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PubMed1983

The position and value of extratransference interpretation.

The role of extratransference interpretation in the theory of technique has been insufficiently defined and only tangentially discussed. Extratransference interpretation refers to interpretation that is relatively outside the analytic transference relationship. Although interpretive resolution of the transference neurosis is the central area of analytic work, transference is not the sole or whole focus of interpretation, or the only effective "mutative" interpretation, or always the most significant interpretation. Extratransference interpretation has a position and value which is not simply ancillary, preparatory, and supplementary to transference interpretation. Transference analysis is essential, but extratransference interpretation, including genetic interpretation and reconstruction, is also necessary, complementary, and synergistic. Transference is a repetition that requires analysis of its genetic sources in childhood conflict and fixation. Transference and reality, past and present, are newly defined, understood, and integrated in the analytic process. Transference fantasy cannot be clarified without understanding the "grains of truth" to which it may be anchored in reality inside and outside the analytic situation. The analyst's real attitudes and attributes may influence the transference and transference analysis. Countertransference also tends to evoke transference reactions which are unique to each patient, so that there are contributions from both parties to the analytic process and the analytic data. Analytic understanding should encompass the overlapping transference and extratransference spheres, fantasy and reality, past and present. A "transference only" position is theoretically untenable and could lead to an artificial reduction of all associations and interpretations into a transference mold and to an idealized folie à deux.

Conflict, Psychological↗

PubMed2025

Building a Digital Health Research Platform to Enable Recruitment, Enrollment, Data Collection, and Follow-Up for a Highly Diverse Longitudinal US Cohort of 1 Million People in the All of Us Research Program: Design and Implementation Study.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal cohort studies have traditionally relied on clinic-based recruitment models, which limit cohort diversity and the generalizability of research outcomes. Digital research platforms can be used to increase participant access, improve study engagement, streamline data collection, and increase data quality; however, the efficacy and sustainability of digitally enabled studies rely heavily on the design, implementation, and management of the digital platform being used. OBJECTIVE: We sought to design and build a secure, privacy-preserving, validated, participant-centric digital health research platform (DHRP) to recruit and enroll participants, collect multimodal data, and engage participants from diverse backgrounds in the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) All of Us Research Program (AOU). AOU is an ongoing national, multiyear study aimed to build a research cohort of 1 million participants that reflects the diversity of the United States, including minority, health-disparate, and other populations underrepresented in biomedical research (UBR). METHODS: We collaborated with community members, health care provider organizations (HPOs), and NIH leadership to design, build, and validate a secure, feature-rich digital platform to facilitate multisite, hybrid, and remote study participation and multimodal data collection in AOU. Participants were recruited by in-person, print, and online digital campaigns. Participants securely accessed the DHRP via web and mobile apps, either independently or with research staff support. The participant-facing tool facilitated electronic informed consent (eConsent), multisource data collection (eg, surveys, genomic results, wearables, and electronic health records [EHRs]), and ongoing participant engagement. We also built tools for research staff to conduct remote participant support, study workflow management, participant tracking, data analytics, data harmonization, and data management. RESULTS: We built a secure, participant-centric DHRP with engaging functionality used to recruit, engage, and collect data from 705,719 diverse participants throughout the United States. As of April 2024, 87% (n=613,976) of the participants enrolled via the platform were from UBR groups, including racial and ethnic minorities (n=282,429, 46%), rural dwelling individuals (n=49,118, 8%), those over the age of 65 years (n=190,333, 31%), and individuals with low socioeconomic status (n=122,795, 20%). CONCLUSIONS: We built a participant-centric digital platform with tools to enable engagement with individuals from different racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds and other UBR groups. This DHRP demonstrated successful use among diverse participants. These findings could be used as best practices for the effective use of digital platforms to build and sustain cohorts of various study designs and increase engagement with diverse populations in health research.

Humans↗

PubMed1999

Direct sedimentation analysis of interference optical data in analytical ultracentrifugation.

Sedimentation data acquired with the interference optical scanning system of the Optima XL-I analytical ultracentrifuge can exhibit time-invariant noise components, as well as small radial-invariant baseline offsets, both superimposed onto the radial fringe shift data resulting from the macromolecular solute distribution. A well-established method for the interpretation of such ultracentrifugation data is based on the analysis of time-differences of the measured fringe profiles, such as employed in the g(s*) method. We demonstrate how the technique of separation of linear and nonlinear parameters can be used in the modeling of interference data by unraveling the time-invariant and radial-invariant noise components. This allows the direct application of the recently developed approximate analytical and numerical solutions of the Lamm equation to the analysis of interference optical fringe profiles. The presented method is statistically advantageous since it does not require the differentiation of the data and the model functions. The method is demonstrated on experimental data and compared with the results of a g(s*) analysis. It is also demonstrated that the calculation of time-invariant noise components can be useful in the analysis of absorbance optical data. They can be extracted from data acquired during the approach to equilibrium, and can be used to increase the reliability of the results obtained from a sedimentation equilibrium analysis.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Singularities in the inverse modeling of 2AFC contrast discrimination data.

Analytical calculations show that two-alternative force-choice data are not always suitable for specifying the parameters of the underlying discrimination model. Experimentally, we show here that in the case of contrast discrimination in humans, a variety of models spanning a large range of parameters can explain the data within an experimental error. Monte-Carlo simulations indicate that the number of trials in psychophysical experiments is not the limiting factor in estimating the parameters in contrast discrimination. These results can therefore explain the contradictory conclusions made by different groups about the relationship between the response to contrast and the noise amplitude.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Metabonomics technologies and their applications in physiological monitoring, drug safety assessment and disease diagnosis.

In this review, metabonomics, a combination of data-rich analytical chemical measurements and chemometrics for profiling metabolism in complex systems, is described and its applications are reviewed. Metabonomics is typically carried out using biofluids or tissue samples. The relevance of the technique is reviewed in relation to other '-omics', and it is shown how the methods can be applied to physiological evaluation, drug safety assessment, characterization of genetically modified animal models of disease, diagnosis of human disease, and drug therapy monitoring. The different types of analytical data, mainly from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, are summarized. The outputs from a metabonomics study allow sample classification, for example according to phenotype, drug safety or disease diagnosis, and interpretation of the reasons for classification yields information on combination biomarkers of effect. Transcriptomic and metabonomic data is currently being further integrated into a holistic understanding of systems biology. An assessment of the possible future role and impact of metabonomics is presented.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

Some methodological issues in statistical estimation of air pollution and health.

This paper introduces a new method for estimating a dose-response relationship from spatially averaged time series of air pollution and health data. Because time is perceived as a nuisance parameter to be eliminated, least-squares regression and traditional time series methodology (e.g., spectral analysis Box-Jenkins methods) are rejected in favor of a nonparametric estimation procedure based on observing health effects in times of nearly equal pollution. The method requires estimating the ratio of two density functions and avoids problems of aggregation, linearity and normality. In spite of the formal tests described, the procedure seems most useful at present as a data analytic and data display device rather than as an inferential tool.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed1998

Validity of linear regression in method comparison studies: is it limited by the statistical model or the quality of the analytical input data?

We compared the application of ordinary linear regression, Deming regression, standardized principal component analysis, and Passing-Bablok regression to real-life method comparison studies to investigate whether the statistical model of regression or the analytical input data have more influence on the validity of the regression estimates. We took measurements of serum potassium as an example for comparisons that cover a narrow data range and measurements of serum estradiol-17beta as an example for comparisons that cover a wide data range. We demonstrate that, in practice, it is not the statistical model but the quality of the analytical input data that is crucial for interpretation of method comparison studies. We show the usefulness of ordinary linear regression, in particular, because it gives a better estimate of the standard deviation of the residuals than the other procedures. The latter is important for distinguishing whether the observed spread across the regression line is caused by the analytical imprecision alone or whether sample-related effects also contribute. We further demonstrate the usefulness of linear correlation analysis as a first screening test for the validity of linear regression data. When ordinary linear regression (in combination with correlation analysis) gives poor estimates, we recommend investigating the analytical reason for the poor performance instead of assuming that other linear regression procedures add substantial value to the interpretation of the study. This investigation should address whether (a) the x and y data are linearly related; (b) the total analytical imprecision (s(a,tot)) is responsible for the poor correlation; (c) sample-related effects are present (standard deviation of the residuals >> s(a,tot)); (d) the samples are adequately distributed over the investigated range; and (e) the number of samples used for the comparison is adequate.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗

PubMed2003

Simultaneous vs. sequential analysis for population PK/PD data II: robustness of methods.

A model can be fit to joint PK/PD data (concentration and effect) either simultaneously or sequentially. The results of a companion paper suggested that when the data-analytic and true models agree, a particular sequential approach is computationally faster than the simultaneous one, yet produces hardly less precise PD parameter estimates, and for suitable designs, about as accurate PD standard error estimates. In this paper, we compare the performance of various methods for the case that the data-analytic model is misspecified. We illustrate these methods by applying them to a set of real data. Using NONMEM, population PK/PD observations were simulated under various study designs according to a one- or two-compartment PK model and direct Emax or sigmoid Emax model. A one-compartment PK model and Emax PD model were fit to the simulated observations by simultaneous and sequential methods. Predictive performance (interpolation and extrapolation) of PD and the type-I error rate of a likelihood ratio test are compared. The real data set consists of PK and (more frequent) PD observations after administration of the muscle relaxant vecuronium. When only the PK data-analytic model is misspecified, the simultaneous method has greater precision than the sequential methods. However a sequential method that uses a non-parametric PK model performs better than both other methods when PK model misspecification is severe. When the PD data-analytic model is misspecified, sequential and simultaneous methods perform similarly. The analysis of the real data shows that the PK fitted with the simultaneous method can be quite sensitive to PD model misspecification, yielding a possible diagnostic for this type of misspecification.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1989

SED88: a Pascal program for the analysis of sedimentation equilibrium data.

Analytical ultracentrifugation is commonly used for the determination of molecular weights (sedimentation equilibrium) and sedimentation coefficients (sedimentation rate) of biological macromolecules in solution. A Turbo Pascal program for the analysis of sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation data produced by absorbance optical systems is described. The user may enter data from a scan of absorbance versus distance from the centre of rotation, via a graphics tablet (or ASCII file). This is subsequently manipulated to yield an apparent weight average molecular weight for the given sample. Plots of ln (absorbance) versus (radius2) may also be produced. The method described uses readily available computational equipment requiring only a graphics tablet in addition to an IBM PC compatible computer. This technique and the software developed have been used to investigate the molecular weight range of two International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) reference samples from the Suwannee River.

Absorption↗

PubMed1999

Matching health policy with data: data and analytic requirements for federal policymakers.

The health data and statistical needs of our health care system continue to grow. Though we are expected to spend approximately $1.4 trillion on health care next year, we know little about where the dollars are spent and what they are purchasing. Our national health statistics are currently collected through a patchwork of claims data and survey data. These data are collected periodically, are often out of date, and do not contain several key data elements critical for serious evaluation of the performance of our health care system. Failure to collect more timely and comprehensive data will undermine ongoing efforts for controlling the growth in costs and improving quality.

Accounting↗

PubMed1978

Analytical behavior data for chemicals determined using AOAC multiresidue methodology for pesticide residues in foods.

Analytical methods capable of detecting more than one pesticide residue simultaneously (multiresidue methods) become more effective with an increase in the number of chemicals whose behavior through the various steps of the method has been documented. Since 1970, the method behavior data related to the AOAC official method for residues of 25 chlorinated and phosphated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls have been extended to include information on twice as many chemicals as was previously available. The value of having a large bank of method behavior data is outlined and the experimental protocol by which the data were collected is described. A complete listing is included of the available data on the analytical behavior of over 300 pesticidal and/or industrial chemicals.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bioanalytic considerations for pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutic studies.

The correct evaluation of pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutic data can only be achieved if accurate analytic data are obtained. The accuracy of analytic data depends on the criteria used to validate the method. Consequently, careful scrutiny of drug stability, assay sensitivity, selectivity, recovery, linearity, precision, and accuracy is necessary for the proper interpretation of data. The importance of method validation and its influence on pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutic data evaluation and interpretation will be discussed.

Biopharmaceutics↗

PubMed1997

Protecting the integrity of clinical laboratory test results.

The authors' inspection reports demonstrate that the improper alteration of patient data is not a rare aberration in private commercial clinical laboratories. Although laboratory surveyors could be trained to recognize this problem, the availability of unprotected test systems makes even trained inspectors ineffectual. Both regulatory agencies and professional accrediting agencies should be concerned that their surveyors may be placing a seal of approval on what are, in reality, compromised or even fabricated data. In proposing the regulations discussed in this paper, the FDA sought to "preserve the integrity of the agency's enforcement process." This goal will remain unattainable, however, until a mechanism has been devised to secure the original raw data produced by all of the analytical systems being used not only in clinical laboratories but also in environmental laboratories, pharmaceutical laboratories, etc. Laboratories, as well as regulatory agencies and accrediting bodies, need to be concerned on behalf of the patient, but laboratories may also need to be concerned on their own behalf. In the coming era of unprecedented cost constraints and competitive bidding, unscrupulous testing facilities or groups of such facilities could have a significant edge over their conscientious competitors if the issues raised here continue to be ignored. Although the analytical data management systems provide tremendous benefits, some have serious problems in ensuring the security of their data. However, if regulatory agencies, accrediting bodies, professional organizations, and the analyzer vendors make a united commitment, the problem of securing the integrity of analytical data could eventually be resolved. It is hoped that such a commitment will be made in the near future.

Autoanalysis↗

PubMed1986

Pattern recognition used to investigate multivariate data in analytical chemistry.

Pattern recognition and allied multivariate methods provide an approach to the interpretation of the multivariate data often encountered in analytical chemistry. Widely used methods include mapping and display, discriminant development, clustering, and modeling. Each has been applied to a variety of chemical problems, and examples are given. The results of two recent studies are shown, a classification of subjects as normal or cystic fibrosis heterozygotes and simulation of chemical shifts of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra by linear model equations.

Carbon Radioisotopes↗

PubMed2005

Hematological and iron-related analytes--reference data for persons aged 1 year and over: United States, 1988-94.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents national estimates of hematologic and iron-related analytes for persons 1 year of age and over, by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. METHODS: The analysis is based on data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) (1988-94), which was designed to provide information on the health and nutritional status of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. The sample used for these analyses included the 26,372 participants who had laboratory tests. RESULTS: This report provides mean, standard error of the mean, median, and percentile laboratory values for the U.S. population, 1988-94, for hematological and iron-related analytes. In addition, percentage distributions are provided. CONCLUSIONS: Data on hematological and iron analytes provide reference values for clinical and longitudinal comparisons.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Attrition in randomized controlled clinical trials: methodological issues in psychopharmacology.

Attrition is a ubiquitous problem in randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT) of psychotropic agents that can cause biased estimates of the treatment effect, reduce statistical power, and restrict the generalizability of results. The extent of the problem of attrition in central nervous system (CNS) trials is considered here and its consequences are examined. The taxonomy of missingness mechanisms is then briefly reviewed in order to introduce issues underlying the choice of data analytic strategies appropriate for RCTs with various forms of incomplete data. The convention of using last observation carried forward to accommodate attrition is discouraged because its assumptions are typically inappropriate for CNS RCTs, whereas multiple imputation strategies are more appropriate. Mixed-effects models often provide a useful data analytic strategy for attrition as do the pattern-mixture and propensity adjustments. Finally, investigators are encouraged to consider asking participants, at each assessment session, the likelihood of attendance at the subsequent assessment session. This information can be used to eliminate some of the very obstacles that lead to attrition, and can be incorporated in data analyses to reduce bias, but it will not eliminate all attrition bias.

Humans↗

PubMed1996

Assessment of chromatographic peak purity by means of artificial neural networks.

An improved chemometric approach is proposed for assessing chromatographic peak purity by means of artificial neural networks. A non-linear transformation function with a back-propagation algorithm was used to describe and predict the chromatographic data. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for the concluding the purity of the chromatographic peak. Simulation data and practical analytical data for both pure and mixture samples were analysed with satisfactory results. A prior knowledge of the impurity and the related compound is unnecessary when a slight difference between their chromatogram and spectrum exists. The performance on simulated data sets by this approach was compared with the results from principal component analysis.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rural parents' perceptions of risks associated with their children's exposure to radon.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the level of awareness of radon issues, correlates of elective testing behaviors, and the accuracy of risk perception for radon exposures among rural residents receiving public health services. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was used in which questionnaire data and household analytic data for radon levels were collected from a nonprobabilistic sample of rural households. SAMPLE: Thirty-one rural households with 71 adults and 60 children participated in the study. Primary household respondents were female (100%), Caucasian (97%), and primarily (94%) between 21 and 40 years of age. MEASUREMENT: Questionnaire data consisted of knowledge and risk perception items about radon and all homes were tested for the presence of radon. RESULTS: The prevalence of high airborne radon (defined as> or=4 pCi/l) was 32%. More than a third of the sample underestimated the seriousness of health effects of radon exposure, 39% disagreed that being around less radon would improve the long-term health of their children, and 52% were unsure whether radon could cause health problems. After adjusting for chance, only 21% of the subjects correctly understood their risk status. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that low-income rural citizens do not understand their risk of radon exposure or the deleterious consequences of exposure.

Adult↗