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PubMed1987

Immunological resistance to dermatophyte infections.

Dermatophytic fungus infections are common and in the main confined to the stratum corneum. The way the body keeps these infections confined to the stratum corneum involves both nonspecific and specific factors. Cell-mediated immune reactions appear to be the major host defense against invasion. Appropriate cell-mediated immunity not only can limit the spread of dermatophytic fungi but also can rid the fungus from host skin. In contrast, the absence of cell-mediated immunity predisposes to severe and widespread infection and to chronic infection. Complement and polymorphonuclear leukocytes can interact with hyphae once they invade into viable tissue. These interactions are inhibitory to growth. In addition, the inflammation provoked by these interactions can increase epidermal turnover time and thereby force retreat of the fungus back into the stratum corneum or rid the fungus through desquamation. The role of specific antibodies to dermatophytic fungi is uncertain, but it is likely a minor one. High levels of antibodies do not protect against infection or allow resolution of established infection in the absence of other mechanisms. Antibodies may augment complement activation and accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but it is unlikely they contribute directly to killing. Indeed, IgE antibodies to dermatophytic fungi develop in many patients with chronic infections.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1986

[Course of the dermatophytic spectrum in tinea capitis. Apropos of 124 cases seen in Bordeaux].

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of tinea capitis in the Bordeaux area (Dermatology Unit of the Hôpital des Enfants, Bordeaux) during a 6-year period (January, 1979 to December, 1984). Dermatophytic infection of the hair was proven by culture in 124 patients, 21 of whom had a negative potassium hydroxide direct examination. Age and sex distribution are shown in figure 1. One case was observed in a 15 days old infant, and 4 cases in adult females (3 young black mothers of affected children, 1 elderly white woman). Table I indicates the geographical origin of the patients and the isolates identified. The incidence of anthropophilic dermatophytes has increased from 13 p. 100 to 50 p. 100 since our previous survey (1975-1978). M. langeronii (29 cases), T. soudanense (19 cases) and T. violaceum (10 cases) were isolated mostly among African immigrants from Western tropical Africa and the Maghreb. However, 4 children of French origin without any history of previous sojourn in endemic areas developed tinea capitis due to M. langeronii; the source of contamination could not be determined. Zoophilic dermatophyte infection was mainly caused by M. canis (50 cases), with cats being the most frequent source of contamination. Family cases were frequent: 64 corresponding to 28 families. This may be due to either interhuman contamination or the presence of a contact pet animal in the family. The discussion is focused on: the shift in dermatophytic isolates from tinea capitis toward anthropophilic species, notably M. langeronii, mainly caused by an increased immigration from West Africa; the relevant clinical and mycological correlations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

[Reflections on dermatophytes].

In light of his experiences especially in tropical regions, the author makes some remarks about dermatophytes and dermatophytia, which they cause. The following main items are: 1. The dermatophytes lead a saprophytic life. 2. Exceptionally, they can invade nonkeratinized tissue and cause "dermatophytic disease", perhaps mycetomas. 3. 45 percent of the ringworm of the scalp heal before puberty. 4. In the tropical regions, trichophytosis caused by endothrix-species are often of inflammatory nature, the favus appears often without scutula formation (afavic). 5. One can heal a substantial percentage of the ringworm of the scalp with a single dosis of 12 tablets (125 mg each) of fine particle griseofulvin. 6. Athlete's foot has also other causes than only dermatophytes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Survey of dermatophytes in the hair of small mammals from Austria.

Apparently healthy hair of insectivores and rodents originating from two regions situated at different altitudes in Austria was examined on the presence of dermatophytes. Dermatophytes Microsporum persicolor, Trichophyton georgiae, T. mentagrophytes var. erinacei, T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes and T. terrestre were recovered from the hair of 27 animals (32.9%), belonging to 10 species. The results revealed evident specificity of dermatophytes to host mammals irrespective of the effect of different altitude of localities. The existence of dermatophytes in the healthy hair of mammals is due either to mere contamination from environment (findings of geophilic species) or to inapparent infection (findings of zoophilic species).

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Reported frequency of dermatophytes in cats and dogs in Austria].

During four years (1988-1991) 384 skin scrapings and hair samples obtained from cats and 636 samples obtained from dogs in Austria were examined routinely for dermatophytes. In cats dermatophytes were isolated or found positive in unstained KOH preparation in 50.3% of the samples. 90.7% of these cats were proved to be infected with Microsporum canis. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was isolated in 5.2% and Trichophyton spp. in 2.1% of the positive samples. In dogs dermatophytes were isolated from 12.4% of the samples. 58.2% of the dermatophyte positive dogs were found to be infected with M. canis. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton spp. were isolated more frequently (19.0% and 7.6% of the positive samples) than in cats. In 13.9% of the positive samples hyphae and/or ectothrix spores could be found but culturing was negative.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

In vitro activity of voriconazole against yeasts, moulds and dermatophytes in comparison with fluconazole, amphotericin B and griseofulvin.

Voriconazole (CAS 137234-62-9, UK-109,496), a new antifungal triazole derivative, was studied in vitro against 650 clinical isolates, representing yeasts, moulds and dermatophytes, and was compared with fluconazole (CAS 86386-73-4), amphotericin B (CAS 1397-89-3), and griseofulvin (CAS 126-07-8). The mean minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of voriconazole were 0.06 microgram/ml against yeasts (n = 187), 0.74 microgram/ml against moulds (n = 260) and 0.10 microgram/ml against dermatophytes (n = 203). Data from these in vitro studies showed that voriconazole was more potent than fluconazole against most species studied, but particularly against the isolates of moulds and dermatophytes. Overall, voriconazole and amphotericin B indicated comparably good activity against yeasts and moulds. Voriconazole was highly potent against 13 Aspergillus species studied (mean MIC 0.35 microgram/ml) and also showed noteworthy activity (mean MICs 0.08-0.78 microgram/ml) against emerging and less common clinical isolates of opportunistic moulds such as of Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Acremonium spp., Chrysosporium spp., and Fusarium spp. In addition, voriconazole was more active in vitro than griseofulvin against most dermatophytes tested. The in vitro results confirmed that voriconazole has indeed a broad antifungal spectrum and could also be effective against a wide range of fungal infections in patients.

Amphotericin B↗

PubMed1987

A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1982 to 1984.

A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1982 to 1984 in the United States. The survey included 59 locations with data from 49 cities and one state. Listing of the isolated dermatophytes and the frequency given by percentage of total follows: Trichophyton rubrum 46.8%, T. tonsurans 33.3%, T. mentagrophytes 10.1%, Microsporum canis 4.5%, Epidermophyton floccosum 3,5%, M. gypseum and T. verrucosum both 0.7%, M. audouinii and T. terrestre both 0.1%, and T. violaceum 0.06%. No isolations of M. ferrugineum or T. schoenleinii were reported. Temporal increases were observed for frequencies of T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans and M. canis, and decreases occurred for frequencies of E. floccosum and T. rubrum when the data from this survey were compared by the goodness of fit test to data of the 1979 to 1981 survey. The percent of dermatophyte isolations identified as T. tonsurans correlated significantly with the percentage of blacks in cities of 100,000 or more people.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1991

A survey of dermatophytes from human patients in the United States from 1985 to 1987.

A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1985 to 1987 in the United States. The survey included 54 locations with data from 45 cities and one state. Listing of the isolated dermatophytes and the frequency given by percentage of the total follows: Trichophyton rubrum 54.8%, T. tonsurans 31.3%, T. mentagrophytes 6.0%, Microsporum canis 4.0%, Epidermophyton floccosum 2.0%, M. gypseum 0.6%, and T. verrucosum 0.2%. Out of a total of 14,696 isolates M. audouinii was cultured 13 times, T. violaceum 12 times, M. nanum 6 times, T. terrestre 4 times, and T. soudanense twice. Single isolations were made of M. fulvum, M. ferrugineum and T. schoenleinii. Collection of dermatophyte data in Tucson, Arizona, began in 1966. In 1987, the first case of tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans was observed. Other isolates of this organism as the cause of tinea capitis were made in this city during that year. These infections were in black children. With the recent growth of Tucson, the percentage of blacks in the population increased and this pathogen was introduced into the general population.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1985

Epidemiological trends of dermatophytoses and dermatophytes in Jerusalem between 1954 and 1981.

Data for dermatophyte infections analysed for five 3-year periods between 1954 to 1981 led to the following conclusions: Tinea pedis, tinea cruris and tinea manuum showed an increase in the 50's and 60's and declined in the 70's; Tinea unguium and tinea corporis showed an increase during the whole period; At all these sites, the percentage of Trichophyton rubrum, the main etiologic agent, increased steadily over the periods while the percentage of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the secondary etiological agent, decreased. Epidermophyton floccosum, the third etiological agent in these sites, showed no sharp fluctuations; These three dermatophytes which show similar microclimatic requirements and favour the same microecological niches, were called 'glabrohydrophilic'. In tinea corporis they form a definite subset, their percentage being similar to that at other glabrous sites; Tinea capitis was at its peak in the 50's, decreased sharply until the second half of the 70's, its main etiological agent being Trichophyton violaceum. Since 1979, an increase of tinea capitis occurred due to the newly introduced Microsporum canis; Dermatophytes favouring scalp hair were called 'trichophilic'. In tinea corporis they form a definite subset, their percentage being similar to that of tinea capitis; A comparison with other studies from this country shows that macroclimate (i.e. humid warm coastal climate compared with dry cooler inland-mountain climate) is not an important factor in the etiology of tinea.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1986

Multicenter study of dermatophyte distribution in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain).

The results of a multicenter study on the distribution of dermatophyte species in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain) are presented. In the period 1977-1983, 638 dermatophyte strains were isolated from tineas by three different mycological laboratories. Zoophilic strains were prevalent comprising 64.4% of the isolates. T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum was isolated in 51% of the cases. A significant drop in the prevalence of T. tonsurans and T. violaceum was noted. Important variations were observed in dermatophyte distribution in relation to other geographical areas of Spain.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1978

The distribution of geophilic dermatophytes in Kenyan soils.

Two hundred and eighty one soil samples from different provinces of Kenya were examined for dermatophytes by the hair baiting technique. Dermatophytes were recovered from 84 samples. Microsporum gypseum constituted 75.8% of the total isolates while Keratinomyces ajelloi and M. cookei formed 21% and 3.2%, respectively. The distribution of the dermatophytes was influences by soil pH, being more prevalent in acidic than in alkaline soils.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1978

Epidemiologic study of dermatophyte infections in Nigeria (clinical survey and laboratory investigations).

The commonest dermatophyte infection among the referred dermatology cases in Nigeria is tinea pedis, whereas among the surveyed population of school children, the commonest fungal infection was tinea capitis. It was found that the most ubiquitous causative organism for tinea pedis was E. fluccosum, that for tinea capitis was M. audouinii, while that for tinea corporis was T. soudanese. The source of infection of tinea capitis among the school children was found to be most likely the local barber who serviced the schools in all the villages, and this might explain the high incidence rate of T. soudanese in tinea capitis. Tinea pedis infection is believed to be highly favoured by the wearing of shoes among the senior students. Animals were not a major source of transmission of dermatophytes in Nigeria. No new species of dermatophytes has been identified among the cultured organisms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The effect of selected human steroid hormones upon the growth of dermatophytes with different adaptation to man.

The inhibitory effect exerted by steroid hormones on the in vitro growth characteristics of dermatophytes is poorly understood. As a hypothesis this inhibition could result from fungal adaptation to the human host. Therefore, in this study the susceptibility of representative anthropophilic, zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytes to hormonal inhibition was compared. As a result, in agar dilution assays progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol proved to reduce fungal growth, whereas hydrocortisone had no such effect. In general, anthropophilic dermatophytes were shown to be more responsive to steroid hormones than geophilic species, suggesting a correlation of steroid susceptibility with adaptation to human skin. However, since fungal response to hormones consisted of growth inhibition and occurred only at steroid concentrations much higher than present in human skin, it cannot be assumed to contribute to this adaptation.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed1995

Association of hypersensitivity and carriage of dermatophytes in clinically normal sites in patients with Tinea cruris.

Forty nine patients with mycologically confirmed Tinea cruris were investigated for the association of hypersensitivity to trichophytin and the isolation of dermatophytes from clinically normal sites with chronicity and recurrence of infection. At the end of six months following specific therapy, 24 patients returned for follow up and they were similarly studied. Dermatophytes were isolated from clinically asymptomatic sites in 46% patients before treatment and in 21% of the patients on follow up. Immediate weal reaction and increased concentration of IgE antibodies were seen in 73% and 80% of the patients respectively. However, the delayed hypersensitivity reaction was more associated with patients having lesions for more than 6 months (48%) in comparison with patients with a short history (17%). On follow up after 6 months, the different hypersensitivity reactions and IgE antibody concentration maintained more or less the same association. Therefore in persistent or recurrent Tinea cruris infection, besides potential carriage in clinically normal sites, hypersensitivity to antigens of dermatophytes possibly plays an important role in pathogenicity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Screening of some essential oils for their activities on dermatophytes.

Fifty-three essential oils were tested against three frequently occurring dermatophytes (Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, T. rubrum) by means of an agar dilution technique. The oils were selected at random and not on the basis of a supposed activity. A number of oils showed interesting activities, expressed as maximum inhibitory dilution values, against the dermatophytes used. At the highest dilution tested (1:3,200, vol/vol), one out of six oils was active against T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, and one out of three to four oils was active against the other dermatophytes.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1999

[Farm animals as disease vectors of parasitic epizoonoses and zoophilic dermatophytes and their importance in dermatology].

Different pest arthropods and dermatophytes occurring primarily in farm animals may be transmissible to man and produce human dermatoses. The movement and cutaneous penetration habits of external parasites often cause crusted papules, severe itching and dermatitis or may damage their hosts by blood-sucking or by sensitizing them to their saliva. Furthermore different dermatophytes should be considered a possible cause of human skin lesions. Farm animals (cattle, pig, poultry, and rabbit) can transmit external parasites (ticks: Ixodes ricinus, Argas reflexus; fleas: Ceratophyllus gallinae, Spilopsyllus cuniculi, and mites: Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis, Dermanyssus gallinae, Cheyletiella parasitovorax), and dermatophytes (Trichophyton sp., and Microsporum sp.). People who have close contact to infested farm animals are more often exposed to epizoonotic infections. Certain professions, such as farmers, and veterinarians, are especially vulnerable.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗

PubMed2004

In vitro susceptibility testing of dermatophytes: comparison of disk diffusion and reference broth dilution methods.

A total of 56 strains belonging to 4 species of dermatophytes were tested against 10 antifungal drugs by using a modification of the NCCLS (M38-P) standard for filamentous fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained using the dilution method were compared with the diameters of growth inhibition zones using the disk diffusion method. The antifungals used were itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, sulconazole, oxiconazole, bifonazole, griseofulvin, ciclopiroxolamine, and terbinafine. Relative to the other agents tested, terbinafine possessed the highest antifungal activity against all of the dermatophytes. In contrast, fluconazole was the least active drug. An increase of MIC values was accompanied by a decrease of growth inhibition zone diameter. The disk diffusion method of fungal susceptibility assessment yields data consistent with results obtained from the dilution method. The study suggests the potential value of the disk diffusion method as a convenient alternative method for testing the susceptibilities of dermatophytes.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed1997

Itraconazole therapy is effective for pedal onychomycosis caused by some nondermatophyte molds and in mixed infection with dermatophytes and molds: a multicenter study with 36 patients.

BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis of the toenail caused by nondermatophyte molds alone or in combination with dermatophytes is difficult to eradicate with standard antifungal therapy. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the effectiveness of itraconazole in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis caused by molds alone or in combination with dermatophytes. METHODS: We treated 36 patients with this drug given as continuous dosing (100 or 200 mg/ day) for 6 to 20 weeks or as a 1-week pulse dosing (200 mg twice daily for 1 week per month) for two to four pulses. RESULTS: Patients with toenail onychomycosis with the following organisms were treated: Aspergillus spp. (eight patients), Fusarium spp. (four patients), Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (23 patients), and Alternaria spp. (one patient). Nineteen patients had onychomycosis with a mixed origin. At follow-up, 12 months after therapy was initiated, clinical and mycologic cure was achieved in 15 of 17 patients (88%) with onychomycosis caused by a single mold. In patients with mixed infection, a clinical cure was obtained in 16 of 19 patients (84%) and a mycologic cure in 13 of 19 patients (68%). CONCLUSION: Itraconazole appears to be effective and safe for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis caused by some nondermatophyte molds alone or in combination with dermatophytes.

Antifungal Agents↗