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PubMed2001

[Incest and sexual abuse. A retrospective study of 285 persons referred to ambulatory treatment of the consequences of incest and sexual abuse].

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to describe a cohort of 285 persons referred to the Department of Psychotherapy, Aarhus University Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out of all consecutively referred persons, interviewed and assessed by the author over a six-year period, when treatment of the psychological consequences of sexual abuse was available. RESULTS: A total of 285 persons were referred from 1 January 1989 to 31 December 1995, with complaints of psychological and social consequences of previous sexual abuses. A written invitation to attend a one-hour interview was sent at least twice with information about the questions that would be raised. Only 145 (51%) came for the interview. Of these 141 were women and four were men with an average age of 33.5 years. The time elapse between the sexual abuse and referral was 11 to 23 years. The sexual abuse started most commonly at the age of 4-6 years and ended before the age of 15 years. Seventy-five percent of the sexual abuse occurred within the family and the commonest form was sexual touching (30%), whereas 20% were exposed to intercourse. Of the 145 persons suffering from sexual abuse, the police were informed in 12 cases, but only five cases went to court. DISCUSSION: This retrospective study looks at the pattern of sexual abuse and its consequences. Very few are referred to our National Health Service for treatment and only half of those referred turn up. Many years have passed since the sexual abuse ended and the psychological and social consequences have become so severe as to wish referral. The psychological consequences are a feeling of insecurity, anxiety, guilt, and shame and an inability to establish normal psychological relations with other persons. Many live alone without a job or an education. Treatment options seem mandatory.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The inventory of drug use consequences (InDUC): test-retest stability and sensitivity to detect change.

The Inventory of Drug Use Consequences (InDUC) is a self-administered measure of consequences of drug use. Psychometric characteristics have been published for its alcohol-focused parent instrument (Drinker Inventory of Consequences; W. Miller, J. Tonigan, & R. Longabough, 1995). Two studies provided information about the test-retest reliability (lifetime) of InDUC scales (Study 1, N = 34) and the replicability of findings to the 5 InDUC scales (recent; Study 2, N = 208). Four scales had good to excellent test-retest reliability. Findings also indicate that reductions in drug use and problems after treatment are large and that the magnitude of change differs between drug use and consequences. Consequences of drug use should be measured directly rather than be inferred from measures of use.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Consequences of medical errors observed by family physicians.

In two studies about medical errors, family physicians reported health, time, and financial consequences in nearly 85 percent of their error reports. Health consequences occurred when the error caused pain, extended or created illness, or placed patients, their families, and others at greater risk of harm. Care consequences included delayed diagnosis and treatment (sometimes of serious health conditions such as cancer), and disruptions to care that sometimes even resulted in patients needing care in a hospital. Other important consequences were financial and time costs to patients, health care providers, and the health system generally. However, sometimes no consequence was apparent.

Family Practice↗

PubMed1992

Consequences of poor compliance in chronic respiratory diseases.

In this short report, we reviewed the literature on the consequences of poor compliance in chronic respiratory diseases. Unquestionably, poor compliance is a very significant medical issue in the management of tuberculosis. Poor compliance could cause serious personal and public health problems and is probably the major obstacle to the elimination of tuberculosis. Similarly, important consequences have been attributed to poor compliance with prescribed treatment in bronchial asthma. Those consequences could vary from impairment of daily life to life threatening attacks and death. However, it is difficult to apply methods to produce solid evidence that such consequences are the result of poor compliance. In conclusion a greater number of well designed studies are needed to investigate the various consequences of poor compliance in chronic respiratory diseases; a major issue that undoubtedly affects the outcome of treatment.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed2000

Physical health consequences of physical and psychological intimate partner violence.

BACKGROUND: Past studies that have addressed the health effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) have defined IPV as violence based on physical blows that frequently cause injuries. To our knowledge, no epidemiologic research has assessed the physical health consequences of psychological forms of IPV. OBJECTIVE: To estimate IPV prevalence by type and associated physical health consequences among women seeking primary health care. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1152 women, aged 18 to 65 years, recruited from family practice clinics from February 1997 through January 1999 and screened for IPV during a brief in-clinic interview; health history and current status were assessed in a follow-up interview. RESULTS: Of 1152 women surveyed, 53.6% ever experienced any type of partner violence; 13.6% experienced psychological IPV without physical IPV. Women experiencing psychological IPV were significantly more likely to report poor physical and mental health (adjusted relative risk [RR], 1.69 for physical health and 1.74 for mental health). Psychological IPV was associated with a number of adverse health outcomes, including a disability preventing work (adjusted RR, 1.49), arthritis (adjusted RR, 1.67), chronic pain (adjusted RR, 1.91), migraine (adjusted RR, 1.54) and other frequent headaches (adjusted RR, 1.41), stammering (adjusted RR, 2.31), sexually transmitted infections (adjusted RR, 1.82), chronic pelvic pain (adjusted RR, 1.62), stomach ulcers (adjusted RR, 1.72), spastic colon (adjusted RR, 3.62), and frequent indigestion, diarrhea, or constipation (adjusted RR, 1.30). Psychological IPV was as strongly associated with the majority of adverse health outcomes as was physical IPV. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological IPV has significant physical health consequences. To reduce the range of health consequences associated with IPV, clinicians should screen for psychological forms of IPV as well as physical and sexual IPV.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Oral topiramate reduces the consequences of drinking and improves the quality of life of alcohol-dependent individuals: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Topiramate, a fructopyranose derivative, was superior to placebo at improving the drinking outcomes of alcohol-dependent individuals. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether topiramate, compared with placebo, improves psychosocial functioning in alcohol-dependent individuals and to discover how this improvement is related to heavy drinking behavior. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, controlled, 12-week clinical trial comparing topiramate vs placebo for treating alcohol dependence (1998-2001). PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty alcohol-dependent individuals, diagnosed using the DSM-IV. INTERVENTIONS: Seventy-five participants received topiramate (escalating dose of 25 mg/d to 300 mg/d), and 75 had placebo and weekly standardized medication compliance management. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three elements of psychosocial functioning were measured: clinical ratings of overall well-being and alcohol-dependence severity, quality of life, and harmful drinking consequences. Overall well-being and dependence severity and quality of life were analyzed as binary responses with a generalized estimating equation approach; harmful drinking consequences were analyzed as a continuous response using a mixed-effects, repeated-measures model. RESULTS: Averaged over the course of double-blind treatment, topiramate, compared with placebo, improved the odds of overall well-being (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-2.60; P =.01); reported abstinence and not seeking alcohol (OR = 2.63; 95% CI, 1.52-4.53; P =.001); overall life satisfaction (OR = 2.28; 95% CI, 1.21-4.29; P =.01); and reduced harmful drinking consequences (OR = -0.07; 95% CI, -0.12 to -0.02, P =.01). There was a significant shift from higher to lower drinking quartiles on percentage of heavy drinking days, which was associated with improvements on all measures of psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSIONS: As an adjunct to medication compliance enhancement treatment, topiramate (up to 300 mg/d) was superior to placebo at not only improving drinking outcomes but increasing overall well-being and quality of life and lessening dependence severity and its harmful consequences.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Musculoskeletal problems of the neck, shoulder, and back and functional consequences in nurses.

BACKGROUND: Though musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are highly prevalent among registered nurses (RNs), little is known about functional consequences of MSDs in nurses. METHODS: Data on neck, shoulder, and back MSD problems were analyzed in 1,163 working nurses (response rate = 74%). Cases had relevant symptoms lasting at least 1 week or occurring at least monthly in the past year, with at least moderate pain intensity, on average. MSD problems with a frequency, duration, or pain intensity below the level needed to meet the case definition were defined as MSD symptoms. Those who did not meet symptom or case criteria at any body site were defined as asymptomatic. Odds of consequences (e.g., saw a doctor/provider, missed work, reduced/modified work, non-work activities, or recreation, medication use, inadequate sleep) were estimated for cases versus those with symptoms. RESULTS: We found 45.8, 35.1, and 47.0% of nurses had neck, shoulder, or back MSD problems (either at the case or symptom level), respectively, within the past year. Cases were far more likely to have seen a provider versus those with symptoms (adjusted odds ratio, aOR Neck: 4.33, 95% CI: 2.85-6.56; aOR Shoulder: 4.83, 95% CI: 3.00-7.77; aOR Back: 3.69, 95% CI: 2.47-5.49). Cases also were more likely to experience all other functional consequences. CONCLUSIONS: MSD consequences are substantial and suggest opportunities for intervention. Future research will examine the impact of work organization and physical demands on MSDs.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Alcohol and drug-related negative consequences in college students with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between disordered eating and substance use in a nonclinical sample of college students. METHOD: Participants completed the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS), which includes full diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and anorexia nervosa (AN) as outlined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, as well as assessments of both alcohol and drug use and use-related consequences. RESULTS: Individuals meeting criteria for BN reported more alcohol-related negative consequences despite the fact that they did not drink significantly more alcohol and did not drink more frequently than non-eating-disordered individuals. Similarly, individuals with BN reported more negative consequences related to illicit drug use than non-eating-disordered individuals, although no differences in lifetime and recent use of drugs were found. DISCUSSION: Results highlight the importance of distinguishing between use and consequences in evaluating eating disorders and comorbid substance use problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Quality of life consequences of chemotherapy-induced emesis.

Nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy administration are common and often overlooked causes of impairment in cancer patients. The goal of this study was to explore the broad range of consequences associated with this specific acute toxicity of chemotherapy. Specific objectives were: (1) create and test scales specifically designed to assess the impact of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting or patients' daily function; (2) examine changes in quality of life of cancer patients 3 days following chemotherapy administration; (3) assess the impact of chemotherapy-induced emesis on quality of life and patients' daily function; (4) identify medical and non-medical cost-related consequences associated with chemotherapy-induced emesis. Patients receiving intermittent bolus chemotherapy regimens on an outpatient basis were eligible for this survey. Four instruments were used: a patient maintained diary, the Functional Living Index-Cancer (FLIC), a newly created Functional Living Index-Emesis (FLIE) and an Item Check list for cost-related consequences. On Day 1, before chemotherapy, patients completed the FLIC and FLIE. Patients recorded episodes on vomiting, severity of nausea, anxiety, sedation, antiemetics self-administered, and adverse effects in diaries for 3 days following chemotherapy. The FLIC and FLIE were completed at the end of Day 3. The Item Check list of cost-related consequences was administered as a telephone survey on Day 5. Approximately 56% of 122 patients reported chemotherapy-induced emesis (CIE). A change in mean FLIC score indicating a decline in quality of life was observed for the CIE group (119 to 101) but not in the group who did not report emesis (124 to 122). Decline in FLIC and FLIE from before to after chemotherapy administration was greater for CIE patients (p = 0.001). FLIE scores indicated that CIE patients perceived that vomiting, and to a slightly lesser extent, nausea substantively influenced their ability to complete household tasks, enjoy meals, spend time with family and friends, and maintain daily function and recreation. Effect size calculations supported a significant negative relationship between occurrence of CIE and the direction and magnitude of functional living index change. An exploratory analysis (principal component followed by regression analysis) supported the hypothesis that side-effects produced by chemotherapy and antiemetic therapy significantly contributed to changes in quality of life observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1989

Long-term outcome of schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders: a comparative study. III. Social consequences.

A significantly higher proportion of schizophrenic than schizoaffective patients were found to experience negative social consequences of their illness. Schizophrenic males are more likely to have an unfavourable social prognosis than are schizophrenic females or schizoaffective patients of either gender. Schizophrenic males are, however, equally disadvantaged in regard to social consequences independently of other premorbid and sociodemographic factors. Unfavourable social consequences in male schizophrenics and favourable ones in female schizoaffectives can be predicted with high probability. Some social consequences can be predicted with relatively high probability for male schizoaffectives, while no prognosis can be made for female schizophrenics.

Achievement↗

PubMed1985

The continuity of dopamine receptor antagonism can dictate the long-term behavioural consequences of a mesolimbic infusion of dopamine.

An infusion of dopamine for 13 days into the nucleus accumbens of rat caused biphasic peaks of hyperactivity responding during infusion and an enhanced locomotor responsiveness to the dopamine agonist (-)N-n-propylnorapomorphine [(-)NPA] after the infusion when rats where initially preselected as low activity responders to (-)NPA. Antagonism of the response to dopamine during the infusion by sulpiride, given every 8 hr (three daily doses provided 30 mg/kg, i.p., daily), could both facilitate spontaneous locomotor activity after the infusion, and potentiate the consequence of enhanced hyperactivity responding to (-)NPA, for at least 11 weeks. In contrast, when sulpiride was administered in a daily dose of 30 mg/kg but by continuous intraperitoneal infusion, not only were the events during the infusion prevented, without subsequent change in spontaneous locomotion after the infusion, but also the long-term consequences for responding to (-)NPA were prevented and the rats remained at their preselected low activity response levels. The repeated treatment with (-)NPA or the repeated/continuous treatment with sulpiride alone were not responsible for the changes observed. It is concluded that the consequence of intervention with sulpiride during a period of infusion of dopamine into the mesolimbic region depends on the degree and/or continuity of antagonism of dopamine receptors such that fluctuating antagonism (daily injections) can exacerbate, whilst a continuous and constant receptor antagonism (effected by infusion), can prevent the long-term consequences of increased sensitivity to challenge with a dopamine agonist.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Health consequences of youth unemployment--review from a gender perspective.

Current research is classified into different theoretical approaches, mainly economic deprivation theories, stress-related theories, gender theories and different psychological and sociological theories. The correlations between unemployment and ill-health are explained as a result of both selection and exposure. The societal consequences of youth unemployment have been studied in aggregate studies. The familial consequences is a neglected area, but there is evidence of increased illness as well as battering of wives and children. Almost all research has been focused on the individual and mainly on the psychological consequences. Consistent relationships are found between unemployment and minor psychological disorders. Few studies have included somatic health but the results indicate increased physiological illness, especially among unemployed girls. Increased health care consumption has been documented. There are evidence that unemployment is a risk indicator for both increasing alcohol consumption, particularly in young men. Unemployment is also associated with increased tobacco consumption, increased use of illicit drugs as well as deteriorated health behaviour. The mortality rate is significantly higher among unemployed young men and women, especially in suicides and accidents. Social consequences include increased risk of alienation, lack of financial resources, criminality and future exclusion from the labour market. As mediating factors social support, high employment rate, negative attitudes towards work and high possibility of control have been documented to have a protective effect on health. Research should now be directed towards more qualitative methods, based on theoretical models, in order to search for deeper mechanisms, mediating factors and explanatory theories of the unevenly distributed health in society, in which unemployment has been proved to be one important factor.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Component analysis in smoking prevention research: effects of social consequences information.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of information about the negative social consequences of cigarette smoking on adolescents' beliefs and intentions to smoke. In contrast to the large-scale, multiple component interventions most commonly conducted, this study compared two brief videotaped messages that contained either social consequences or control information. Fifty-four seventh graders enrolled in health education classes participated. Measures collected immediately after the intervention and at a one month follow-up indicated that the social consequences information successfully altered subjects' smoking-related beliefs. The social consequences information also affected intentions to smoke in the future, but only for subjects who had previously experimented with smoking. Female smokers' intentions to continue smoking were reduced, but the intervention had the opposite effect on male smokers. The discussion addresses the importance of examining the effects of prevention program components on different subsamples of adolescents in small-scale process evaluations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Emotional and somatic consequences of binge episodes.

The present study investigated emotional and somatic consequences of the daily eating episodes of 19 bulimics, 15 bingers, and 20 normal control subjects. For 1 week, subjects rated 21 emotional and somatic states immediately following all eating episodes and 1 h later. Results indicated that bulimics and bingers reported significantly greater negative and somatic consequences immediately following their binge episodes than normal eaters following all of their eating episodes. For both groups, these negative emotional consequences persisted over time. Following nonbinge episodes, only bulimics reported experiencing significantly greater negative emotions than normal controls. Comparisons of the binge and nonbinge episodes of the bulimics and bingers indicated that binge episodes are followed by greater immediate and delayed negative and somatic consequences than nonbinge episodes. Furthermore, the positive emotions that occur immediately after a binge significantly decrease in intensity within 90 min after the episode. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Use of questionnaires and an expert panel to judge the environmental consequences of chemical spills for the development of an environment-accident index.

Assessing the environmental consequences of a chemical accident is a complex task. To date, the methods used to evaluate the environmental effects of an acute release of a chemical have often been based on measurements of chemical and physical variables deemed to be important, such as the concentration of the chemical. However, a broader strategy is needed to predict the environmental consequences of potential accidents during the planning process. An Environment-Accident Index (EAI), a simple tool based on such a strategy, has been developed to facilitate the consideration of a multitude of influential variables. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether questionnaire-based expert panel's judgements could provide useful data on the environmental consequences of chemical spills, and an effective basis for further development of the EAI. As expected, the judgements did not agree perfectly, but they do give rough indications of the environmental effects, and highlight consistent trends that should be useful inputs for planning, prevention and decontamination processes. The different accidents were also judged to have caused everything from minor to very major effects in the environment, implying that a wide range of accident scenarios were represented in the material and covered by the EAI. Therefore, questionnaires and expert panel judgements can be used to collect useful data for estimating the likely environmental consequences of chemical accidents and for further development of the EAI.

Accidents↗

PubMed2006

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are an evolutionary adaptation to mitigate the reproductive consequences of the human physique.

The aetiology of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy remains unknown, despite over 30 years of research. The prevalence and natural history of these disorders and the lack of progress in identifying a cause calls for a radical new approach. It is hypothesised that these disorders arise as a consequence of abnormal maternal regulatory mechanisms. The evolution of the physical characteristics unique to humans (bi-pedal gait and a large brain) resulted in a narrow pelvis and a large head. Such a physique is not conducive to viviparity and caused difficult, prolonged and obstructed labour with post-partum haemorrhage--the commonest causes of maternal mortality in the absence of modern medical care. In such circumstances, up to 6.5% of pregnant women will die as a direct consequence of pregnancy, mainly as a result of obstructed labour and haemorrhage. The death toll would have been much higher over millions of years of evolution. These conditions exerted significant adaptive and evolutionary pressure on our species. The adaptations necessary to mitigate the reproductive consequences of the human physique include activation of the coagulation system to reduce post-partum haemorrhage, increased blood pressure to peak after delivery and maintain cerebral perfusion in the face of post-partum blood loss and restriction of fetal growth to prevent obstructed labour. These adaptations must be regulated to guarantee their occurrence but limit their extent to prevent disease. Evidence for blood pressure regulation during pregnancy and a proposed mechanism to achieve this are presented. Regulation requires a redundant feto-placental signal and a single tightly controlled regulator. To guarantee that blood pressure rises, the feto-placental signal is predicted to be conveyed by several different molecules and to be produced in excess in all pregnancies. Normality is then maintained by a single tightly controlled regulator. This model predicts that the feto-placental factors that cause a rise in maternal blood pressure are multiple and produced in disease-causing concentrations in all pregnancies. Disease arises as a consequence of abnormalities in the maternal regulatory mechanism as occurs in say gestational diabetes mellitus. The search for a placental cause for pre-eclampsia is therefore futile. Research should focus on normal pregnancy and the identification of the factor that regulates maternal blood pressure in the second half of pregnancy. This factor will cause hypotension and prevent endothelial activation and have a role analogous to insulin in the regulation of glycaemia and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed2001

Three different stable human breast adenocarcinoma sublines that overexpress ALDH3A1 and certain other enzymes, apparently as a consequence of constitutively upregulated gene transcription mediated by transactivated EpREs (electrophile responsive elements) present in the 5'-upstream regions of these genes.

ALDH3A1 catalyzes the detoxification of cyclophosphamide, mafosfamide, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and other oxazaphosphorines. Constitutive ALDH3A1 levels, as well as those of certain other drug-metabolizing enzymes, e.g. NQO1 and CYP1A1, are relatively low in cultured, relatively oxazaphosphorine-sensitive, human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. However, transient cellular insensitivity to the oxazaphosphorines can be brought about in these cells by transiently elevating ALDH3A1 levels in them as a consequence of transient exposure to: (1) electrophiles such as catechol that induce the transcription of a battery of genes, e.g. ALDH3A1 and NQO1, having in common an electrophile responsive element (EpRE) in their 5'-upstream regions; or (2) Ah-receptor agonists, e.g. indole-3-carbinol and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene, that induce the transcription of a battery of genes, e.g. ALDH3A1, NQO1 and CYP1A1, having in common a xenobiotic responsive element (XRE) in their 5'-upstream regions. Further, MCF-7 sublines that are constitutively, i.e. when grown in the absence of the original selecting pressure, relatively oxazaphosphorine-insensitive as a consequence of constitutively relatively elevated cellular ALDH3A1 levels evolved when MCF-7 cells were: (1) continuously exposed for several months to gradually increasing concentrations of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide or benz(a)pyrene; or (2) briefly exposed (once for 30 min) to a high concentration (1 mM) of mafosfamide. Each of these three stable sublines is constitutively relatively cross-insensitive to benz(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cellular levels of NQO1, but not of CYP1A1, are also constitutively relatively elevated in each of the three sublines. RT-PCR-based experiments established that ALDH3A1 mRNA levels are constitutively elevated ( approximately 5- to 8-fold) in each of the three sublines. The elevated ALDH3A1 mRNA levels are not the consequence of gene amplification, hypomethylation of a relevant regulatory element, or ALDH3A1 mRNA stabilization. Collectively, these observations suggest that constitutively elevated levels of ALDH3A1 and certain other enzymes in the three stable sublines are probably the consequence of a constitutive change in the cellular concentration of a key component of the EpRE signaling pathway, such that the cellular concentration of the relevant ultimate transactivating factor is constitutively elevated, i.e. gene transcription promoted by transactivated EpREs is constitutively upregulated. Further, constitutively upregulated gene transcription mediated by transactivated EpREs can be relatively easily induced, whereas that mediated by transactivated XREs cannot, at least in MCF-7 cells. Still further, the three sublines may facilitate study of the signaling pathway that leads to transactivation of the EpREs present in the 5'-upstream regions of ALDH3A1, NQO1 and other gene loci.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase↗

PubMed2001

Influence of beliefs about the consequences of dizziness on handicap in people with dizziness, and the effect of therapy on beliefs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the longitudinal relationship between beliefs about the consequences of dizziness and handicap levels in dizzy patients, and the effect of therapy on beliefs. METHODS: Symptoms, beliefs, and handicap were assessed at baseline and 6 months follow up in 76 primary care patients complaining of dizziness or vertigo, of whom 33 were assigned to treatment (i.e., vestibular rehabilitation). RESULTS: At baseline most patients believed that dizziness would have negative consequences such as falling, fainting, or losing control. Handicap levels at follow-up were predicted by baseline beliefs that dizziness would have negative consequences. Significant reduction in negative beliefs at follow-up was observed in the patients who received treatment, whereas there was no reduction in negative beliefs in the untreated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Negative beliefs about the consequences of dizziness sustain long-term restriction of activity, and can be modified by therapy.

Aged↗