flow velocity waveform at the lower thoracic level of the fetal descending aorta was studied in relation to fetal heart rate pattern (FHRP), fetal eye movements (FEM) and fetal body movements (FBM). State parameter combinations in which high fetal heart rate (FHR) variability was present, were associated with a significant reduction in pulsatility index (PI) as compared with periods in which low FHR variability was present, irrespective of FEM and FBM, indicating a reduced peripheral vascular resistance. At 27-28 weeks of gestation FHR variability and PI might be linked to baroreceptor sensitivity. PI values derived from combinations FHRP-A, FEM(-), FBM(-) and FHRP-B, FEM(+), FBM(+) showed a significant inverse relationship (P less than 0.05) with FHR. FHR and FHR variability should be taken into account when studying flow velocity waveforms in the fetal descending aorta at 27-28 weeks of gestation.

Aorta, Thoracic↗
PubMed1990

Two discharge patterns of carotid body chemoreceptors in the goat.

Twenty-nine single carotid body chemoreceptor units recorded during normocapnic normoxia from 20 anesthetized goats were classified into two groups by discharge pattern. Thirteen fibers, which had interspike interval distributions with a prominent peak [24.0 +/- 9.8% (SD)] at 0- to 20-ms bin, were termed bursting fibers (BF). The 16 remaining fibers were termed nonbursting fibers (NBF); these had no notable peak in the interval distributions. During hypoxia and hypercapnia, the chemoreceptor fibers continued to discharge in their established patterns. The interval distribution of most NBF spike trains could be described with the Poisson process, but none of the BF could be. However, except for the intervals in the range of 0-20 ms, the interval distribution of the BF could be described as exponential. This study suggests that 1) there are two distinct populations of the goat chemoreceptor fiber, each with an inherent discharge pattern; 2) the chemoreceptor did not code information about arterial PO2 and PCO2 in different patterns; and 3) the basic chemotransduction mechanism is likely the same in BF and NBF, and the difference in discharge pattern is more likely to reflect processes downstream from the transducer.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2026

Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into dorso-ventral color pattern formation of Holothuria edulis.

Animal body color patterns are highly diverse and play critical roles in camouflage, intraspecific communication, and environmental adaptation. Holothuria edulis, an important echinoderm inhabiting tropical waters, exhibits a typical dorsoventral dichromatism. This unique body color difference represents a key phenotypic trait for its habitat adaptation; however, the core differential genes regulating this trait remain to be elucidated. In this study, comparative transcriptome sequencing was performed on the dorsal and ventral body wall tissues of H. edulis, leading to the identification of a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. GO enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were significantly enriched in functional categories such as extracellular region, peptidase inhibitor activity, and tetrapyrrole binding. KEGG pathway analysis further revealed significant enrichment of protein digestion and absorption, the TNF signaling pathway, and cholesterol metabolism. Notably, the pigmentation-related gene FMO2 was highly expressed in the dorsal body wall tissue, whereas cyp1a1, ZIC1, Slc7a11, WNT-1, and ADAMTS20 were highly expressed in the ventral body wall tissue. This study identified DEGs and enriched pathways associated with dorsoventral body color differences in H. edulis, providing new insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying body color pattern formation. From the perspective of aquaculture applications, body color is one of the important traits affecting the quality and market value of sea cucumber products. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of body color variation can provide a scientific basis for molecular marker-assisted breeding of superior sea cucumber variety.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Distribution pattern of cell bodies and fibers with neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the cat hypothalamus.

Neurotensin is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Extensive radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical studies in rats show that the neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya and fibers are most prominent in the hypothalamus. Radioimmunoassay studies have suggested that the levels of neurotensin in the hypothalamus of cats may be six times higher than that of rats. We studied the distribution pattern of neurotensin immunoreactivity within the hypothalamus of the cat by avidin-biotin modification immunohistochemical methods: (1) to define its distribution pattern within the hypothalamus, and (2) to compare our findings with the patterns that have been described in rats. Results show that neurotensin immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers are most prominent in the rostral and intermediate regions of the cat hypothalamus. Cell bodies with neurotensin-like immunoreactivity are seen maximally in the medial preoptic region, the infundibular nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamus. The neurotensin positive fibers are dense in the periventricular regions of the entire rostro-caudal extent of the hypothalamus. This pattern of distribution of neurotensin immunoreactivity is similar to that described in rats. The suprachiasmatic nuclei of the cat hypothalamus, however, contained a significant number of neurotensin immunoreactive cell bodies, an observation not noted in the rat hypothalamus. The neurotensin immunoreactive neurons were more numerous in the lateral hypothalamus than has been reported in rats, but the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in cats contained fewer neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya. The presence of neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the apparent increase in the number of neurotensin immunoreactive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus may account for the increased levels of neurotensin reported in cats. Neurotensin has been speculated to play a role in nociception, thermoregulation, and control of arterial pressure by acting as a hormone or a neurotransmitter. Details of the pattern of colocalization of neurotensin with that of other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters will aid in our understanding of its role in these functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Body fat distribution and osteoarthritis.

The association of body fat distribution with single and combined site osteoarthritis was investigated using data from the US Health Examination Survey I, 1960-1962 (HES I) and the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I, 1971-1975 (NHANES I). The study included 1,636 adults aged 35-79 years from HES I with hands and feet radiographs and four anthropometric fat distribution measures--subscapular and triceps skinfolds, waist girth, and seat breadth--and 3,885 adults aged 45-74 from NHANES I with knee radiographs and subscapular and triceps skinfold measures. Sex-specific data, adjusted for age, race, and body mass index, were analyzed using polychotomous logistic regression. There was a positive association of body mass index with knee osteoarthritis and with combined hands and feet osteoarthritis. A peripheral body girth pattern was associated with combined site osteoarthritis of the hands and feet; however, there was no consistent pattern of association of body fat distribution with knee osteoarthritis nor with osteoarthritis of the hands or feet only. These findings suggest that the central body fat pattern observed in previous studies to be associated with cardiovascular and gallbladder disease, and with diabetes, is not associated with osteoarthritis of the hands, feet, or knees.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relative contribution of body fat and fat pattern to blood pressure level.

Although the association between body weight and blood pressure is irrefutable, body fat mass and blood pressure level may not necessarily be directly related. To clarify the relative contribution of fat mass to blood pressure level, we analyzed data on 399 adults consecutively entering a weight control program. Although most subjects were notably overweight (mean ideal body weight 177%), the population represented a wide spectrum of body weights and blood pressure levels. Study parameters included body fat mass (by total body water, 40K, and Steinkamp formula), lean body mass, body build (chest to height ratio), fat cell number and size from bilateral buttock biopsy specimens, upper fat pattern by arm to thigh circumference ratio, and central fat pattern by subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio. Our results concurred with previously noted correlations between obesity and blood pressure (as mean arterial pressure): weight (r = 0.44), percentage of body fat (r = 0.19), and absolute fat mass (r = 0.38; all p less than 0.01); however, lean body mass, age, and body build correlated highly with both fat mass and mean arterial pressure, thereby confounding this relationship. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the relative contribution of fat mass to mean arterial pressure in the presence of these and other potentially confounding variables. Lean body mass, age, body build, and an upper body fat pattern were found to contribute significantly to the variation in mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.01). In their presence, percentage of body fat, absolute fat mass, central fat pattern, fat cell characteristics, and age of onset of obesity did not significantly improve the predictability of mean arterial pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Reversible achalasia-like motor pattern of esophageal body secondary to postoperative stricture of gastroesophageal junction.

Two cases are presented of benign stenosis of the cardia secondary to fibrosis following antireflux surgery in which the patients developed a motor alteration in the esophageal body similar to that of achalasia of the cardia. There was a complete absence of contractions in one patient, which had developed over a long period of time, and a vigorous pattern in the other patient, which had evolved over a short period. In both cases, after surgical treatment of the stenosis, normal motility in the esophageal body returned.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Regional deposition of aerosolized pentamidine. Effects of body position and breathing pattern.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of varying body position and breathing pattern on overall lung distribution of aerosolized pentamidine. DESIGN: Nonrandomized control trial with four weekly inhalational treatments. SETTING: The nuclear medicine department of a voluntary hospital. PATIENTS: Sixteen men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or positive serology for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Thirteen patients (81%) completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Patients inhaled a solution of either saline and technetium-99m bound to diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid or sterile water, pentamidine (60 mg), and technetium-99m bound to human serum albumin. On weekly visits, the patients inhaled the aerosol solution using four methods: sitting, supine, sitting with an abdominal binder, and sitting and breathing from residual volume with a shallow inspiration. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Deposition scans, obtained after each aerosol inhalation, were superimposed on each patient's equilibrium xenon scan, and a frequency distribution histogram was constructed. An asymmetry index was determined from this histogram. The lower the asymmetry index, the more homogeneous the aerosol distribution. Only use of the supine position showed a significant decrease in the asymmetry index (mean, 0.34 +/- 0.02 in the supine position, 0.48 +/- 0.03 in the sitting position; P less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Aerosol distribution in the lungs was more uniform when administered to patients in the supine position. Patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine may benefit from inhalation in the supine position; these results should be verified by clinical study.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between percent body fat and menstrual patterns in athletes and nonathletes.

The relationship between body fat percentage and menstrual patterns was examined in a longitudinal study of 25 collegiate athletes and 41 college-aged nonathletic control subjects. The athletes were training in gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming, volleyball, or track. Data were collected each month concerning cycle, flow length, weight, and skinfold thicknesses (iliac crest, triceps, and subscapular). Height was determined once. Body fat percentage was estimated using the Sloan and Weir (1970) nomogram. Total energy expenditure was estimated for athletes according to sport. Mean body fat percentages of controls and athletes differed significantly, t = 4.4, p less than .01, but no significant difference was found in cycle length, F = 3.3, p = .078. Multiple regression analysis revealed no clear relationship between length of menstrual cycle and height, weight, skinfold thickness, or total energy expenditure. No significant relationship existed between body fat percentage and menstrual cycle length as tested with the Pearson correlation coefficient. This study confirmed that menstrual phenomena cannot be defined as normal or pathologic by rhythmic occurrence alone. Rather, an individual's menstrual cycle length may be more suitably evaluated according to a multivariable continuum of menstrual patterns.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Patterns of reciprocity in auditory thalamocortical and corticothalamic connections: study with horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic methods in the rat medial geniculate body.

The patterns of reciprocity between retrogradely labeled thalamocortical cells of origin and anterogradely projecting corticothalamic axon terminals were studied in the subdivisions of the adult rat medial geniculate body following auditory cortical injections of mixtures of horseradish peroxidase and [3H]leucine. The labeling produced by each method was examined independently, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in adjacent series of tetramethylbenzidine-processed sections and in autoradiographs after 24-96 hour survivals. The distribution and number of labeled cells and axon terminals were assessed separately for each method and compared systematically throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the medial geniculate complex. The principal finding was that zones containing many retrogradely labeled neuronal somata are not completely coextensive with areas of heavy terminal labeling within the medial geniculate body, although there is a gross congruence of thalamocortical-corticothalamic projections. Conversely, we found many zones of autoradiographic silver grains without retrogradely labeled somata in the adjacent sections; in general, the autoradiographic zones of non-reciprocity were more extensive and marked than were retrograde zones of non-reciprocity. The rat medial geniculate complex could be subdivided on the basis of its neuronal organization, cytoarchitecture, fiber architecture, and thalamocortical and corticothalamic connections into three major parts: the ventral, dorsal, and medial divisions. This pattern of organization was comparable, though not identical, to that of the corresponding subdivisions in the cat medial geniculate body (Winer: Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 86:1-98, '85). While the retrograde labeling appeared to mark many of the different types of neurons in each of the three divisions, there were distinct local and quantitative and qualitative differences in the distribution of autoradiographic terminal labeling. The ventral division received the heaviest cortical input, the medial division the least labeling, while the dorsal division was intermediate. Thus, corticogeniculate projections to the ventral division often produced values 20-100 times above background (absolute values: 2,001-10,000 silver grains/14,400 micron2; background: less than 100 silver grains/14,400 micron2); the same projection to the dorsal division usually resulted in grain counts no more than 5-20 times above background (501-2,000/14,400 micron2), while in the medial division the number of silver grains rarely exceeded two to five times the background (201-500/14,400 micron2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Amino acid pattern in the bodies and several organs of broilers fed different provisions with tryptophan and neutral amino acids].

Carcasses and organs of 36 broiler chicks originating from an extensive fattening experiment with differing proportions of tryptophan (0.65 and 0.93 g/16 g N) to the neutral amino acids (15.2, 18.3 and 22.0 g/16 g N) in feed were analyzed for amino acid contents. Aside from the whole carcasses, a selected muscle (M. fibularis longus), liver, small intestine, and brain were prepared from the animals and analyzed. The organ weights differed according to the live-weights with the exception of the brain, where no group differences were measured. The patterns of amino acids of carcasses and organs remained nearly constant with differing amino acid supply. The only remarkable effect was the increase of the proportions of proline and hydroxyproline in the carcass protein from 6.4 to 7.4 and from 1.6 to 1.8%, respectively, with the higher tryptophan supply indicating increasing proportions of connective tissue. No relationship between weight gain and collagen content (calculated from hydroxyproline content) could be detected. The frequently supposed antagonism between tryptophan and the neutral amino acids, especially at the border of blood and brain, caused no reduction in tryptophan content of brain with increasing supply of neutral amino acids. There was, however, a significant depression of the development of the animals and the other inner organs.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1989

Precursors of essential hypertension. The role of body fat distribution pattern.

Progression from normotension between 1964 and 1972 to essential hypertension by age 55 years was documented in 1,031 adult members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (Northern California region) from computerized multiphasic health checkup records and medical record review. Each case was matched to a persistently normotensive control on age, sex, race, number, and dates of multiphasics. In 609 pairs with baseline measurements of subscapular and triceps skinfolds, mean interval from baseline to the case's first hypertensive multiphasic was 5.7 years, and mean age at onset of hypertension was 47 years. Baseline measures of body mass index, subscapular skinfold, and triceps skinfold were each predictive of development of hypertension (odds ratios 3.85, 3.75, and 2.29 respectively, comparing highest with lowest quintiles, p less than 0.0001 for each). When both skinfolds were included in the same model, subscapular skinfold was highly predictive and triceps skinfold was no longer related to risk. When the authors controlled for overall obesity (body mass index), subscapular skinfold remained highly predictive (p less than 0.0001). In 330 pairs who also had skinfold measurements at the hypertensive multiphasic, weight gain was a strong predictor of hypertension. Increase in subscapular skinfold conferred a small increase in risk in women only. The authors conclude that centrally deposited body fat increases risk for developing essential hypertension independent of the overall level of obesity, while peripherally deposited fat does not.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1988

Relationship of body fat distribution pattern to atherogenic risk factors in NIDDM. Preliminary results.

Because recent knowledge indicates that the distribution of fat deposits in men may be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than the degree of obesity alone, some risk factors for atherosclerosis were evaluated in 51 middle-aged men with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Abdominal adiposity (waist/hip ratio, WHR) was related to parameters of metabolic control, lipid parameters, and known vascular complications in three different groups. In groups with abdominal obesity, mean annual hemoglobin A1 was significantly (P less than .01) higher than in patients without an abdominal fat distribution. Atherogenic index was significantly increased in the group with the highest WHR and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol) levels were significantly decreased in both groups with upper-body fat distribution. The frequency of peripheral vascular disease, coronary ischemic heart disease, and hypertension was most prominent in diabetic subjects with an abdominal fat mass distribution. A highly significant (P less than .001) correlation was present between WHR and HDL-chol and WHR and the total-cholesterol/HDL-chol ratio; this significant correlation remains after correction for body mass index. A similar correlation could be found between WHR and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. These results demonstrate an association of excess abdominal fat, even without manifest obesity, with worse diabetes metabolic control, cardiovascular complications, and blood lipid levels actually considered to play an important role in atherogenesis.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1989

Diagnostic body surface potential map patterns in left ventricular hypertrophy during PQRST.

Body surface potential maps were recorded from 117 thoracic sites and 3 limb electrodes in 173 normal subjects older than 30 years of age and 122 patients with clinically "pure" left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. Typical LV hypertrophy map patterns were identified at successive instants during the PQRST waveform by removing from sequential LV hypertrophy maps the corresponding normal variability range at each electrode site. The presence in individual patients of 1 or more patterns typical in time and location of LV hypertrophy allowed retrospective assignment to the LV hypertrophy group. The most consistent discriminant patterns were excessive negative voltages in the anterior torso with reciprocal excess of positive voltages in the upper right chest during the second half of the P wave, excessive negative voltages in the lower right anterior torso at mid-QRS and excessive negative voltages in the left precordium with reciprocal excess of positive voltages in the upper right chest throughout ST-T. Best classification results were achieved with ST-T features, followed by features from the P wave, the QRS waveform and the PR segment. Cumulative use of ST-T and P features yielded a specificity of 94% with a sensitivity of 88%. Little improvement was obtained by the addition of QRS and PR information. The discriminant map criteria were applied to body surface potential maps from 169 new subjects (77 normal subjects ages 20 to 30 years and 92 patients with complicated LV hypertrophy). Little modification in specificity (93%) and sensitivity (90%) was observed. The performance of commonly used standard lead criteria was also tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1986

Growth patterns of rat body, brain, and cerebellum in fetal alcohol syndrome.

Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were offered protein- and vitamin-enriched, nutritionally balanced, liquid ethanol diet, providing 35% of calories as ethanol, beginning on day 6 of gestation. Control animals were pair-fed identical liquid diet except that maltose-dextrins were substituted for ethanol. At birth the pups of both ethanol exposed and pair-fed mothers were surrogate-fostered by normal dams. Plasma concentrations of ethanol and thyroxine were determined in dams of experimental and control groups. Thyroxine concentrations were significantly reduced in ethanol-fed dams compared with pair-fed. Pups of both groups were killed at 0-1, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 postnatal days. The crown-rump, crown-tail lengths, and weights of body, brain, and cerebellum were significantly reduced in ethanol-exposed pups compared with controls at all time sequences studied.

Animals↗