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PubMed2003

Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI).

This article presents a series of studies aimed at validating a comprehensive pain-coping inventory (PCI) that is applicable to various types of patients with chronic pain. Item and scale analyses were performed for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with chronic headache, and pain clinic outpatients. The following 6 scales were derived from a simultaneous component analysis: Pain Transformation, Distraction, Reducing Demands, Retreating, Worrying, and Resting, all of which were internally reliable. A higher order factor analysis grouped the PCI scales into active (transformation, distraction, reducing demands) and passive (retreating, worrying, resting) pain-coping dimensions. Differences in use of strategy found between RA patients and headache patients indicated that the PCI scales were sufficiently sensitive to measure differences between groups. Concurrent validity was assessed for patients with RA and patients with fibromyalgia and predictive validity was assessed for patients with recently diagnosed RA after 1 and 3 years. In both analyses the validity of the scales was supported, in particular the predictive validity of passive coping scales for future outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Coping after heart transplantation: a descriptive study of heart transplant recipients' methods of coping.

The purpose of the study reported in this paper was to explore the coping strategies of heart transplant recipients. Using a qualitative research approach, interviews were conducted with 42 participants (35 men and seven women). Analysis of the data revealed eight coping strategies: acceptance/optimism, denial/avoidance, setting targets, comparing oneself with others, making attributions, seeking social support, having faith and changing priorities and perceptions. These are discussed in relation to the literature and a tentative model of coping after heart transplantation is offered. The findings may provide pointers to health professionals about ways in which they can improve support for heart transplant recipients and their families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

[Coping with disease by the patient. Results of a medico-sociological study of the coping process by cancer patients and possibilities for support by the physician].

The starting point of the following considerations is the result of a previous investigation, which showed that the process of recovery after a surgical operation is influenced to a great extent by the the patient's view of this health condition and his confidence in the recommended therapy. Consequently this article deals with two questions: (1) the patient's role in coping with cancer and its therapy and (2) the doctor's possibilities of supporting the endeavours of the patient in this process. Four different self-concepts of cancer patients as "Healthy", "Chronically Ill", "Dying in a distant future", "Dying in the near future", could be found. As far as the process of coping is concerned: It could be shown that the information about the existence of cancer means a shock to the patient, which shakes the self-concept of the patient, but at the same time is a necessary prerequisite for starting the coping process. According to the confidence the patient has in the suggested therapy and the state of this illness, there are two developments possible: One group of patients overcomes this shock and retains the old self-concept. This group is able to formulate aims for themselves in a clear way (e.g. reaching the former state of health) and works energetically towards reaching them. A second group of patients is--on account of various reasons--not in a position to believe in the therapeutic measures taken. In this situation the information of the patients about having cancer makes a change in the self-concept necessary (e. g. from viewing oneself as a "healthy" person vs., a "dying" person).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

[Coping with illness as conforming to technological rules: an analysis of coping behavior of schizophrenic patients].

Coping can be conceptualized in terms of conformity with certain rules describing the relation between appraisals (here: control-ability and variability of stressors) and coping behaviour (here: problem-oriented, non-problem-oriented). The goal of the study is to examine the relevance of this approach for the analysis of schizophrenic patients' coping with their disease. This was done with the help of a reanalysis of data from a previous study. Subjects were 40 patients, which could be grouped in three clusters: high symptom strain, low symptom strain, specific strain (prodromal). Results showed that patients with low strain had a higher level of rule-conformity. Also, subjects with high rule conformity had a higher level of well-being, better prognosis and a higher level of professional education.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Coping with the illness by patients with chronic polyarthritis. Forms of coping and therapeutic implications].

In rheumatoid arthritis, coping exerts a major influence on the feelings and the compliance of a patient. This signifies its great clinical relevance. This study presents data of 40 patients using a questionnaire for assessing their ways of coping. The main coping strategies proved to be the search for more information and ways to get cognitive control over the threat imposed by the disease. The individual strategies were not influenced by somatic parameters. Unexpectedly, the duration of disease was tightly correlated to a more intensive approach for gaining information. The results have a major influence on the way of treating patients with RA. They open up new therapeutical regimens for the patient/doctor relationship, including patient oriented seminars and various psychological therapies.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

Matching pain coping strategies to the individual: a prospective validation of the cognitive coping strategy inventory.

The validity of the Cognitive Coping Strategy Inventory (CCSI; Butler et al., 1989) was tested in a prospective fashion. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Some were "matched" to a strategy for which they received a high CCSI score, some were "mismatched" to a strategy for which they received a low CCSI score, and some were given a choice of strategies. Those subjects using a matched strategy obtained better threshold and tolerance times on the cold pressor than subjects who used a mismatched strategy. Despite clear differences in exposure to the cold pressor these conditions did not differ from each other in self-reported levels of pain. It was concluded that the CCSI appears to be a valid and useful tool for selecting a coping strategy to help particular individuals manage acute pain. Though the CCSI is relatively easy to administer and score, the comparative costs and benefits of using it must be weighed against the somewhat more efficient approach of simply offering the subject a choice of treatments. Subjects given a choice of strategies performed as well as subjects matched to a strategy on the basis of CCSI scores.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Psychological response to cancer diagnosis--II. Evidence for coping styles (coping styles and cancer diagnosis).

One hundred and seventy-eight newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's or Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied with respect to their cognitive responses to cancer diagnosis. These were examined in relation to anxiety, depression and health locus of control as well as to clinical-pathological variables. Data analysis of cognitive responses alone did not confirm the existence of mutually exclusive categories of response. Analysis of cognitive responses and the other psychological variables combined, however, revealed that four broad coping 'styles' could be delineated: 'positive/confronting', 'fatalistic', 'hopeless-helpless' and 'denial/avoidance', which corresponded to our previously described categories. Lower psychological morbidity was associated with a positive/confronting response to diagnosis and with high internal locus of control, while higher anxiety and depression scores were associated with a hopeless-helpless response to diagnosis and with low internal locus of control. The evidence for coping 'styles' is discussed as well as the implications of the results for the psychological management of cancer patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Coping with chronic illness: a qualitative study of coping with postpolio syndrome.

The study describes how 24 people with postpolio syndrome (PPS) cope with their problems. Two qualitative interviews were conducted, 6 weeks apart. The interviews were analysed inductively. It was found that the participants experienced many types of illness-related problems in their everyday lives. Furthermore, they describe the progressive deterioration in terms of a general weakness, fatigue and pain--these adding to the emotional stress. A variety of coping strategies are employed and the result of the analysis shows it to be impossible to carry out a clearly differentiated grouping into problem-focused and emotion-focused. By and large the participants have learnt to live with the changes and feel that they have 'a good life in spite of everything'.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Perceived control, coping efficacy, and avoidance coping as mediators between spouses' unsupportive behaviors and cancer patients' psychological distress.

This study examined whether avoidance, coping efficacy, and perceived control mediate the effects of spouses' unsupportive behaviors on patient psychological distress among 191 married individuals enrolled in cancer treatment. Results of the structural equation analyses suggested that avoidance and coping efficacy mediated the relationship between spouses' unsupportive behaviors and patient psychological distress. Perceived control of emotional aspects of the illness, including emotional responses and relationships with family and friends, and perceived control of the medical course of the cancer did not mediate the relationship between spouses' unsupportive behaviors and patient psychological distress. These findings suggest 2 mechanisms to explain why unsupportive responses from spouses may be associated with psychological distress among cancer patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

The impact of coping on emotional adjustment to spinal cord injury (SCI): review of the literature and application of a stress appraisal and coping formulation.

OBJECTIVES: This article reviews literature examining the psychological adjustment to Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and illustrates the applicability of a Stress Appraisal and Coping model (SAC) for rehabilitation of this population. METHOD: Articles concerning psychological adjustment to SCI from the previous three decades have been reviewed and critiqued. When possible the articles have been discussed in a SAC framework. RESULTS: The literature indicates that psychological adjustment to SCI is largely predictable from psychological variables including coping, appraisal and psychosocial resources. Recent literature has suggested psychological intervention can promote positive psychological adjustment following SCI for those individuals at risk of developing clinical levels of depression. CONCLUSION: The SAC model provides a comprehensive formulation to incorporate the heterogeneity of populations with SCI. Suggestions for future research include developing assessment and treatment regimes specifically tailored to the strengths and weaknesses of an individual as highlighted in the model.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Coping with radiation therapy: effects of a nursing intervention on coping ability for women with breast cancer.

A randomized study was carried out to investigate whether a nursing intervention, using Orem's self-care theory as a framework, would affect the coping ability of women with breast cancer during and following radiation therapy. The intervention consisted of promoting of behaviours to support the patient to restore, maintain or increase their abilities to interact with the situation and adapt to the demands of radiation treatment. The control and experimental groups both consisted of 67 patients. The Wheel Questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of the intervention. Our results showed that the intervention provided patients older than 59 years the ability to cope with the treatment (df = 2, F = 3.463, P = > 0.05). The present study supports the idea that individual interventions aimed at improving well-being helps patients. It also highlights the fact that individual approaches to improving well-being are needed. Such interventions should be directed to patients at risk for poor adjustment, such as those older than 50 years of age.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

[Composite resin copings for a perio-overdenture. A newly developed method of making copings for retention with spherical elements].

Today's dentistry should aim at minimizing cost, simplifying techniques, allowing procedural revi sions and finally at facilitating corrections and repairs. The development of direct or indirect light-cured composite resin copings, coupled with ball attachments (Dalbo-Rotex according to Brunner) and a suprastructure which is veneered by means of light-cured composite or acrylic resin, may offer a cost-effective perio-overdenture without compromising on periodontal health and providing optimal esthetics. Since July 2003, eighteen new perio-overdentures with a total of 70 copings made of light-cured microhybrid composite resin were delivered. The aim of this article is to discuss the technical aspects and preliminary results regarding this technique.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Coping with performance slumps: factor analysis of the Ways of Coping in Sport Scale.

The measurement properties of the Ways of Coping in Sport Scale (WOCS) were examined using performance slumps as a frame of reference. Confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the factor structure previously proposed by Madden et al. (1987, 1989, 1990), and additional analyses were undertaken to develop and validate an alternative model. Results indicated that the data best fit a 4-factor model, but that a 5-factor model might also be justified. Relevant factors included Seeking of Social Support, Denial/Avoidance, Wishful Thinking, Effort/Resolve, and Emotional Control. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for athletes, coaches and sport psychologists as well as the need for further examination of slump-related coping instruments.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

Coping with outpatients who cannot cope : management of persistent complainers in an African country.

Some 15 to 20% of patients visiting general outpatient services in developing countries suffer from some emotional disorder although they present mainly with somatic complaints. Their contact with the services is generally a frustrating experience for themselves and for the health worker, resulting in undue medical attention to their problem. A series of five consecutive steps, of increasing psychiatric sophistication, to assist in the management of these cases is described, permitting the health worker to stop at a level not exceeding his competence.

Developing Countries↗