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PubMed1994

Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) spatial memory in a foraging task: win-stay versus win-shift strategies.

The spatial memory of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) was explored in 3 experiments with a simulated foraging task. In Experiment 1, individual monkeys foraged among 8 baited food sites. They appeared to use spatial memory to accurately avoid revisiting previously depleted sites. There was no difference in accuracy between the adult monkeys and a juvenile monkey tested on the same task. In Experiment 2, a win-stay paradigm was used. The adult monkey subject very accurately remembered locations that had previously contained food. The monkey tended to visit adjacent correct sites when retrieving food and thus minimized the total distance travelled. In Experiment 3, a win-shift paradigm was used with 2 adult monkeys. Although both monkeys performed at above-chance levels of accuracy on the win-shift task, they made many errors. These results suggest that marmosets may prefer tasks that require a win-stay strategy.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Distribution and metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

Whole-body autoradiography of [3H]aflatoxin B1 (3H-AFB1) in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) showed a localization of bound labelling, in addition to the liver, in the nasal olfactory and respiratory mucosa and the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal duct, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea and the oesophagus. In vitro microautoradiography of these tissues incubated with 3H-AFB1 showed a localization of bound radioactivity in some cells in the epithelial linings of the tissues. This binding was abolished when the incubations were performed in the presence of the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor metyrapone. These results indicate a cytochrome P-450-dependent bioactivation of AFB1 in some structures in the epithelia of the nasal olfactory mucosa and the upper respiratory and alimentary pathways, in addition to the liver, in the marmoset monkey. Quantitation of the in vitro formation of tissue-bound radioactivity from the 3H-AFB1 showed that the nasal olfactory mucosa had the highest capacity to form bound metabolites among the tissues examined. Liquid chromatography of lipid-soluble metabolites formed by the nasal olfactory mucosa and the liver showed that aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was the major metabolite. AFM1 was also the major metabolite found in the liver in vivo. In the pigmented tissues of the marmosets there was an accumulation of nonmetabolized AFB1. This can be related to a melanin-affinity of AFB1. The described tissues with a capacity to accumulate and metabolize AFB1 may be potential targets for the carcinogenicity of this substance in the marmoset monkey.

Aflatoxin B1↗

PubMed1985

Metabolism and tissue distribution of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

Three male marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) were injected i.v. with the tobacco-specific carcinogen [2'-14C]N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) (20.3 mumol/kg body weight) or [carbonyl-14C]4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (18.8 or 420 mumol/kg body weight). They were sacrificed 4 h later. Tissue distribution was studied in two monkeys by whole-body autoradiography and by computer-assisted densitometric analysis of the autoradiograms. The autoradiograms showed a high level of radioactivity in the liver, nasal mucosa, kidneys, melanin of the eyes, hair-follicles of the skin and in the ceruminous ear glands of the monkeys. Total level of radioactivity was 5.7 times higher in the liver of the [carbonyl-14C]NNK-injected monkey than in that of [2'-14C]-NNN-injected monkey. Washing the sections with trichloroacetic acid and organic solvents selectively removed free metabolites leaving metabolites bound to cellular macromolecules. Level of bound metabolites was 1.5 times higher in the nasal mucosa than in the liver of the [2'-14C]NNN monkey. Levels of bound metabolites were similar in the liver of NNN- and NNK-treated monkeys. The results indicate that the liver and nasal mucosa of C. jacchus can activate NNN and NNK to alkylating species. Unbound metabolites present in the liver, lung, kidneys, eye, blood and urine were extracted and separated by h.p.l.c. Hydroxylation of the carbons alpha to the N-nitroso group of NNN were the major metabolic pathways. Unmetabolized NNN was the major radioactive component in the liver, lung, eye and blood. Reduction of the carbonyl of NNK yields 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)butan-1-ol (NNAl). NNAl was present in all tissues analyzed and was the major radioactive component in the eye and stomach lumen. It was also excreted in the urine. NNK and NNAl were metabolized by alpha-carbon hydroxylation. These results suggest that in C. jacchus, NNN, NNK and NNAl are activated to alkylating species by alpha-carbon hydroxylation. In the third monkey injected with NNK, DNA methylation was observed in the liver and nasal mucosa but not in the lung and kidneys. Pulmonary tissues of C. jacchus, unlike those of F344 rats, do not have the enzymic capacities to activate NNK to methylating species.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Radionuclide angiographic study of the influence of dietary lipid supplements on cardiac function in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Radionuclide angiography was used to examine the influence of dietary fat on cardiac function in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) under barbiturate anaesthesia. Animals were fed for 6-8 months with a low fat (4.5%) reference diet or the same diet supplemented (12%) with sunflower seed oil or sheep fat. Although there was a tendency towards increased heart rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, peak ejection rate, and peak filling rate in both fat supplemented groups, significant increases in heart rate (+50%), peak ejection rate (+71%), and peak filling rate (+84%) were found with sheep fat supplementation, whereas only the vegetable oil supplement produced a significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (+23%). There were no differences in resting blood pressure, and the main consequence of dietary fat supplementation was a major increase in apparent cardiac oxygen consumption (+58%) with the sheet fat diet, as determined by the pressure-rate index. Infusion of isoprenaline hydrochloride (0.2 microgram.kg-1.min-1) increased all indices of cardiac function towards common maxima. There were no differences in either the depth or duration of anaesthesia between dietary groups. It therefore is unlikely that this contributed to any of the observed dietary induced differences in cardiac function. It is suggested that dietary saturated animal fat increased cardiac work and oxygen consumption at rest to the extent that functional reserve to respond to stress was significantly diminished. Feeding a linoleic acid rich polyunsaturated vegetable oil supplement was, however, accompanied by evidence of some improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

The effect of stress on semen reduction in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

This study compared a number of semen parameters of two separate groups of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) in order to determine the effect of a continuous potentially stressful situation on these parameters, and thus on the monkey's reproductive ability. The semen from 16 adult male marmoset monkeys was collected and analysed to compare semen parameters between a 'normal' (control) group (n = 9) and a 'blood withdrawn' ('stress') group (n = 7). The semen parameter values observed in the control were: pH 7.51 +/- 0.22, volume 40.2 +/- 27.2 microliters, concentration 27.3 +/- 14.8 x 10(4)/microliters, motility 47.4 +/- 15.9%, grade of velocity 3.5 +/- 1.2, and normal morphological forms 51.8 +/- 13.7%. The 'blood withdrawn' group of marmoset monkeys showed significantly lower semen volume and sperm concentration than the 'normal' group. In addition, total count of spermatozoa, normal spermatozoa, motile spermatozoa and normal motile spermatozoa per ejaculate per monkey was significantly reduced in the 'blood withdrawn' group. The semen of these monkeys also revealed a significantly higher percentage of abnormally-shaped sperm heads than the normal group, and cases of impotence and sham ejaculation were recorded. Our study revealed that the continuous withdrawal of a small volume of blood from a group of marmoset monkeys appeared to be stressful to these monkeys and as a result, influenced their semen parameters, possibly making them less fertile. In addition, electroejaculation was found to be possibly harmful to the monkey's reproductive ability.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Local relaxin biosynthesis in the ovary and uterus through the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the female marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

The pattern of peripheral serum concentration for the peptide hormone relaxin in women points to the possibility of an interesting paracrine function in the cycle and early pregnancy. In order to investigate this physiology in detail, it was decided to examine local relaxin biosynthesis in an established primate model for human female reproductive function, the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). In this initial study relaxin biosynthesis was assessed using a combination of molecular and immunological techniques through the oestrous cycle in the marmoset monkey. The nucleotide sequence of the full-length relaxin gene transcript was cloned from the marmoset ovary and found to be closely homologous to that of the human H2 relaxin. Using gene specific probes derived from this sequence, RNase protection assays, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays and in-situ hybridization, showed relaxin gene expression within the ovary in theca cells and corpora lutea in the oestrous cycle, increasing in early pregnancy. Relaxin gene expression was also identified at a low level in the uterus and placenta, and at a higher level in the prostate in the male marmoset monkey. Using two different relaxin-specific antisera, relaxin-like immunoreactivity was observed in the ovary with a pattern of distribution coincident with that obtained by in-situ hybridization. Immunoreactivity was also found in the non-pregnant uterus, within the endometrial epithelium of the late proliferative phase and increasing within the glands through the secretory phase. Taken together, the pattern of relaxin peptide and mRNA expression show there is the basis for local relaxin physiology within the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum, and within the uterus during the oestrous cycle in this new world monkey.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1984

Primary structures of adult hemoglobins of silvery marmoset, Callithrix argentatus, and cotton-headed tamarin, Saguinus oedipus.

Tryptic peptides of the alpha and beta chains from silvery marmoset (Callithrix argentatus) and cotton-headed tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) hemoglobins were isolated and sequenced, respectively, by conventional methods. The ordering of the peptides in each chain was deduced from the homology of their sequences with those of human adult hemoglobin. The primary structures thus deduced are compared with those of other primate hemoglobins, and the rate of evolution in New World monkey hemoglobins is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Oxytocin gene expression and oxytocin immunoactivity in the ovary of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

Oxytocin was identified in ovaries recovered on Day 5 (+/- 1) of the luteal phase from three female marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). With use of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, expression of mRNA for oxytocin and oxytocin receptor was detected in both luteal tissue and in the ovarian remnant. Evidence for ovarian synthesis of oxytocin was provided by immunohistochemistry, which showed positive staining for oxytocin and neurophysin in the cytoplasm of the luteal cells. Some luteal cells had a more intensely stained perinuclear region than others for oxytocin immunoreactivity, whereas the staining for neurophysin was evenly distributed. Granulosa and theca cells of antral follicles also showed positive staining for oxytocin immunoreactivity; no reactivity was found in fibroblast or endothelial cells. Oxytocin immunoreactivity was also detected in the luteal tissue of all animals by immunoassay, with values ranging from 2.8 to 12.1 ng/g wet weight. The oxytocin concentration for the ovarian remnant was either very low (0.55-0.75 ng/g wet weight) or nondetectable (< 0.5 ng/g wet weight). Local production of oxytocin within the ovary was suggested by the measurement of higher oxytocin concentrations in the blood from ovaries containing corpora lutea compared with peripheral blood. Collectively, these results provide evidence for ovarian biosynthesis of oxytocin and suggest the possibility of a paracrine role in the regulation of primate ovarian function.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Pluripotent cell lines derived from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) blastocysts.

We report the derivation of eight pluripotent cell lines from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) blastocysts. These cell lines are positive for a series of markers (alkaline phosphatase, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81) that characterize undifferentiated human embryonal carcinoma cells and rhesus embryonic stem cells. All eight cell lines had a modal chromosome number of 46; seven cell lines were XX and one was XY. Two cell lines (Cj11 and Cj62) were cultured continuously for over a year and remained undifferentiated and euploid. In the absence of fibroblast feeder layers, these cell lines differentiated to multiple cell types, even in the presence of leukemia inhibiting factor. Differentiated cells secreted bioactive CG into the culture medium and expressed alpha-CG, beta-CG, and alpha-fetoprotein mRNA, indicating trophoblast and endoderm differentiation. Bioactive CG secretion in differentiating cells was increased substantially in the presence of GnRH agonist D-Trp6-Pro9-NHEt. When grown at high densities, these cells formed embryoid bodies with a close resemblance to early postimplantation embryos, including the formation of a yolk sac, amnion, and an embryonic disc with an early primitive streak. These results make these pluripotent cells strong candidates for marmoset embryonic stem cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Insulin-like and fibroblast growth factors and their receptors are differentially expressed in the oviducts of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) during the ovulatory cycle.

It is suggested that growth factors support the process of maturation and differentiation in the mammalian oviduct. Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are possible influences on these processes. The present study describes for the first time the expression of FGF-1 and -2 and their receptors as well as IGF-1 and -2 and the corresponding IGF receptor type 1 in the oviduct of the New World monkey Callithrix jacchus. Because of the limited RNA yields from oviducts, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to estimate expression levels. Expression patterns were found to be similar for all examined growth factors and receptors: the highest mRNA contents were obtained at the late proliferative and early to midsecretory phases, compared with lower levels during the early proliferative phase. Elevated amounts of these RNAs were correlated with high serum estradiol but not with progesterone concentrations. Each PCR product showed a high degree of homology (> 92%) to the known human sequences. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated greater specific staining for FGF-1 and -2 and IGF-1 before ovulation on the luminal epithelial surface of marmoset oviducts in comparison to the other cycle phases. Differences in staining intensity were not observed between the ampulla and isthmus. In summary, the marmoset oviduct expresses all components of functional FGF and IGF systems, thus suggesting auto-/paracrine effects of these growth factors within the primate oviduct, possibly under the control of estrogenic hormones.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

An assessment of the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa in the epididymis of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

The fertilizing ability of spermatozoa from differ regions of the epididymis of the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus, was assessed by determining their rate of fusion with zonaless hamster ova in vitro. This technique tests for functional competence and was validated using epididymal spermatozoa of the hamster whose fertility have been measured previously by in vivo fertilization experiments. The results suggest that some marmoset spermatozoa first acquire the ability to fertilize in the distal caput and proximal corpus epididymidis although the majority become fertile on reaching the proximal cauda region. Acquisition of fertilizing capacity was associated with a change in the degree and character of sperm motility. However, it is considered that modifications to the sperm plasmalemma which allow capacitation and the acrosome reaction to occur are of primary importance for sperm fertility. The development of sperm fertilizing ability in the marmoset is discussed in relation to that in other primates.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Reproductive efficiency in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): a longitudinal study from ovulation to birth monitored by ultrasonography.

This study examines reproductive efficiency in the common marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus, using sequential ultrasound examinations to establish ovulation number, implantation rate, and incidence of prenatal loss. Ultrasound was carried out with a 10 or 7.5 mHz probe in nonsedated animals, daily during the late follicular phase, approximately twice a week until day 20 after ovulation, and at days 35, 56, and 85 of pregnancy to enable visualization of gestation sacs, heartbeats, and fetal heads, respectively. Ovulatory follicles could be seen 3-4 days before ovulation and by day -2, 98% of ovulating follicles were > 2mm diameter, although almost 10% of follicles of this size disappeared without ovulating. Total number of ovulating follicles for 15 females was 45 (mean ovulation rate = 3.0, range 2-4). In the 14 animals that conceived, 41 corpora lutea were identified (mean ovulation rate = 2.9) within 10 days of ovulation. All pregnancies went to term (no abortion occurred) resulting in the birth of 37 neonates (9 triplets, 5 twins) and an average litter size of 2.64. All four losses were confined to the embryonic period (< day 85), two occurring before day 35, one between days 35 and 56, and one between days 56 and 85. In demonstrating that 90% of ovulatory follicles gave rise to live offspring, the results of this study indicate an extremely high reproductive efficiency in the marmoset monkey (when maintained under favorable captive conditions) and a rate of prenatal loss much lower than that reported for other primate species.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Estimation of gestational ages in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) from published prenatal growth curves.

This report compares estimated gestational ages from published cubic spline curves to gestational ages estimated retrospectively from delivery dates in 28 pregnancies from ten common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Both CRL- and BPD-based estimates of gestational age were closely correlated with delivery-based gestational age estimates. Of the three ultrasound machines used, the one with 16 shades of gray and a sequential linear array overestimated gestational age during early pregnancy, based on CRL measures. Measures from the other two machines (64 or 264 shades of gray; linear sector and annular array or electronic phase array) were similar and resulted in a correlation of the two estimates of gestational age of 0.94 and a mean difference between the two estimates of 0.16 days with 80% of CRL-based gestational age estimates being within +/- 5 days of the delivery-based estimate. The reliability of BPD-based estimates of gestational age was strongly related to pregnancy outcome. BPD-based estimates underestimated gestational age in poor outcome pregnancies (i.e., those in which infants died within 7 days of birth) but not in good outcome pregnancies. The combined CRL- and BPD-based estimates on poor outcome pregnancies suggest that there was less growth in BPD in late gestation for those pregnancies that resulted in nonviable offspring. For good outcome pregnancies, the correlation between BPD-based and delivery-based estimates of gestational age was 0.871 and the mean difference between the two estimates was -0.06 days with 83.3% of BPD-based estimates falling within +/- 5 days of delivery-based estimates.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Successful infection of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) with human varicella-zoster virus.

The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, can be infected with human varicella-zoster virus (VZV), both wild-type strain KMcC and attenuated vaccine strain Oka/Merck. Infection was accomplished with either whole-cell-associated or cell extract VZV by combined oral-nasal-conjunctival application and was characterized by substantial and persistent anti-VZV antibody responses. The infectivity of VZV for marmosets was destroyed by treatment of inocula with heat or UV light. Diluted inocula with as few as 40 PFU/ml were infectious for marmosets. The lungs were demonstrated to be a major site of viral replication; both the presence of viral antigens and signs of pneumonia were demonstrated in lung tissues. Four serial passages of VZV KMcC were carried out in C. jacchus by a process of in vitro isolation and culturing of VZV from infected lung tissue and reapplication of the cultured isolates to fresh animals. The isolated viruses were identified as VZV both serologically and by restriction endonuclease analyses. The C. jacchus infectivity model should prove useful for determining the efficacy of subunit and live recombinant VZV vaccines as well as for the study of zoster.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Analysis of constitutive heterochromatin by fluorochromes and in situ digestion with restriction enzymes in species of the group Callithrix argentata (Callitrichidae, Primates).

The karyotypes of the species belonging to the group Callithrix argentata (Callitrichidae, Platyrrhini) are characterized by large amounts of distal constitutive heterocharomatin (CH). The CH of the species C. argentata, C. humeralifera and C. emiliae was analyzed by banding with the restriction enzymes HinfI, MboI, aluI, RsaI, DdeI, HaeIII and MspI, as well as the fluorochromes CMA3 and DAPI. The results obtained permitted us to classify the CH of these species into three distinct types: 1) distal CH with a homogeneous response to enzymatic action, which was unchanged (HinfI, MboI, AluI, HaeIII), partially digested (DdeI) or fully digested (RsaI), being CMA3+, DAPI-; 2) centromeric CH, generally presenting a reduced band size. The varying extent of reduction, ranging from none to total, and also the variation of fluorochrome staining indicates that there is heterogeneity in this type of CH; 3) CH of the distal portion of the X chromosome of C. argentata and of the Y chromosome was CMA3- and unchanged by the enzymes, except for RsaI, which caused a reduction in size. MspI was the only enzyme unable to induce bands. Sequential C-banding permitted us to perceive banding variations that could not be observed simply by RE banding.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Chromosomal relationships and phylogenetic and clustering analyses on genes Callithrix group argentata (Callitrichidae, Primates).

The karyotypes of three species of marmosets of the Callithrix argentata group (C. argentata, C. humeralifera and C. chrysoleuca) were studied. Comparisons were made among species and with the previously described karyotypes of C. emiliae, C. mauesi (argentata group) and C. jacchus (jacchus group). Two chromosomes rearrangements differentiate the argentata (2n=44) and jacchus (2n=46) groups: fusion or fission and a paracentric invasion. The argentata group is also characterized by the addition of large amounts of distal constitutive heterochromatin (CH) in some chromosomes, while the jacchus group shows mainly centromeric heterochromatin. The five species of the argentata group differ in the amount or location of the distal CH. Interspecific differences were converted to a Basic Data Matrix (BDM), that was submitted to phenetic and cladistic analyses. For cladistic analyses C. jacchus was the outgroup. The results agree with morphological and geographical data.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Cytoarchitecture of the oculomotor nuclear complex and of the trochlear nucleus in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The cytoarchitecture of the oculomotor nuclear complex (ONC) and of the trochlear nucleus (TN) was studied in the encephalon of 10 adult marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). All the encephala were fixed with Bouin, embedded in paraffin and submitted to 20-mum serial sections in the transversal, frontal and horizontal directions. The following staining methods were employed: Nissl, Kluver-Barrera, and Pal-Weigert, modified by Erhart [1951]. Morphologically we delimited four cell columns in the ONC of the marmoset, namely lateral, dorsal, anterior, and dorsal central. The lateral and dorsal central columns comparatively correspond, in man, to the somatic portion. The others to the visceral portion. The trochlear nucleus of the marmoset is compact, round in shape and can be divided in to central cellular, dorsoventral and ventrolateral groups. The neurons of both the nuclei, of the multipolar type, predominantly have a round shape but it is also possible to observe oval or triangular neurons. They have a central nucleus, the Nissl substance is not dense and is irregularly disposed. Some differences in the size of neurons can be observed among the columns of the ONC.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Immunofluorescence-microscopic localization of collagen type IV and VI, laminin and nidogen in the livers of Callithrix jacchus during pre- and postnatal development.

The distribution of collagen type IV and VI, laminin and nidogen was investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy in the livers of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) at various stages of development, i.e. on days 93, 111, 116 and 134 of gestation, 1 day postpartum and at the mature stage. Large amounts of collagen type IV could in all cases be demonstrated in the sinus wall and in all basal laminae outside the lobule. After the application of antibodies against collagen type VI the sinus wall showed a weak fluorescence reaction at the early stages and a strong binding towards the end of gestation which persisted up to the adult stage. In the periportal field it was mainly localized at the border between lobule and connective tissue. Laminin also increased gradually but could be demonstrated only until birth. In contrast, nidogen was present during the total prenatal and postnatal period. Therefore, collagen type IV and VI were not very suitable for the demonstration of an increase in matrix components under pathological conditions, because they occur already in large amounts in normal livers. However, the occurrence of laminin that was missing in the adult liver must be interpreted as pathological indication. The different occurrence of laminin and nidogen showed that these two substances were expressed and regulated independently of each other.

Aging↗