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A comprehensive literature review of the applications of computers in hospital pharmacy practice is presented. Articles are categorized as: accounting and drug usage review; purchasing and inventory control; controlled substances; outpatient services;drug distribution; drug information; and clinical services.
This is a final rule of the Deputy Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) transferring a drug between schedules of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811. With the issuance of this final rule, the Deputy Administrator transfers from schedule II to schedule III of the CSA the drug containing synthetic dronabinol [(-) - [DELTA] less than 9 greater than - (trans)-tetrahydrocannabinol] in sesame oil and encapsulated in soft gelatin capsules in a product approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This rule also designates this drug as a schedule III non-narcotic substance requiring an import/export permit. As a result of this rule, the regulatory controls and criminal sanctions of schedule III will be applicable to the manufacture, distribution, importation and exportation of this drug.
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By means of drug related legislation the endowment and limits of veterinary medicines surveillance are demonstrated. The distribution of veterinary pharmaceutical products is organised in wide area structures, both in legal and illegal employment. Thus powerful monitoring can only be established by co-operation of all involved institutions. In advance, a concentration of duties in a few administrations with supraregional authorisation can take place, in particular shown here for the organisation of the recommended institutions in Schleswig-Holstein. A catalogue of typical violations und neglects indicates areas of problems at various levels of veterinary drug trade (production, distribution, pharmacy, veterinarian). A report about the performance and results of the surveillance of drug applications in animal production demonstrates the conjoint consummation of drug control in farms and specimen control on living and slaughtered animals.
This final rulemaking is issued by the Acting Deputy Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to place 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) and N-benzylpiperazine (BZP) into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). This action by the DEA Acting Deputy Administrator is based on a scheduling recommendation by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and a DEA review indicating that 2C-T-7 and BZP meet the criteria for placement in Schedule I of the CSA. This final rule will continue to impose the regulatory controls and criminal sanctions of Schedule I substances on the manufacture, distribution, and possession of 2C-T-7 and BZP.
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With the issuance of this final rule, the Deputy Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) places the substance, zopiclone, including its salts, isomers and salts of isomers into Schedule IV of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). As a result of this rule, the regulatory controls and criminal sanctions of Schedule IV will be applicable to the manufacture, distribution, dispensing, importation and exportation of zopiclone and products containing zopiclone.
Health care professionals are urged to be alert to the potential for adverse effects common to the use of anabolic steroids by athletes and others, including high school and college students active in varsity sports or body lifting. The Department of Health, Division of Pharmacy Services and Drug Control asks for cooperation and assistance in helping combat the illegal diversion by physicians and pharmacies of these hazardous drugs and to ensure that these drugs are available to patients only through legitimate channels. Act 249 of 1989 was enacted to prevent the distribution and use of illegal anabolic steroids and growth hormones and for purposes of defining and setting penalties for the illegal use.
Of the world's five billion people, 75% of whom live in developing countries, 25-50% have little or no access to basic pharmaceuticals. To ensure an adequate supply of safe and effective drugs of good quality, a national drug policy (NDP) should be incorporated into the national health policy. Elements of a NDP include: identification of therapeutic needs; objective selection of essential drugs; drug supply and distribution system; effective legislation and regulation; quality assurance; manpower development; and dissemination of drug-related information. Drug availability does not ensure their rational prescribing or dispensing or appropriate patient use. It is proposed that a flexible multi-disciplinary curriculum be established for healthcare professionals and students and public policy formulators to provide instruction in NDP elements and the principles of rational drug use. Such courses may stimulate multi-disciplinary drug-related scholarly activities.
The aim of this study was to gain knowledge of residue formation after the use of melengestrol acetate (MGA) as a growth-promoting agent. Two Holstein-Friesian heifers each received a daily dose through the feed of 0, 0.5 mg (2 heifers with and without withdrawal each), 1.5 mg or 5.0 mg MGA for 8 weeks. MGA residues in plasma were screened by enzyme immuno-assay (EIA). Concentrations in kidney, liver, and muscle were quantified by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and in fat by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). MGA levels in plasma were 40, 128, and 280 ng/L, respectively. Residues accumulated in muscle and kidney (5-fold), liver (20-to-40-fold), and fat (200-fold). After administration of 1.5 mg per day the mean MGA concentration in fat was 29 micrograms/kg and thus violated USA regulations which specify a limit of 25 ppb. Therefore the labelled use of MGA (0.5 mg per day) has to be officially controlled.
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The methodology of revealing and studying chemical carcinogens in the environment is based on epidemiology, animal testing, and short-term laboratory studies. The techniques and limitations of these respective investigations are described. From evidence of carcinogenicity, extrapolation must be made to assess whether a particular substance is a cause of cancer in humans. This inference depends upon the type of evidence for carcinogenicity. In particular, parameters limiting extrapolation of all laboratory assays include species' specificity and dose response. Control of the environmental distribution of punative carcinogens poses difficulty, both in the selection of substances, and in legislative design. Certain personal habits still constitute the major established carcinogenic hazards for the community-at-large.
The authors discuss the role played by international and regional organisations in the registration and testing of veterinary biological products. International organisations which contribute significantly to this field include the Office International des Epizooties (OIE)--through the work of the Standards Commission and the publication of the Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines--, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO)--through the work of the Joint FAO/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture in standardising enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques, as well as through WHO Expert Committees. In Europe, the most important regional organisations are the European Commission and the European Pharmacopoeia. In the Americas, the most significant contribution is made by the two specialised institutes of the Pan American Health Organisation (namely INPPAZ [Pan American Institute for Food Protection and Zoonoses] and PANAFTOSA [Pan American Foot and Mouth Disease Centre]), and by the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture. In Africa, PANVAC (the Pan-African Veterinary Vaccine Centre) continues to perform valuable work in testing veterinary vaccines. For the industrialised countries, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is involved in the regulation of biotechnology products and in standardising "good laboratory practice' for vaccine manufacture. A table is presented which summarises and compares the respective roles of these organisations in the harmonization of licensing and testing procedures, the distribution of reference reagents, vaccine testing and the creation of vaccine banks.
Substituting generic for brand drugs has been increasing for two decades with the expectation that it leads to important savings. We studied 891 862 prescriptions, written for 21 pairs of branded and generic drugs, dispensed between April 1, 1984, and June 30, 1984, by 1363 selected pharmacies in 39 states. The cost per pill paid by the pharmacy was always less for the generic than the branded drug. The price per pill paid by the consumer was usually less for the generic than the brand. The wide and skewed distribution of consumer prices within and among pharmacies means that consumers cannot be guaranteed the lowest cost simply by buying generic drugs. The probability that generic would be less expensive than brand varied widely across drug pairs from .33 to .99. Continued search is no guarantee that the full distribution of prices or the lowest or nearly-lowest price will be found.
To monitor behaviors that place adolescents at increased risk for premature morbidity and mortality, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). This system measures six categories of behaviors, including behaviors that contribute to violence and unintentional injuries; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection; unhealthy dietary behaviors; and inadequate physical activity. This article summarizes how some education and health agencies and nongovernmental organizations, in collaboration with community agencies, school boards, parents, and youth, use YRBSS data to describe risk behaviors, create awareness, supplement staff development, set and monitor program goals, develop health education programs, support health-related legislation, and seek funding. Ways in which YRBSS data are distributed electronically also are summarized.
Act 101 of 1965, as amended by Act 65 of 1974, published on 21 February 1975, has far-reaching implications as regards the manufacture, distribution and use of medicines in South Africa. Some aspects in connection with the annexures to the Act relating to the pharmaceutical industry, doctors, pharmacists and the public, are discussed.
The implementation of a pharmacy-controlled medication technician program is discussed. Qualified candidates are selected and trained to administer medications to patients under the supervision of a pharmacist. A centralized unit dose drug distribution system is employed. The responsibilities of the technicians and the pharmacists are presented.