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PubMed2006

Dynamics of feeding and defecation in Triatoma vitticeps (Stal, 1859) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) and its potential in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Adults of Triatoma vitticeps infected by flagellates similar to Trypanosoma cruzi are frequently captured by the inhabitants of rural areas in the Brazilian state of Espirito Santo. The dynamics of feeding and defecation were observed in three groups of adult triatomines, consisting of sylvatic T. vitticeps and laboratory-reared specimens of this species and T. infestans. Triatomines were observed from the moment they were presented with an immobilized chicken as a bloodmeal source until 240 min after feeding had ended. Mean times between the end of feeding and defecation for T. infestans, wild T. vitticeps and laboratory-reared specimens of the latter species were 1.2, 21.1, and 64 min respectively. All T. infestans defecated within 10 min of feeding, while only 29.9 of wild and 52.8% laboratory-reared specimens of T. vitticeps did so within this period. These results may explain the low efficiency of T. vitticeps in T. cruzi transmission to man. The shorter time between feeding and defecation in laboratory-reared T. vitticeps may indicate a change in behaviour of this species as a result of adaptation to an artificial environment.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

The defecation pattern and diet in patients with an ileum reservoir and anal anastomosis with a long efferent leg.

The dietary habits and defecation patterns of 12 patients were examined 8-34 months after total colectomy with mucosal proctectomy and the construction of an ileal reservoir attached to an anal anastomosis. The reservoir was provided with a long efferent leg (12 cm) through the anal canal. The patients were divided into two groups in accordance with the frequency of defecation--one with fewer than six defecations per 24 h and another with more than six defecations per 24 h. The fecal output, however, was not significantly different in the two groups. The fecal content of sodium and potassium was the same as in feces from conventional ileostomies. The dietary intake was insufficient in energy content, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Dietary supplement was recommended.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Defecation mechanisms in conscious dogs after total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis.

To clarify defection mechanisms in those with total colectomy, we performed comparative studies of intestinal motility in two groups of straight and J-pouch ileorectal anastomosis. In the straight group, 98 percent of the interdigestive migrating contractions (IMC) reached the anastomosis and 48 percent of the defecations were affected by the contractions. In the J-pouch group, 16 percent of the contractions reached the anastomosis and only 8 percent of the defecations were related to the contractions. We conclude that transmission of IMC to the rectum is related to the frequency of defecation after total colectomy and that the disappearance of IMC in the J-pouch anastomosis reduced the frequency of defecations in those instances.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Recto-colic reflex: role in the defecation mechanism.

As urge is felt and defecation starts, it is postulated that the colon continuously feeds the rectum with stools until the colon is empty. The relationship of rectal distension at defecation to colonic activity is not yet fully explored. The current communication studies this relationship in 11 patients (mean age 48.4+/-18.8 years, 6 men and 5 women) with transverse colostomy performed after transverse colectomy for cancer of the transverse colon. The rectum was distended by a condom-ended catheter in increments of 10 ml of H20, and the pressures in the right and left colon were measured by balloon catheters introduced through the colostomy. The test was repeated after anesthetizing the rectum or colon, respectively. Upon rectal distension up to sensation of urge, there was no colonic pressure response. At urge (mean distension volume of 160+/-36.7 ml), the left colonic pressure showed a significant rise (p<0.001), while the right colon revealed no response (p>0.05). Rectal distension during rectal or colonic anesthetization effected no colonic pressure response (p>0.05). The left colonic contraction upon rectal distension, being reproducible and absent with the anesthetized rectum or colon, postulates a reflex relationship which we call "recto-colic reflex". This reflex acts at defecation to feed the rectum successively with fecal material until the colon is emptied. Reflex derangement may play a role in defecation disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

How useful are manometric tests of anorectal function in the management of defecation disorders?

OBJECTIVES: The clinical usefulness of assessing anorectal physiology has not been systematically examined. Our aims were to evaluate whether manometric tests of anorectal function influence the management and outcome of patients with defecation disorders, and to identify the patients who may most benefit from this assessment. METHODS: Using a standard protocol of anorectal manometry rectal sensation, saline continence, simulated defecation, and pudendal nerve terminal latency tests, we studied 143 consecutive patients (m/f = 27/116) and followed their progress over 18 months. RESULTS: Tests of anorectal function in 126 (88%) patients revealed new information that led to a change in the management of 108 (76%) patients. Among 69 patients referred with constipation, 33 (48%) had obstructive defecation, and 40 (58%) had impaired rectal sensation; 30 (43%) improved after biofeedback therapy. Among 56 patients referred with fecal incontinence, 55 (98%) had manometric abnormalities: 30 (53%) had a low squeeze sphincter pressure, 20 (36%) had impaired rectal sensation, and 28 (50%) had pudendal neuropathy. Thiry-four (60%) patients were referred for biofeedback therapy and 11 (20%) for surgery. Of these 15 completed biofeedback therapy with improvement, and six had successful surgery. Seven of 10 (70%) patients referred for preoperative evaluation had abnormalities that contraindicated surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Manometric tests of anorectal function provide not only an objective diagnosis but, also, a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. In addition, it provides new information that could influence the management and outcome of patients with disorders of defecation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The current understanding of continence and defecation.

Problems of continence and defecation are encountered in all facets of medical practice. Yet, the anorectum is cloaked by misunderstanding. Recent research has shed new light on this subject and newer concepts based on systematic investigations have paved the way to a rational approach. Motor function of the anorectum can now be delineated by manometry, electromyography and nerve stimulation. More complex functions like the coordination for continence and defecation are measured using other studies including defecating proctography, scintigraphic balloon topography, scintigraphic evacuation and colonic transit. The amalgamation of data from these studies have led to a logical sequence for the maintenance of normal continence and defecation that is developed in this manuscript based on our current understanding of anorectal motility and physiology. This allows patients who are resistant to straightforward diagnosis to be selected for specialised tests resulting in categorisation and a rational management strategy for their problems.

Anal Canal↗

PubMed2001

Obstructed defecation caused by a cystourethrocele and mobile posterior vaginal wall: a case report.

Obstructed defecation may be caused by a rectocele and/or enterocele. Rectal wall procidentia may be due to an enterocele bulging into the rectum. Another cause of rectal procidentia resulting in obstructed defecation is presented. A 65-year-old woman complained of vaginal prolapse and incomplete bowel emptying. Pelvic examination revealed that a stage III anterior vaginal wall prolapse caused a mobile posterior vaginal wall to prolapse into the anal canal, resulting in rectal procidentia and subsequently in obstructed defecation. Careful assessment of all pelvic floor compartments is important to identify the cause of obstructed defecation, particularly in the absence of a rectocele.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Differential action of anti-emetic drugs on defecation and emesis induced by prostaglandin E2 in the ferret.

In the present studies we investigated the mechanism of action of prostaglandin E2 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce emesis and defecation and/or tenesmus in the ferret. The emesis was antagonized significantly (P<0.05) by ondansetron (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and (+)-(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenlypiperidine hydrochloride (CP-99,994; 10 mg/kg, i.p.), but neither compound reduced defecations and/or tenesmus, with ondansetron (0.3 mg/kg) actually producing a slight increase (P<0.05). Droperidol (1 and 3 mg/kg), metoclopramide (0.3 and 3 mg/kg), domperidone (0.3 and 3 mg/kg), promethazine (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) failed to reduce prostaglandin E2 induced emesis. However, droperidol (1 and 3 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) reduced significantly the defecatory and/or tenesmus response (P<0.05). Bilateral abdominal vagotomy was ineffective to reduce emesis and defecations and/or tenesmus. The data suggests that 5-HT3 receptor and NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonists could be useful in the clinic to prevent emesis but not defecations induced by prostaglandin E2.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Defecation problems in children with Hirschsprung's disease: a prospective controlled study of a multidisciplinary behavioural treatment.

UNLABELLED: Constipation, faecal incontinence, soiling and difficult toilet training remain significant problems in children with Hirschsprung's disease after corrective surgery. Chronic defecation problems can have various negative implications. At the University Medical Centre Nijmegen, a multidisciplinary behavioural treatment was developed to treat defecation problems. In this paper, a prospective controlled study is presented concerning the effect of this treatment upon children suffering from chronic defecation problems following corrective surgery for Hirschsprung's disease. The effect of treatment was studied in 27 children (21M, 6F, mean age 5.2y, range 2-11 y). Fourteen children were allocated to the experimental treatment group. The 13 children allocated to the waiting-list control group were also treated following a waiting period of 6 mo. On all outcome variables, children in the experimental treatment group had significantly better results after treatment than children in the waiting-list control group after the waiting period. No effect of age upon treatment was found. The effect of treatment remained significant on all outcome variables at a mean follow-up of 7 mo after the end of treatment. CONCLUSION: Multidisciplinary behavioural treatment is successful in decreasing chronic defecation problems in children with Hirschsprung's disease.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1992

Schedule-induced defecation: No-food and massed-food baselines.

Defecation rate was monitored during daily 30-min periods as 16 rats were exposed to different sequences of the following three experimental conditions: (a) a fixed-time 60-s food delivery schedule, (b) a massed-food presentation baseline, and/or (c) a no-food baseline. All food delivery was response independent. Rate of defecation increased during fixed-time 60-s food delivery when compared to baseline rates of defecation established during no-food and massed-food baselines. This effect was present for 12 of 16 rats during four alternative sequences of experimental conditions. Within-subject reversals established reliability of this effect. Schedule induction of defecation is clearly demonstrated under these conditions.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1983

[A case of giant vesical diverticula causing defecation disturbance].

Cases of giant vesical diverticula that cause defecation disturbance are very rare. A 67-year-old man with such a condition was admitted to our hospital complaining of pollakiuria , nycturia , retardation, two-phase urination and defecation disturbance which began about 7 years earlier. A goose-egg-sized tumor touched above the hen-egg-sized prostate and the tumor disappeared after urination. X-ray examinations revealed that defecation disturbance was caused when the sigmoid colon was oppressed by the giant diverticulum. After diverticulectomy and prostatectomy the vesical symptoms and defecation disturbance completely subsided.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

The technical aspects of biofeedback therapy for defecation disorders.

Neuromuscular conditioning using biofeedback techniques is a useful method of treatment for patients with refractory defecation disorders such as fecal incontinence or constipation with obstructive defecation. This article provides current perspectives regarding the principles and techniques of performing biofeedback therapy. In patients with incontinence, the goals are to improve the strength of the anal sphincter, improve sensory perception, and improve coordination between the rectum and anal sphincter. In patients with obstructive defecation, the goals are to relax the anal sphincter, improve rectoanal coordination, and improve sensory perception. Neuromuscular conditioning is an instrument-based learning technique. Over the years, several devices and methods have become available for performing this training, but no single method is either superior or universally popular. The three modalities that are commonly used for neuromuscular conditioning are visual, verbal, and audio feedback. Ideally, the training program should be customized for each patient based on the underlying dysfunction(s). After biofeedback therapy, symptomatic improvement has been reported in 70 to 80% of patients with either incontinence or obstructive defecation. Recent studies also demonstrated objective improvement in anorectal function. In the future, it is likely that simpler and user-friendly, solid-state computerized systems may facilitate a wider use of this treatment.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗

PubMed2003

Children who hide while defecating before they have completed toilet training: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence and age at onset of hiding while defecating in children before they have been toilet trained and its association with difficulties in toilet training. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Suburban private pediatric practice. Subjects Three hundred seventy-eight children aged 17 to 19 months. METHODS: Children were followed up by telephone interviews with the parents every 2 to 3 months until the child completed daytime toilet training. Children who were described at any follow-up telephone call as always or almost always hiding when defecating prior to completing toilet training were defined as the hiding group. The remainder of the children, who were described as never hiding or only sometimes hiding, was defined as the nonhiding group. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-three children (69.6%) met the criteria for the hiding group. The median age at initiation of hiding for the group was 22 months. Thirty-eight began hiding before toilet training was initiated and 64 started hiding after intensive toilet training had begun. The nonhiders (115 [30.4%]) were significantly less likely to have stool toileting refusal, frequent constipation, or stool withholding. They also completed toilet training at an earlier age than the hiders (34.5 +/- 5.9 months vs 38.1 +/- 5.9 months; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The behavior of hiding while defecating before completion of toilet training is associated with stool toileting refusal, constipation, and stool withholding. These behaviors may make toilet training more difficult.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1999

Autonomic dysfunction in end-stage liver disease manifested as defecation syncope: impact of orthotopic liver transplantation.

Patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) may be at increased risk for syncopal episodes based on their circulatory physiological state. Although a definitive cause for this is not known, several mechanisms have been proposed. In patients with ESLD, defecation syncope may result from a failure of short-term neurocirculatory adaptation to the Valsalva maneuver in the face of a hyperdynamic circulatory state and a decreased effective intravascular volume. We describe 2 patients with ESLD who had repeated episodes of defecation syncope before orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The most effective treatment of these syncopal episodes appears to be fluid administration and the use of a pressor agent, such as dopamine, to help maintain both an effective heart rate and intravascular volume. Correction of this altered circulatory physiological state through OLT prevented further syncopal episodes in both patients. A search of the literature failed to show previous reports associating ESLD and defecation syncope. Possible mechanisms favoring this association are reviewed.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Rectopexy is an ineffective treatment for obstructed defecation.

The symptoms of obstructed defecation have been attributed to rectal intussusception, and thus rectopexy has been advocated in the surgical management. In this study, patients with obstructed defecation underwent manometry and proctography before and after rectopexy. Seventeen patients (16 females and one male, mean age 51.6 years) were studied. Eleven underwent anterior and posterior fixation of the rectum and six had posterior fixation only. Preoperatively five patients demonstrated rectoanal intussusceptions. Fifteen had significant pelvic descent. No significant change in maximum resting pressure, maximum voluntary contraction, pelvic descent, or anorectal angle was seen postoperatively. In the initial follow-up, many patients had significant amelioration of symptoms. However, on longer follow-up (mean 30.8 months) only two had long-term improvement. The remainder had a poor clinical result in spite of complete resolution of rectal intussusception. Many reported a worsening of symptoms as reflected by an increase in tenesmus and stool frequency. In the two cases with a satisfactory result, both could empty the rectum completely and demonstrated rectoanal intussusception on preoperative evacuation proctography. In those with poor results, four had complete emptying and three had rectoanal intussusception. In conclusion rectopexy is an ineffective treatment for obstructive defecation in most patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of ability to defecate using saline evacuation from the rectum.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to establish a simple technique to evaluate anorectal motility and the dynamics of defecation. METHODS: Pressure fluctuations in the rectum and anal canal during 500 ml of saline infusion in the rectum and then a saline evacuation curve were recorded using manometer and uroflowmeter. RESULTS: This study consisted of 37 patients with a mean age of 49.6 years. All patients without problems with defecation showed periodic relaxation of the anal canal, which was synchronized with rectal contractions during saline infusion. The saline evacuation curves of these patients were characterized by short evacuation time and high-peak flow. Of the 13 patients with constipation, 9 showed no rectoanal synchronization and had segmental evacuation curves. The patients with incontinence tended to have poor ability for holding saline in the rectum, resulting in low-peaked evacuation curves. CONCLUSIONS: This simple and noninvasive technique for recording anorectal pressure fluctuations and dynamics of saline evacuation from the rectum enables quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the ability to defecate.

Anal Canal↗

PubMed1990

A combined electromyographic and cineradiologic investigation in patients with defecation disorders.

Records from 20 patients on whom defecography and electromyography were performed simultaneously because of defecation disorders were analyzed. According to the electromyographic investigation, the patients could be divided into three main groups: 1) normal sphincter reaction; 2) paradoxical sphincter reaction; and 3) combined reaction. Group A was characterized by a marked reduction of muscular activity during emptying and a pronounced closing reflex after emptying. This was followed by return of normal tonic activity. Patients in group B had no relaxation of the sphincters during emptying but a pronounced increased activity in the external sphincter and the puborectalis muscle. They also had severe emptying difficulties at defecography. No closing reflex was seen. In group C the electrical activity in the sphincters increased during moderate straining and when emptying was complete a clear closing reflex was seen. In this study, a dynamic visualization of the defecation together with a registration of electromyographic activity in the striated anal sphincters was performed. It was shown that patients with paradoxical sphincter reaction were lacking a closing reflex after emptying was complete. This has not been reported previously and is important evidence for the paradoxical defecation pattern. It was also shown that the patients with rectoceles had paradoxical sphincter reaction.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Diagnosis of disturbances of continence and defecation.

Defecography was performed in 60 patients with disorders of continence or defecation in whom previous investigative procedures had not revealed any abnormality that could explain the disorder. A correct diagnosis was made in 47 patients (78%). Defecography appears to be a suitable procedure to detect functional disturbances of defecation. Since anterior rectal wall abnormalities such as colitis cystica profunda and solitary rectal ulcer were seen in eight patients, it is suggested that these abnormalities are a result of functional disorders of defecation. Furthermore, the function of the pelvic floor musculature can be assessed by defecography in order to determine the cause of fecal incontinence.

Adolescent↗