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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

PubMed1990

Cognitive function in adult epileptic patients established on anticonvulsant monotherapy.

A battery of psychometric tests was administered to 110 patients with epilepsy and to 24 non-epileptic controls. Eighty-four patients had been established on treatment with a single anticonvulsant drug (35 carbamazepine (CBZ), 30 sodium valproate (VPA), 19 phenytoin (PHT)) at unaltered dosage for the previous 3 months. The remaining 26 patients were untreated at the time of study. No individual test discriminated between the groups. Tests were converted to standard scores and summated to give overall psychomotor, memory and side-effect assessments. There were no important differences between the performances of untreated epileptic patients and non-epileptic controls. The CBZ-treated patients had poorer psychomotor scores than both control groups and the VPA-treated patients (all P less than 0.05). The PHT patients scored less well on the composite memory scale than did VPA patients and non-epileptic controls (both P less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in subjective side-effects among the groups. This study demonstrated that anticonvulsant monotherapy has little effect on overall cognitive function in patients tolerating treatment. Psychomotor performance appeared to be selectively influenced by CBZ and memory impaired by PHT. VPA may be the drug to chose when cognitive function is an important consideration. Different cognitive modalities can be affected by different first-line anticonvulsants and this should be taken into account when choosing the most appropriate drug for an individual patient.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Cognitive functions in manic-depressives: effects of lithium and physostigmine.

Cognitive functions were investigated in seven manic depressive patients while on lithium, after two weeks off lithium, and after a subcutaneous injection of physostigmine while on lithium. Test performance was unaffected by lithium, but after physostigmine the I.Q. score of a shortened version of the WAIS was significantly increased.

Bipolar Disorder↗

PubMed1988

Parent-completed and adolescent-completed CDIs: relationship to adolescent social and cognitive functioning.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of both young adolescents' scores on the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and their mothers' ratings of the adolescents' depression (parent-completed CDI) to indices of their social and cognitive functioning obtained from a source outside the home. Subjects consisted of a nonclinic sample of 85 young adolescents (11-15 years of age), their mothers, and their social studies teachers. Recent school grades and teacher-completed measures served as the indices of adolescent social and cognitive competence. The results indicated that both adolescents' and mothers' CDI scores were significantly and negatively correlated with measures of adolescent cognitive and social functioning. Multiple regression analyses, utilizing adolescent- and parent-completed CDI scores as predictors, indicated that both predictor variables entered into the equations for cognitive functioning while only the mother-completed CDI entered into those for social functioning. When maternal depression was also entered into the multiple regressions, the findings regarding mother- and adolescent-completed CDI scores were not altered. The relationship of these findings to other somewhat disparate findings concerning the utility of mother and child reports of child depression is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Mechanisms of interhemispheric transfer and patterns of cognitive function in acallosal patients of normal intelligence.

We investigated interhemispheric transfer and cognitive function in two boys with normal intelligence in whom agenesis of the corpus callosum was identified following minor head trauma. In patient 1, magnetic resonance imaging scan showed agenesis of the corpus callosum and absent anterior commissure. Results of visual interhemispheric transfer tasks suggested degradation in transfer of information to the left hemisphere. Results of a tactile interhemispheric transfer task suggested degradation of access to the right hemisphere. In patient 2, magnetic resonance imaging scan showed agenesis of the corpus callosum and enlarged anterior commissure. Results for both visual and tactile interhemispheric transfer tasks were normal. Dichotic listening tests showed a slight left ear advantage in both patients. These results support the hypothesis that hypertrophy of the anterior commissure is an important mechanism of functional compensation in agenesis of the corpus callosum. However, the relative subtlety of deficits in patient 1 and results of dichotic listening tests support use of other mechanisms as well. No consistent pattern of cognitive deficits was observed.

Agenesis of Corpus Callosum↗

PubMed1991

rHuEPO treatment improves brain and cognitive function of anemic dialysis patients.

Twenty-four patients with chronic renal failure, stabilized on hemodialysis, were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Before treatment, all patients were anemic (mean Hct = 23.7%). Hematocrits reached normal levels (36.5%) after three months of treatment. Brain event-related potentials and neuropsychological tests were used to assess changes in brain and cognitive functions associated with the correction of anemia. Assessments were done prior to and after three and twelve months of rHuEPO treatment. The P3 component of the event-related potential increased in amplitude significantly with treatment, while its latency was unaffected. Of the four neuropsychological tests administered, scores on two improved significantly with treatment, and the other two approached significance. Taken together, these findings suggest that the correction of anemia to hematocrits near normal in uremic patients by rHuEPO treatment improves brain and cognitive function by raising levels of sustained attention, thus increasing speed and efficiency of scanning and perceptual-motor functions and enhancing learning and memory. These findings also suggest that anemia, either directly or indirectly, may impair brain function.

Anemia↗

PubMed1992

Recovery of cognitive functions after anaesthesia with desflurane or isoflurane and nitrous oxide.

We studied recovery in 25 adult patients, ASA I, undergoing elective orthopaedic procedures after anaesthesia with 0.65 MAC desflurane (n = 16) or isoflurane (n = 9) with 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Early emergence from anaesthesia was assessed in the operating room by measuring time to spontaneous movement, cough, response to painful pinch, tracheal extubation, opening of the eyes and stating correct age, name and body parts. The return of cognitive functions in the late recovery phase was assessed in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) by post-anaesthesia recovery scores (PARS), the Trieger dot test (TDT), and the digit substitution test (DST). In the early recovery phase, time to tracheal extubation, opening eyes, telling correct name, age and body parts occurred significantly faster in the desflurane group than in the isoflurane group (P < 0.05). The mean "triple orientation" time (to name, age, body parts) was 10.9 (SEM 0.9) min for desflurane, compared with 18.6 (2.5) min for isoflurane (P < 0.01). In the late recovery phase, desflurane patients had significantly greater PARS, more correct responses to the DST and fewer error responses to the TDT. Recovery times were not increased by increased duration of desflurane anaesthesia. The desflurane patients showed no delirium, minimal sedation and less shivering during the entire postoperative course. We conclude that desflurane anaesthesia was superior to isoflurane anaesthesia, not only in emergence, but also in the recovery of cognitive functions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Stress and cognitive functioning in sport.

This paper considers the relationship between stress and cognitive functioning and discusses some of the concepts and methods that may be adopted to examine the relationship between stress and sports performance. It considers only that literature that may be relevant to, or furthers, the understanding of sports performance under competitive stress. One of the most popular approaches has been to explain the relationship in terms of the unidimensional inverted-U hypothesis. The validity of this approach to explaining sports performances in specific situations is discussed and it is generally concluded that the inverted-U hypothesis is too vague and simplistic. The discussion considers multidimensional approaches and discusses the suitability and implications of some more recent and more complex models of stress and performance which are now available in the psychological literature. It is concluded that the relationship between stress and sports performance is an extremely complex one and involves the interaction between the nature of the stressor, the cognitive demands of the task being performed and the psychological characteristics of the individuals performing it.

Cognition↗

PubMed1987

Cognitive function and prediction of dementia in old age.

Longitudinal changes in cognitive functioning were examined for a sample of aging twins, some of whom developed dementia while others did not. Individuals who were judged to be demented at a mean age of eighty-five years had achieved lower scores on most tests twenty years prior to diagnosis, and experienced greater declines in vocabulary and forward digit span over time, than those surviving to a comparable age without dementia. These trends were observed for individuals with mild, as well as moderate-to-severe, dementia and were unrelated to physical health status or premorbid activity patterns. It is suggested that dementing illness may develop very slowly, and that the likelihood of exhibiting clinically significant dementia may vary with premorbid intellectual level.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1988

Cannabis and cognitive functions: a prospective study.

Psychological tests measuring intelligence, memory and other cognitive functions were given to 26 heavy cannabis users (mean duration of cannabis use 6.76 years; average daily intake 150 mg THC). Compared with a control group, the cannabis users were found to react slowly in perceptuo-motor tasks, but not to differ in intelligence or memory tests. The users suffered disability in personal, social and vocational areas and indicated higher psychoticism and neuroticism scores.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Glycaemic thresholds for hypoglycaemic symptoms, impairment of cognitive function, and release of counterregulatory hormones in subjects with functional hypoglycaemia.

Nine patients with food-relieved hypoglycaemic symptoms, in whom insulinoma and other organic diseases presenting with hypoglycaemia had been ruled out, and nine matched controls, participated in the study. Subjects were studied during a 5-h controlled (Biostator) insulin-induced (1-2 mU kg-1 min-1) hypoglycaemic clamp. After 1 h of euglycaemia, we aimed to lower the glucose level in arterialized venous blood in a stepwise manner at 30-min intervals to 3.5, 3.0, and 2.0 mmol l-1, and to withhold these levels for a further 30 min. At euglycaemia and at the end of the latter steps, the visual reaction time and cognitive function (digit span, letter cancellation and trail making) were tested, together with recording symptoms and signs of hypoglycaemia. Counter-regulatory hormones were measured at 20-min intervals. In the patients, clinical signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia developed at median blood glucose levels of 2.6-2.8 and 2.8-3.1 mmol l-1, respectively. By contrast, the blood glucose levels were 0.4-0.8 mmol l-1 lower in control subjects (P less than 0.05). Similarly, the median threshold for deterioration of visual reaction time was 2.8 mmol l-1 in patients and 2.1 mmol l-1 in controls (P less than 0.01). A similar trend was observed for the results of the neuropsychological tests. Visual reaction time deteriorated in all subjects, whereas the cognitive function of some of the subjects in each group remained unchanged during hypoglycaemia. The glycaemic thresholds for release of cortisol, glucagon and growth hormone were significantly higher in patients (P less than 0.05), whereas the thresholds for catecholamine release showed no significant difference from controls. Despite the comparable glucose infusion rates required to sustain each of the hypoglycaemic levels in the two groups, the control subjects achieved lower glucose levels, suggesting that there is resistance to insulin or glucose in functional hypoglycaemia. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the existence of a higher threshold for symptoms and signs, as well as for deterioration of brain function, may explain every-day hypoglycaemic symptoms, despite normal glucose levels, in subjects with functional hypoglycaemia. However, the hypothesis should be tested further using a blinded approach, including euglycaemic control studies.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Effect of naltrexone on mood and cognitive functioning among overweight men.

The effects of naltrexone on both mood and cognition were examined in overweight male subjects. Subjects were randomly prescribed, in a double-blind fashion, either placebo or naltrexone for 8 weeks. The results of the study showed that a chronic administration of a high dose of naltrexone (300 mg/day) does not significantly change mood or cognitive functioning among overweight adult men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: from description to theory.

From the large body of empirical evidence on cognitive function in Parkinson's disease, a number of attempts have been made to describe the characteristics of the deficits and the conditions under which they are observed. This review considers descriptions limited to specific domains of cognition such as visuospatial function, memory and 'frontal' function, and more general descriptions relating to 'set-shifting', sequencing, temporal ordering and recency discrimination, the locus of cognitive control and bradyphrenia. Later in the paper an attempt is made to provide some theoretical framework for the various descriptions. Two theories are discussed representing contrasting, but complementary approaches. The first is a 'psychological' theory in which the concept of depleted processing resources is suggested as a possible mechanism to explain the observable deficits. The second is a neurobiological model that attempts to integrate information from diverse sources to provide a model for the neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrate that may underlie some of the behavioural deficits.

Caudate Nucleus↗

PubMed1990

Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety.

The phenomenon of worry is considered to arise from cognitive processes involved in anxiety, that serve to maintain high levels of vigilance for personal danger. Rather than rely on self-report alone, the research described here draws on information processing methodology, to investigate this hypothesized cognitive function. Evidence is summarized to show that anxious subjects selectively attend to threatening information, and interpret ambiguous events in a relatively threatening way. However, the evidence on memory suggests that although such information may be easily activated, it is not necessarily more accessible. The allocation of attentional priority to threatening information is seen as a characteristic of anxious (rather than depressed) mood, while the ease with which this processing mode is adopted may underlie trait anxiety and vulnerability to anxiety disorders.

Anxiety↗

PubMed2026

Role of Polygenic Risk Scores in Predicting Cognitive Functioning after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A TRACK-TBI Study.

Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 13-15 (historically called mild TBI [mTBI]) commonly experience changes in cognitive functioning, including processing speed, memory, and executive functioning. In a prospective sample (N = 523) of individuals of European descent who had been treated in a U.S. level 1 trauma center for mTBI, we examined the prognostic value of four polygenic risk scores (PRS) for cognitive outcomes at 6-months postinjury. To estimate the impact of mTBI on cognition, primary cognitive outcomes were scaled as z-scores reflecting changes in performance relative to predicted preinjury performance. The PRS examined were previously developed and validated to predict cognition-related outcomes of educational attainment (Education-PRS), intelligence (Intelligence-PRS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD-mild traumatic brain injury (APOE)-PRS and AD + APOE-PRS). Both the Education-PRS and Intelligence-PRS displayed bivariate associations with all four cognitive outcomes (β = 0.19-0.32), whereas neither Alzheimer's disease PRS was significantly associated with any outcome. After controlling for other factors known to predict cognitive outcomes of TBI (e.g., sex, education, mTBI severity defined by a combination of Glasgow Coma Scale scores and the presence/absence of acute intracranial findings on clinical neuroimaging), the Education-PRS and Intelligence-PRS remained independently predictive of verbal episodic memory (β = 0.10-0.16), whereas their associations with processing speed and executive functioning were mostly nonsignificant and were mediated through educational attainment. Looking across primary z-score and secondary raw score outcomes, cognitive outcomes 6 months post-mTBI were good on average, and PRS made small independent contributions to outcome prediction. The mediation model findings may support theories of cognitive reserve, which propose that individuals with stronger preinjury cognitive processing abilities (often estimated by educational history) can better compensate for TBI. Moreover, findings indicate that PRS may contribute modestly to multivariable models predicting cognitive function after TBI.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

Nerve growth factor (NGF) in rat brain following long-term barbital treatment: relation to convulsions and cognitive function.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) protein has been implicated in alterations of cognitive function either following brain damage, selective lesions or aging. Groups of rats were given long-term (48 weeks) oral barbital treatment or tap water and following an extended period of abstinence (14 weeks) were tested for spatial learning ability in the Morris swim maze. Following the maze test, they were sacrificed and the NGF content of hippocampal and cortical brain regions were analyzed. Barbital treated rats were divided into convulsing and non-convulsing groups. It was found that there was a slight, significant increase (12%) in NGF content of the hippocampus in convulsing rats. Correlations between maze learning performance, brain weight and NGF in the cortex indicated a significant negative relationship between (a) performance and brain weight on day 1 of testing and (b) NGF content and performance on day 2. These data indicate some involvement of NGF in functions derived from a considerably different animal model to those applied previously.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Cognitive function after two doses of cranial irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

The cognitive function of 23 children given cranial irradiation in a dose of 24 Gy was compared with that of 41 given 18 Gy. No significant differences were found in intellectual function or in mean number of intelligence quotient points lost between patients in the two treatment groups. A reduction in the dose of cranial irradiation does not seem to alleviate long term neuropsychological deficits.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1989

Cognitive function in multiple sclerosis and its relation to functional abilities.

The performance of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) on selected neuropsychologic tests was examined to ascertain the applicability of such examinations to diagnosis. Twenty-four patients with definite or probable MS, and sixteen age- and education-matched control subjects were given a battery of tests to assess intellectual functions. The results indicate that the MS patients had cognitive impairment. Severity of disability was not significantly correlated with cognitive impairment. Impaired cognitive functioning, which is often not detected through routine examination, may occur in the disease. These deficits may represent manifestations of otherwise undetectable plaques in the subcortical white matter.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Effect of a change in drinking pattern on the cognitive function of female social drinkers.

The relationship between social drinking patterns and sober cognitive performance was evaluated, and the effects of a change in alcohol consumption on cognitive function were measured. Sixty female drinkers were randomly assigned either to abstain for 3 weeks or to continue to drink as usual; 25 female abstainers served as a comparison group. Subjects' drinking patterns during the last 6 months were assessed, and a battery of cognitive tests was administered both before and after the 3-week interval. Results indicated that cognitive performance at baseline was not inversely correlated with either the quantity or the frequency of drinking over the last 6 months. Furthermore, the abstinence manipulation did not result in differential improvement on any of the tests between the subjects who abstained and the subjects who continued to drink. Thus, recent drinking practices were not related to cognitive test performance in this sample of female social drinkers.

Adolescent↗