Status report on DHS publications and datasets.
"This paper describes the publications produced by the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program and discusses the availability of DHS datasets through the DHS Data Archive."
Demography↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Data archiving”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Physical and mental health costs of traumatic war experiences among Civil War veterans.
BACKGROUND: Hundreds of thousands of soldiers face exposure to combat during wars across the globe. The health effects of traumatic war experiences have not been adequately assessed across the lifetime of these veterans. OBJECTIVE: To identify the role of traumatic war experiences in predicting postwar nervous and physical disease and mortality using archival data from military and medical records of veterans from the Civil War. DESIGN: An archival examination of military and medical records of Civil War veterans was conducted. Degree of trauma experienced (prisoner-of-war experience, percentage of company killed, being wounded, and early age at enlistment), signs of lifetime physician-diagnosed disease, and age at death were recorded. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The US Pension Board surgeons conducted standardized medical examinations of Civil War veterans over their postwar lifetimes. Military records of 17,700 Civil War veterans were matched to postwar medical records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Signs of physician-diagnosed disease, including cardiac, gastrointestinal, and nervous disease; number of unique ailments within each disease; and mortality. RESULTS: Military trauma was related to signs of disease and mortality. A greater percentage of company killed was associated with signs of postwar cardiac and gastrointestinal disease (incidence risk ratio [IRR], 1.34; P < .02), comorbid nervous and physical disease (IRR, 1.51; P < .005), and more unique ailments within each disease (IRR, 1.14; P < .005). Younger soldiers (<18 years), compared with older enlistees (>30 years), showed a higher mortality risk (hazard ratio, 1.52), signs of comorbid nervous and physical disease (IRR, 1.93), and more unique ailments within each disease (IRR, 1.32) (P < .005 for all), controlling for time lived and other covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Greater exposure to death of military comrades and younger exposure to war trauma were associated with increased signs of physician-diagnosed cardiac, gastrointestinal, and nervous disease and more unique disease ailments across the life of Civil War veterans. Physiological mechanisms by which trauma might result in disease are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Financing health care at the local level: the community drug funds of Honduras.
In response to UNICEF's Bamako Initiative, hundreds of privately run Community Drug Funds were established in Honduras during the 1990s, generally under the auspices of a non-government organization and usually with the financial assistance of international agencies. Honduras' Community Drug Funds (CDF) are rotating drug funds intended to: (1) serve as a means of increasing access to care in isolated rural populations, (2) promote the more rational use of medicines and (3) promote community participation in the financing and oversight of primary health care activities. This study is the first to analyse empirically the impact and efficiency of these institutions, relying upon primary data obtained from a survey of 51 of the 450 active CDFs in Honduras. Archival data from Ministry of Health and other sources were also analysed. The structure, operations, and impact of CDFs are detailed, with special attention given to access and quality of care issues. The study found that CDFs are rapidly becoming under-capitalized because of basic management problems, principally in pricing and in medicine purchasing practices. These shortcomings, and more generally, increasing financial pressures on NGO sponsors, are negatively affecting quality and access to care. Given the rate of erosion in CDF assets, unless they are recapitalized, the current average estimated lifespan of a CDF is 5.5 years. If these funds are to be sustainable, changes in their financing, training and supervision will be required. In addressing these issues, Honduran health policy-makers must decide how best to balance the competing goals of holding down costs, while maintaining adequate quality and improving access to care.
Community Participation↗
Production supervisor impacts on subordinates' safety outcomes: an investigation of leader-member exchange and safety communication.
PROBLEM: Supervisors are increasingly important to the functioning of manufacturing operations, in large part due to their role as leaders. While supervisors' relations and communication with their subordinates are known to be important in influencing subordinates' behavior, little is known about how these two factors will impact subordinates' safety. This study investigated how much each factor contributes to safety-related outcomes for blue-collar production employees. METHOD: Production employees at five Pennsylvania wood manufacturers completed a survey during their work shift. Five hundred and ninety eight employees provided data on leader-member exchange (LMX), safety communication, and safety-related events. Archival data on OSHA recordables were also obtained from the producers' human resources database. RESULTS: Analyses found that the influence of LMX was greater than that of safety communication in predicting safety-related events. Neither LMX nor safety communication was significantly related to OSHA recordables. Results also demonstrated that employee job satisfaction and demographic variables such as gender and age have safety implications. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Results from this study further emphasize the importance of production supervisors and illustrate the potential role of leader-member exchange in enhancing workplace safety. Specifically, organizations should foster positive social exchange between their employees and supervisors and enhance the leadership qualities of supervisors to help reduce workplace injuries.
Accidents, Occupational↗
An analysis of home advantage in the English Football Premiership.
Home advantage has been examined across different sports. Pollard provided evidence of this phenomenon in association football (soccer). This present study further considers the prevalence in the English Football Premiership, a division created from the former Football Association First Division in 1992. Archived data were obtained for the First Division seasons 1984--5 to 1991--2 from the Football Statistics Archive and for the English Football Premiership (1992--3 to 2002--3). Chi square analysis confirmed home advantage from season to season since 1984 (p<.05). Analysis of variance compared Pollard's findings and data for the English Football Premiership (1992--2003), as well as the intervening period (1984--92). Home advantage was significantly lower in these more recent periods. Possible factors contributing to the apparent decline in home advantage were highlighted.
Football↗
A rapid ethnography of itinerant teachers of the deaf.
A rapid ethnographic study of 10 itinerant teachers in two school districts and 21 other professionals working with the itinerants was conducted. Rapid ethnography starts with the same assumptions about culture as conventional ethnography. However, it is not constrained by the assumption of cultural ignorance on the investigator's part. Thus, it enables better-directed data collection. Interviews with the itinerants and other professionals, direct observation of itinerants at work, and archival data permitted the authors to generate a list of themes reflecting results of other studies which focused on specific skills for itinerant teaching. While knowledge of specific skills cannot be ignored, the study shows that effective itinerants are ones who, through a personality trait, extensive experience, or a specific value system, can generate a positive composite image of their role as itinerants and are then able to interact on the basis of that image.
Anthropology, Cultural↗
The urban built environment and overdose mortality in New York City neighborhoods.
Accidental drug overdose continues to be a substantial cause of mortality for drug users. Characteristics of the neighborhood built environment may be important determinants of the likelihood of drug overdose mortality independent of individual-level factors. Using data from the New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, we conducted a multilevel case control study using data on accidental overdose deaths as cases and non-overdose accidental deaths as controls. We used archival data from the New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey and the Mayor's Office of Operations to assess characteristics of neighborhood external (e.g. dilapidation of buildings) and internal (e.g. quality of utilities in houses) built environment. Multilevel analyses were used to assess the relations between the neighborhood built environment and the likelihood of overdose death. Six out of the eight characteristics of the external environment studied and three out of the six characteristics of the internal environment studied were significantly associated with the likelihood of fatal drug overdose in multilevel models after adjusting for individual-level (age, race, sex) and neighborhood-level (income, drug use) variables. Deterioration of the built environment, particularly the external environment, is associated with an increased likelihood of fatal accidental drug overdose. Disinvestment in social resources, psychosocial stressors, neighborhood differences in response to a witnessed overdose, and differences in vulnerability to the adverse consequences of drug use in different neighborhoods may explain the observed associations.
Adolescent↗
Success and failure in a Michigan telepsychiatry programme.
Telemedicine programmes are often complex undertakings that result in combinations of success and failure. Michigan State University and LifeWays received a grant for a four-phase telepsychiatry research project in 2000. We employed multiple data-collection techniques, including patient and provider surveys, in-depth interviews, observation, patient chart analyses, and organizational archival data analyses. Of the four phases in the project, two proved to be successful, one failed in its initial goal but succeeded with a redefined goal, and one failed completely. Issues that affected success or failure included human resource conflicts, organizational structure, inter-organizational relationships and allocated resources.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Trends in the characteristics of clients of alcohol/drug treatment services in Ontario.
This paper summarizes the major trends in the characteristics of clients of alcohol/drug treatment services in Ontario from 1979 to 1989. Data were obtained from all provincial treatment programs by surveys undertaken in 1980, 1983, 1986 and 1989. Supplementary archival data are included on the use of American treatment programs by Ontario residents. Across the period of analysis, there has been a rapid increase in the number of alcohol/drug programs and the total treatment case-load. Trends in client characteristics include increased representation of women in the treatment case-load and a shift towards greater drug involvement with or without concomitant alcohol use. In contrast, there has been a small decrease in the proportion of young or elderly clients. The utilization of American treatment services by Ontario residents may partially reflect needs of special target groups, such as adolescents, which are not being met within the Ontario treatment system.
Adolescent↗
Building the future: psychosocial rehabilitation with a Veterans Construction Team.
The Veterans Construction Team (VCT) is an innovative form of Compensated Work Therapy (CWT) for unemployed, homeless veterans who have had a history of substance abuse and/or a serious mental or medical illness. The VCT model builds social support and self-esteem, while delivering tangible services to public entities and providing a relatively high rate of pay and exceptional opportunities for skill development. This brief report outlines the VCT model, reviews VCTs development and operations, and describes participant reactions. Data were collected by interviewing program managers and office staff, field supervisors and VCT participants, as well as through archival data on VCT projects and VA intake data.
Forecasting↗
An automatized computer-method utilizing Procomm Plus and DataEase (4.2) PC and SAS (6.06) mainframe software for isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart studies.
A powerful, time sharing and automatized method of a comprehensive data analysis for isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart studies is described. Data are collected using DataEase PC software (version 4.2) into forms with data fields specified for vital parameters consistently recorded in isolated, perfused heart studies (HR, CBF, PEAKPRESSURE, DPDT, MVO2). After running, DataEase reports the data and information is uploaded to an IBM 3081D mainframe computer on each day of heart experiment and data collection. The uploading process, the data archival and the statistical analyses are automatized by Procomm Plus commands written in Aspect Source Program (.ASP) Files for logging, data transforming and file management procedures. The ASPCOMP.EXE compiler compiles these .ASP files into Aspect Script eXecutable (.ASX) programs, which run on the PC in our laboratory and activate WYLBUR (IBM 3081D Batch-job service and Command file processor) edited files in the mainframe's electronic devices then upload, backup and save data into these files. SAS EXE files containing program instructions for the data analyzing system are then forced by Procomm Plus to operate over the data just uploaded. SAS reads the DATA files by its INFILE facility and performs comprehensive statistical analyses and produces hard output including graphics and JOB reports of dose-response- and logaritmic scale curves for delivery to team members. This computerized and automatized method developed for isolated, perfused guinea-pig heart studies is capable of performing multiple file transfer, sophisticated statistical analyses and graphic procedures after one keystroke on the PC (Alt-F5 in Procomm Plus section) and also facilitates a consistent and convenient method for planning, controlling and standardizing experiments. The method is based on an interactive computer conversation between the PC in the laboratory and the remote's WYLBUR editor. No human presence is needed; however, in case of failure, Procomm Plus gives one of the team members supervising the system a phone call in order to get human help.
Animals↗
Trends in the development of alcohol and drug treatment services in Ontario: a replication and extension of a previous study.
This paper summarizes the major trends in the development of alcohol and drug treatment services in Ontario from 1979 to 1989. Data were obtained from all treatment services in the province by surveys undertaken in 1980, 1983, 1986 and 1989. Supplementary archival data are included on the use of American treatment programs by Ontario residents over a similar time period. Across the period of analysis, there has been a rapid increase in the number of alcohol and drug programs (130 to 217), their total cost ($44.4 million to $77.1 million) and the total treatment caseload (30,356 to 61,622). With respect to different types of services, the largest growth in capacity has occurred for specialized assessment/referral centres. Use of short-term residential resources within the province has risen slightly but this has been augmented by a rapid increase in the use of similar programs in the United States. Contrary to expectations from research evidence and provincial policy initiatives, only modest gains have been experienced with non-residential treatment alternatives compared to the increases in availability and utilization of residential treatment programs.
Alcoholism↗
Computerized analysis of resting fetal heart rate tracings.
Previous attempts to computerize the analysis of fetal heart rate (FHR) using mainframe or minicomputers were not accepted in routine clinical practice because of their complexity, cost, and lack of validation. We describe the first practical, inexpensive system integrated into a clinical protocol that analyzes and documents FHR baseline, long-term variability, and episodic events using a standard microcomputer. A comparison of computerized and manual analyses of 284 nonstress tests (NSTs) of high-risk patients revealed no significant differences in determining the number of acceleration and deceleration events and mean FHR baseline. Long-term variability and other reported data could not be compared for lack of manual techniques. The combination of standardized analysis and quantified data may improve the predictive value of the computerized NST compared with the visually analyzed NST. Other benefits include computerized archiving, data transmission by telephone, and linkage to a perinatal data base.
Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
Determinants of physician vacancy rates in rural hospitals.
This study examines the determinants of physician vacancy rates in rural hospitals from the perspective of the rural hospital administrator. Data on community characteristics, hospital characteristics, and hospital recruitment strategies are examined for 50 rural hospitals in Kentucky using questionnaire and archival data. Physician vacancy rates in this sample were quite high (mean of 37 percent). Results indicate lower physician vacancy rates in hospitals with a chain affiliation. In addition, the "job shopping" model for physicians decisions on where to practice (Johnson, 1978) is supported. Hospitals that target physician candidates with more work experience display lower physician vacancy rates. Generally, hospital characteristics were more significant predictors of physician vacancy rates than were community characteristics. Implications for rural hospital physician recruitment/retention strategies are discussed.
Career Choice↗
A cryptologic based trust center for medical images.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate practical solutions that can integrate cryptographic techniques and picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) to improve the security of medical images. DESIGN: The PACS at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center consolidate images and associated data from various scanners into a centralized data archive and transmit them to remote display stations for review and consultation purposes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the model of a digital trust center that integrates cryptographic algorithms and protocols seamlessly into such a digital radiology environment to improve the security of medical images. MEASUREMENTS: The timing performance of encryption, decryption, and transmission of the cryptographic protocols over 81 volumetric PACS datasets has been measured. Lossless data compression is also applied before the encryption. The transmission performance is measured against three types of networks of different bandwidths: narrow-band Integrated Services Digital Network, Ethernet, and OC-3c Asynchronous Transfer Mode. RESULTS: The proposed digital trust center provides a cryptosystem solution to protect the confidentiality and to determine the authenticity of digital images in hospitals. The results of this study indicate that diagnostic images such as x-rays and magnetic resonance images could be routinely encrypted in PACS. However, applying encryption in teleradiology and PACS is a tradeoff between communications performance and security measures. CONCLUSION: Many people are uncertain about how to integrate cryptographic algorithms coherently into existing operations of the clinical enterprise. This paper describes a centralized cryptosystem architecture to ensure image data authenticity in a digital radiology department. The system performance has been evaluated in a hospital-integrated PACS environment.
Algorithms↗
Information systems.
Information is critical for the successful operation of healthcare facilities. Data must be accurate, available on a timely basis, and accessible. An information system should connect all potential suppliers and users of data; be accessible to users, but secure from unauthorized persons; have equipment that can interface with sources and users throughout an organization; archive data in a logical and accessible manner; and support users throughout the organization it serves. Dr. Fallon discusses operator training, strategic planning, and upgrading of equipment.
Humans↗
The Millennium Cohort Study.
The Millennium Cohort Study is the latest in the line of British birth cohort studies. MCS resembles its predecessors which follow people born in 1946, 1958 and 1970 in the intention to become multi-purpose longitudinal data resource charting many aspects of individual's lives over time. The families of a sample of around 20,000 babies are being interviewed during 2001-02, when eligible babies reach 9 months, to establish the conditions from which they set out in life. The survey contrasts with the previous cohort studies in various ways. Instead of taking all births in one week, the sample of births is spread over a year; the births are from a selection of electoral wards, thereby enabling eventual analysis by neighbourhood characteristics; it also over samples children living in deprived areas, wards with high ethnic minority populations and samples have been boosted in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The latter UK country has not been covered by the other studies. It interviews fathers as well as mothers, and given that its initial funding comes via the ESRC, puts a greater emphasis on socio-economic data than in early parts of the other studies. MCS has been enhanced by additional Government funding. The research team, based at the Institute of Education, aims to deposit a multi-purpose dataset for public use at the ESRC data Archive in the Spring of 2003.
Birth Rate↗
Convergence of self-report and archival crash involvement data: a two-year longitudinal follow-up.
This study constructively extends Arthur et al. (2001) by assessing the convergence of self-report and archival motor vehicle crash involvement and moving violations data in a 2-year longitudinal follow-up. The relationships among these criteria, conscientiousness, and driving speed were also assessed using both predictive and postdictive criterion-related validation designs. Data were collected from a 2-year follow-up sample of 334 participants. Results suggested a lack of convergence between self-report and archival data at both Time 1 and Time 2. In addition, the predictor/criterion relationships varied across research design and data source. An actual application of our findings is that the interpretation of relationships between specified predictors and crash involvement and moving violations must be made within the context of the criterion-related validation design and criterion data source. Specifically, predictive designs may produce results different from those of postdictive designs (which are more commonly used). Furthermore, self-report data appear to include a broader range of incidents (more crashes and tickets), and thus researchers should consider using self-report data when they are interested in including lower threshold crashes and tickets that may not be reported on state records (e.g., because of the completion of a defensive driving course).
Accidents, Traffic↗