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PubMedDate not supplied

Integrated databases and computer systems for studying eukaryotic gene expression.

MOTIVATION: The goal of the work was to develop a WWW-oriented computer system providing a maximal integration of informational and software resources on the regulation of gene expression and navigation through them. Rapid growth of the variety and volume of information accumulated in the databases on regulation of gene expression necessarily requires the development of computer systems for automated discovery of the knowledge that can be further used for analysis of regulatory genomic sequences. RESULTS: The GeneExpress system developed includes the following major informational and software modules: (1) Transcription Regulation (TRRD) module, which contains the databases on transcription regulatory regions of eukaryotic genes and TRRD Viewer for data visualization; (2) Site Activity Prediction (ACTIVITY), the module for analysis of functional site activity and its prediction; (3) Site Recognition module, which comprises (a) B-DNA-VIDEO system for detecting the conformational and physicochemical properties of DNA sites significant for their recognition, (b) Consensus and Weight Matrices (ConsFrec) and (c) Transcription Factor Binding Sites Recognition (TFBSR) systems for detecting conservative contextual regions of functional sites and their recognition; (4) Gene Networks (GeneNet), which contains an object-oriented database accumulating the data on gene networks and signal transduction pathways, and the Java-based Viewer for exploration and visualization of the GeneNet information; (5) mRNA Translation (Leader mRNA), designed to analyze structural and contextual properties of mRNA 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) and predict their translation efficiency; (6) other program modules designed to study the structure-function organization of regulatory genomic sequences and regulatory proteins. AVAILABILITY: GeneExpress is available at http://wwwmgs.bionet.nsc. ru/systems/GeneExpress/ and the links to the mirror site(s) can be found at http://wwwmgs.bionet.nsc.ru/mgs/links/mirrors.html+ ++.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

Comprehensive computer system in the outpatient clinic.

A clinical computing system in a one-physician outpatient clinic is described. It consists of a computer-stored medical history at its center with associated blood examination equipment, a drug delivering machine and a cost calculation program. Two-month's experience has demonstrated its eligibility to clinical practice.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
PubMed1997

Arden Syntax: the emerging standard language for representing medical knowledge in computer systems.

The Arden Syntax for Medical Logic Modules standard language for knowledge-based computer systems is described. Knowledge systems can use computerized patient data in decision-making. Although they have the potential to reduce adverse drug events and infection rates, improve drug dosing, and decrease the cost of care, knowledge systems have not yet reached the average patient. Arden Syntax for Medical Logic Modules is the standard language for defining clinical decision rules that drive alerts, reminders, clinical guidelines, and data interpretations. Each medical logic module (MLM) in an Arden Syntax knowledge base is designed to make one type of decision. MLMs usually represent either rules that can be encoded, such as generating a warning that the potassium concentration is decreasing in a patient taking digoxin, or complex decision trees for individual patient care plans and clinical protocols. An MLM contains maintenance slots (title, file name, version, originating institution, author, date, specialist, validation information), library slots (stating the MLM's purpose and providing keywords for searching), and knowledge slots (containing the "essence" of the MLM). Arden Syntax is receiving growing support from the medical and information systems communities as the standard language for medical knowledge systems, but legal, ethical, regulatory, and ownership issues remain. If pharmacy is to grow and prosper as a knowledge profession, it should adopt an accepted standard language for representing active, applied knowledge in computer systems.

Decision Support Techniques↗
PubMed1984

Digitisers: their use in the entry of orders, urinalysis results, and isoenzyme interpretation in a clinical biochemistry computer system.

The processes of order entry, urinalysis result, and isoenzyme interpretation entry into a laboratory computer system is a time consuming activity. We have designed a series of forms for use with a digitising pad that allow us rapidly to enter orders, urinalysis results, and isoenzyme interpretative comments into our laboratory computer system. We have shown that digitiser entry is always significantly faster than manual entry. Although there are many devices available to facilitate computer entry, we believe that the digitiser technique is an attractive option because of its ease of use, speed, reliability, and low cost.

Clinical Enzyme Tests↗
PubMed1995

Selection and implementation of a laboratory computer system.

The process of selection of a pathology computer system has become increasingly complex as there are an increasing number of facilities that must be provided and stringent performance requirements under heavy computing loads from both human users and machine inputs. Furthermore, the continuing advances in software and hardware technology provide more options and innovative new ways of tackling problems. These factors taken together pose a difficult and complex set of decisions and choices for the system analyst and designer. The selection process followed by the Microbiology Department at Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital included examination of existing systems, development of a functional specification followed by a formal tender process. The successful tenderer was then selected using predefined evaluation criteria. The successful tenderer was a software development company that developed and supplied a system based on a distributed network using a SUN computer as the main processor. The software was written using Informix running on the UNIX operating system. This represents one of the first microbiology systems developed using a commercial relational database and fourth generation language. The advantages of this approach are discussed.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1985

A comprehensive computer system for anesthetic record retrieval.

We have developed computer software to store data on all surgical and obstetrical anesthetics administered by our department. The computer system provides information for monitoring the residency training program, department and operating room management, professional fee billing, and research. It imposes little additional workload on our clinical personnel, who use simple codes to record the necessary data directly on the anesthetic record. Department secretarial staff transcribe data from the anesthesia and operating room records into the computer file, which is then available for producing scheduled reports and for answering inquiries from a video terminal. The system employs extensive manual and computer verification to minimize errors and omissions in the data. We report design details and more than 3.5 years experience with this system, which is now used at four affiliated teaching hospitals, has over 50,000 cases on file, and adds more than 1800 cases monthly.

Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The medical record: a comprehensive computer system for the family physician.

BACKGROUND: Despite the early excitement regarding the possible uses of computers in medical care in the 1980s, the computer has not had much effect on routine outpatient medicine except for billing and accounting. METHODS: An emerging comprehensive ambulatory care computer system, The Medical Record (TMR), is used extensively in a large family practice, the Duke Family Medicine Center. TMR is the central system for accounting, appointments, billing, and reporting of laboratory results, radiographic findings, and medications. TMR also records problem lists and generates prompts to the clinicians for needed health maintenance, laboratory tests, and reminder letters. The most innovative function of TMR is the computerized obstetric patient record, which can be accessed from multiple sites. Cost savings compared with a manual system were found to be in excess of $7 per patient visit or approximately $500,000 per year for the Duke Family Medicine Center. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive computer system in a large family practice is cost effective and facilitates better patient care through improved access to patient data.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1978

Design and development of a comprehensive computer system for radiotherapy departments.

An analysis of computer requirements in radiation therapy departments is presented. The performance and structure of an effective computer system designed for large or small radiotherapy departments are described. The system is composed of two or three sets of minicomputer-based subsystems of which can be operated alone or connected to other subsystems. The size of the system can be adjusted to the size of the radiotherapy department. The system covers treatment planning, automatic control, and record processing.

Computers↗
PubMed1985

Computer charting: an evaluation of a respiratory care computer system.

A respiratory care computer-charting system was developed and implemented as an addition to our hospital's computerized information system. Medical personnel charted and reviewed respiratory care procedures at nursing station computer terminals instead of using the patient's traditional paper chart. The computer automatically performed billing and provided management as well as clinical information. In an attempt to isolate specific benefits or shortcomings, we evaluated charting systems both before and after computer implementation. Four assessments were made: (1) a survey of therapists' attitudes, (2) an observation of work patterns, (3) an audit of the content of charting, and (4) an analysis of productivity statistics. Computer charting was well accepted by therapists. Charge capture was reduced from a four-step manual process to a single-step computer documentation of the procedure. Computer charting was more complete and informative. Productivity increased 18%, although it remains unclear to what degree the computer was responsible. Computer charting streamlined the process of documentation and allowed more beneficial use of clinical information.

Computers↗
PubMed1994

Strategies for enhancing computer system availability.

Lack of access to a healthcare facility's computer system can contribute to several problems: low employee productivity, reduced revenues, increased expenses, cash flow difficulties, and poor quality patient care. Three potential strategies that can improve system access are disk shadowing, clustered processors, and protection from environmental factors.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1986

GENEUS, a computer system for DNA and protein sequence analysis containing an information retrieval system for the EMBL data library.

We describe a comprehensive computer system, GENEUS, for extensive DNA, RNA and protein sequence analysis. The analysis system is developed for the DEC VAX/VMS computer and uses the EMBL Nucleic Acid Sequence Data Library. Help information is available on-line on terminal screen. To speed up system handling, a qualifier oriented user communication is employed. All results are stored on files making them accessible to the computer editor. An information retrieval system for the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Data Library is also described. A defined data-base interface allows connection to other analysis programs.+

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Acquiring a laboratory computer system. Understanding the issues.

This article reviews the issues involved in introducing or upgrading computer automation in the clinical laboratory. The strengths and weaknesses of computers and computer systems are discussed. Information on selecting and educating the laboratory team who will use the computer and analyzing the needs of a particular laboratory is included.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1998

Does the Child Health Computing System adequately identify children with cerebral palsy?

BACKGROUND: This paper assesses the usefulness of the Child Health Computing System as a source of information about children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: A comparative survey of information held on the Child Health Computing System (CHCS) and the Northern Ireland Cerebral Palsy Register (NICPR) in one Health and Social Services Board in Northern Ireland was carried out. The sample comprised children with cerebral palsy aged 5-9 years. RESULTS: Of the 135 cases recorded on the NICPR, 47 per cent were not found on the CHCS; the majority of these children had no computer record of any medical diagnosis. Of the 82 cases recorded on the CHCS, 10 (12 per cent) were not found on the NICPR; five of these cases (6 per cent) were found on follow-up not to have CP. CONCLUSIONS: Unless improvements are made in case ascertainment, case validation and recording activities, the evidence suggests that the CHCS will not be able to provide the same quality of information for needs assessment and surveillance of very low birthweight infants in relation to cerebral palsy as is provided by a specialist case register.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1994

Computer systems. Which system for GPs?

With over 100 systems to choose from, buying a computer system for use in general practice can be a difficult and arduous task. The Department of Health provides some guidelines to try and ease the problem, but there is very little empirical evidence which buyers can use to help them make decisions. Cathy Bakewell and Peter Turnbull describe some research which might help.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
PubMed1977

An on-line computer system for histopathology reporting.

An on-line computer system was developed for issuing histopathology reports as part of an integrated hospital information system. Input is through a Cossor visual display unit with a typewriter keyboard to a Univac 418 III computer. Stored information is available to authorised hospital staff via similar visual display units located in the wards and laboratories. Existing programs and computer staff were used to provide the new service. It has resulted in better method, speedier communication, and saving of laboratory staff time. The system has yet to be fully tested but initial reactions are favourable and indicate that the investment in computer staff time and extra laboratory equipment will be cost effective.

Online Systems↗
PubMed1974

Implementation of a British computer system for laboratory data handling.

This paper describes the development and implementation of a small real-time British computer system for the handling of patient and test result data in the chemical pathology laboratories of the King's Health District (Teaching). Work destined for subsequent reporting by the computer system is entered by continuous on-line teletype. Test result data from multichannel analyzers are input using an on-line trace reader. Cumulative reports are printed both by line printer at the central laboratory and by on-line teletypes at two peripheral hospital laboratories. In a working day over 4000 new items of data are generated and 300-500 reports printed. The use of a trace reader as an inputing device and the method of employing a high capacity disk to give both speed of operation and limited archive facility are discussed.

Computers↗
PubMed1987

Initial impact of a clinical laboratory computer system. Themes common to expectations and actualities.

A longitudinal study is being conducted of a clinical laboratory computer information system's impact. This paper reports on effects that laboratory directors anticipated prior to installation, and effects reported by laboratory technologists 7 months postimplementation. Primary changes caused by the computer system were increases in the amount of paper work performed by technologists, and improvements in laboratory results reporting. The system generally was well accepted, but laboratory technologists differed in their responses to it. Technologists in some laboratories focused on work increases, whereas in other laboratories they emphasized improved information flow. The paper considers how changes in processes and outcomes of work might affect responses to a computer system. It also considers the implementation process, and suggests some areas where management could benefit from an improved understanding of responses to a computer information system.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗