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PubMed2005

Interactions between different selenium compounds and zinc, cadmium and mercury.

In this paper, we present a polarographic study of systems containing different inorganic and organic selenium compounds (sodium selenite, sodium selenate, seleno-methionine and seleno-urea) and metal ions (Zn2+, Cd2+ Hg2+) of the 12th group of elements in the periodic table. While zinc is a trace element known to be essential for plants and animals, cadmium and mercury are exogenous elements and are harmful pollutants that accumulate during aging; selenium is also recognized as an important micronutrient and is sometimes added to the diet. Experiments investigating the interactions were carried out using polarographic techniques in unbuffered systems. The three metal cations originated complexes with different strength and solubility in the presence of selenite anions; in the presence of selenate, polarography was not able to detect formation of complexes with these metal ions, at least under the experimental conditions used: a decrease of Hg2+ ion concentration was observed. Seleno-methionine did not react with Cd2+; in the presence of Zn2+, a soluble complex with a co-ordination number 1 was formed, while, again, the concentration of Hg2+ decreased in the presence of increasing concentrations of the selenium derivative. Seleno-urea did not react with Zn2+, but formed a complex with Cd2+ with limited solubility. Finally, this ligand could not be studied with Hg2+ because of the overlapping of the reduction potentials of both the ligand and the metal cation. Overall equilibrium constants for complex formation (Kf) and the solubility product (Ksp) for poorly soluble species are also reported.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1999

Protective effects of triterpene compounds against the cytotoxicity of cadmium in HepG2 cells.

The effects of triterpene compounds on cadmium toxicity were investigated in HepG2 cells. Ten triterpene compounds were examined, namely, betulin, soyasapogenol A, soyasapogenol B, ursolic acid, uvaol, oleanolic acid, friedelin, glycyrrhizin, 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, and betulin, soyasapogenol A, and uvaol were found to reduce the toxicity of CdCl(2). In particular, betulin almost completely abolished the cytotoxicity of CdCl(2) at concentrations as low as 0. 1 microg/ml. The effects of betulin were particularly apparent when added to the culture medium before the addition of CdCl(2). Moreover, when HepG2 cells were incubated with betulin and then incubated in fresh betulin-free medium before the addition of CdCl(2), the toxic effects of cadmium were reduced. Betulin had no significant effect on the intracellular accumulation of cadmium, nor did it bind to cadmium, at least not in a test tube. When HepG2 cells were treated first with cycloheximide or actinomycin D, the subsequent protective effect of betulin against cadmium toxicity was significantly reduced, suggesting that betulin might protect cells against cadmium toxicity by inducing the synthesis of a certain protein or proteins. The synthesis of metallothionein, a protein that is known to reduce the toxicity of heavy metals, was not induced by betulin. However, using the differential display method, we confirmed that betulin promoted the expression of several genes. Our findings suggest that betulin might reduce cadmium toxicity by promoting the synthesis of certain proteins that protect cells against the toxic effects of cadmium.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1992

Influence of soluble organic matter on cadmium mobility in model compounds and in soils.

The role of soluble organic matter on the mobility of cadmium in model compounds and soils is discussed. For model compounds, a simple predictive model is proposed to describe the competition between metal adsorption and the formation of complexes in the solution, using conditional constants to predict the adsorption behaviour of metallic cations in the presence of an organic ligand. Experimental results are presented using a clay mineral and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as organic ligand to assess this model for cadmium. Soil experiments are also presented to illustrate the influence of soluble complexing organic matter on the mobility of cadmium. In this instance, mobility is shown to depend on three interactive parameters: pH, oxidation-reduction reactions and formation of complexes.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1990

Mutagenicity of cadmium, platinum and rhodium compounds in cultured mammalian cells.

The induction of mutation by cadmium chloride (CdCl2), platinum tetrachloride (PtCl4), and rhodium trichloride (RhCl3.3H2O) was measured utilizing the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in V-79 cells. Cadmium chloride at a concentration of 0.05 microM induced ford mutation in V-79 cells 4 times that of their control mutation frequency. Platinum tetrachloride at a concentration of 15 microM and 300 microM rhodium trichloride also induced ford mutation in V-79 cells at rates of around 7 and 4 times control rates, respectively. Platinum is often, and rhodium sometimes added to dental metallic alloys to improve their metallurgic characteristics and cadmium has been mingled in such alloys as well. Moreover, metallic dental drugs such as K2PtCl4 are used a dentine desensitizers. Thus, the genetic hazards of metal ions including cadmium, platinum, and rhodium that dissolve from dental materials and drugs must be investigated and caution exercised for their safe use in dental clinics.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Study on workers exposed to cadmium in alkaline storage battery manufacturing and PVC compounding.

The extent of cadmium exposure was studied in a cadmium-nickel battery factory and 8 PVC factories using cadmium stabilisers in the compounding of PVC. A total of 101 cadmium-exposed workers and 21 control subjects matched by sex, age, ethnic group and smoking history was investigated. Blood and urine cadmium levels were considerably elevated in the battery workers but were not raised in the PVC workers. These findings were consistent with the results of cadmium-in-air assessments. Among the female battery workers, urine cadmium excretion increased significantly with employment time. There was good correlation between blood and urine cadmium levels among the female subjects. A significant association between blood cadmium levels and prevalence of chest pain was also noted among the females. No low molecular weight proteinuria was detected, but two female battery workers had slight albuminuria and one male PVC worker had glucosuria but had abnormal GTT results.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1989

The mobilization of intracellular cadmium by butyl and amyl esters of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid.

The esters of the general structure, [CH(SH)COOR]2, i.e., Di-BDMS, R = CH2CH(CH3)2; Ds-BDMS, R = CH(CH3)CH2CH3; Di-ADMS, R = CH2CH2CH(CH3)2; and D3-ADMS, R = CH(CH2CH3)2 from the reaction of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid with isobutyl, sec-butyl, isoamyl, and 3-amyl alcohols, respectively, have been prepared, characterized, and examined as chelating agents for the removal of cadmium from its aged intracellular deposits. All of these compounds depleted cadmium from such deposits and significantly reduced the whole body levels of cadmium. In the case of three (Ds-BDMS, Di-BDMS, and Di-ADMS) of these compounds, the reductions achieved are equal to or greater than that produced by 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL) under similar circumstances. None of these compounds caused any redistribution of cadmium to the brain, and two of them (Di-BDMS and Di-ADMS) caused a very much larger reduction in the liver levels of cadmium than BAL. None was as effective as BAL in reducing kidney levels of cadmium. These compounds are not soluble in water and are administered as solutions in peanut oil. A comparison of the behavior of these compounds with others which have been reported to be effective in reducing body burdens of cadmium in chronic cadmium intoxication reveals that they are among the most effective. An analysis of the manner in which mobilizing efficacy changes with structure indicates that higher, purely alkyl analogs are not expected to be superior to these compounds, though other structural variations may be.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Influence of chronic poisoning with cadmium on some lipid compounds in heart muscle and aorta of rabbits].

The detection of the influence of chronic poisoning with cadmium on some lipid metabolism in heart muscle and aorta of rabbits was the main object of the paper. A distinct cumulation of cadmium in the heart muscle was observed. However, its excessive accumulation in the wall of the aorta was not noted. A trend toward an increase of all lipid parameters, that is triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol, was observed in the heart muscle. On the other hand, the level of phospholipids increased very distinctly in the aorta and the level of free fatty acids decreased insignificantly, which can be a favourable factor for the development of atherosclerosis processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Toxic and carcinogenic agents in dry and moist snuff.

The oral use of snuff is causatively associated with cancer of the oral cavity. Since most epidemiologic studies to date relate to the long-term use of dry snuff, which has dominated the U.S. smokeless tobacco market in the past, the concentrations of several toxic and carcinogenic agents in the three most popular dry snuff brands have been compared with those in the five most popular moist snuff brands sold in the United States. All eight samples were analyzed for nitrate, alkaloids, polyphenols, volatile carbonyl compounds, lead, cadmium, selenium, and the carcinogenic compounds benzo[a]pyrene (CAS: 50-32-8), polonium-210 (CAS: 13981-52-7), volatile N-nitrosamines (VNAs), N-nitrosodiethanolamine (CAS: 1116-54-7), and the tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs). Most of the snuff brands were rich in nitrate (greater than or equal to 1.5%), total polyphenols (greater than 2%), and in nicotine (greater than or equal to 1.5%), which is the habituating factor in tobacco use. Concentrations of the VNAs were significantly above the permissible limits set for some food products; the concentrations of the TSNAs in both snuff types exceeded the levels of nitrosamines in other consumer products by at least two to three orders of magnitude. The extremely high levels of the TSNAs in snuff have remained unchanged during the last decade and present the major carcinogenic risk factor for the oral use of snuff. Polonium-210 contributes further to the carcinogenic risk associated with snuff. The chemical-analytical data presented in this study do not indicate marked differences in the carcinogenic potential of moist snuff compared to dry snuff.

Acetone↗
PubMed1993

Lung deposition, lung clearance and renal accumulation of inhaled cadmium chloride and cadmium sulphide in rats.

Rats were exposed 6 h/day over 10 days to 0.3 mg/m3 of water soluble cadmium chloride and 0.2, 1.0 and 8.0 mg/m3 of insoluble cadmium sulphide, then killed at intervals over a 3-month period for serial measurements of lung, renal and faecal cadmium. CdCl2 and high-dose CdS animals showed a transient increase in lung weight. Clearance of both compounds was biphasic. Approximately 40% of deposited material was cleared during the 10-day exposure period. For CdCl2, only 9% of the lung burden was cleared rapidly after the last exposure (half-life 1.0 days) and 47% slowly (half-life 87 days), leaving a residual lung burden of 44%. For CdS, 41% of the lung burden was cleared rapidly (half-life 1.4 days) and 40% slowly (half-life 42 days), leaving a final residue 19%. In the CdS high-dose group, the retention of CdS in the lung was greater than that in the CdS low-dose groups, indicating that clearance mechanisms may possibly have been impaired in the high-dose group by too great a lung burden. For both compounds, faecal cadmium was initially high. Renal accumulation of cadmium was substantial for CdCl2 during the exposure period and continued over the following months until it represented approximately 35% of the total cadmium cleared from the lung. For CdS, renal accumulation was only 1% of the amount cleared from the lung. The bioavailability of Cd from CdS is thus poor, the majority being cleared from the lungs and excreted in the faeces. However, the bioavailability of inhaled CdS measured as cadmium in the kidney is greater than the bioavailability of orally ingested CdS.

Administration, Inhalation↗