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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

mtDNA diversity in Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos: implications for the genetic history of Ancient Beringia and the peopling of the New World.

The mtDNAs of 145 individuals representing the aboriginal populations of Chukotka-the Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos-were subjected to RFLP analysis and control-region sequencing. This analysis showed that the core of the genetic makeup of the Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos consisted of three (A, C, and D) of the four primary mtDNA haplotype groups (haplogroups) (A-D) observed in Native Americans, with haplogroup A being the most prevalent in both Chukotkan populations. Two unique haplotypes belonging to haplogroup G (formerly called "other" mtDNAs) were also observed in a few Chukchi, and these have apparently been acquired through gene flow from adjacent Kamchatka, where haplogroup G is prevalent in the Koryak and Itel'men. In addition, a 16111C-->T transition appears to delineate an "American" enclave of haplogroup A mtDNAs in northeastern Siberia, whereas the 16192C-->T transition demarcates a "northern Pacific Rim" cluster within this haplogroup. Furthermore, the sequence-divergence estimates for haplogroups A, C, and D of Siberian and Native American populations indicate that the earliest inhabitants of Beringia possessed a limited number of founding mtDNA haplotypes and that the first humans expanded into the New World approximately 34,000 years before present (YBP). Subsequent migration 16,000-13,000 YBP apparently brought a restricted number of haplogroup B haplotypes to the Americas. For millennia, Beringia may have been the repository of the respective founding sequences that selectively penetrated into northern North America from western Alaska.

Alaska↗

PubMed1980

Marine docosenoic acid isomer distribution in the plasma of Greenland Eskimos.

The natural docosenoic acid in the human diet can be predominantly 22:1 omega 9 if of plant (generally rapeseed oil) origin, or predominantly 22:1 omega 11 if of marine origin. The fatty fatty acids of dietary fats (meals) and plasma lipids of some Greenland eskimos were examined by open-tubular gas-liquid chromatography. The dietary docosenoic acid isomer distribution pattern showed 22:1 omega 11 to be about 5 times 22:1 omega 9, a ratio typical of marine mammal fats. A similar ratio was also found in the plasma fatty acids, but with a slightly higher proportion of 22:1 omega 9. When correlated with the excellent cardiovascular health of Greenland eskimos, the docosenoic acid data suggest that current concern as to the impact of dietary docosenoic acids on the human myocardium, largely based on animal feeding studies, may be exaggerated.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Elevated concentrations of plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids among Alaskan Eskimos.

Eskimos living in rural southwestern Alaska depend on fish and marine mammals as major sources of subsistence food. Fatty acid concentrations in 80 Yupik Eskimos living in either a coastal or river village of southwestern Alaska were compared with those of non-Native control subjects. Concentrations of total plasma omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega-3) were 4.3, 13, and 6.8 times higher, respectively, in Native participants than in non-Native control subjects. Concentrations of these fatty acids were higher in coastal-village than in river-village participants; concentrations paralleled consumption of marine mammal oil and marine fish. The ratios of eicosapentaenoic to arachidonic acid for adult coastal- and river-village participants were 1.16 and 0.70, respectively, 14 and 9 times those of non-Native adults, respectively. There was no increase in the mean bleeding times of Native participants of either village.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Dietary intakes vary with age among Eskimo adults of Northwest Alaska in the GOCADAN study, 2000-2003.

Dietary factors influence the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The diet of Alaskan Eskimos differs from that of other populations. We surveyed Eskimo adults in Northwest Alaska to document their usual dietary intakes, differences based on gender and age, and sources of selected nutrients, and to generate appropriate dietary advice to reduce CVD. Interviewers surveyed 850 men and women 17-92 y old, using a quantitative food-frequency instrument. We observed many significant (chi(2) analysis P < 0.05) differences in nutrient intakes among 3 age-groups. Energy intake from carbohydrate was negatively related to participant age-group (P < or = 0.01). Energy intake from all fats (P < 0.001) and polyunsaturated fat (P < or = 0.01) was positively related to age-group among both men and women in contrast to other studies in which age differences were either not observed or decreased with age. Native foods were major sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, including 56% of (n-3) fatty acids primarily from seal oil and salmon. However, Native foods contributed significantly less to the diets of young adults than to those of elders, especially among women. Store-bought foods were the main sources of energy, carbohydrate, fat, saturated fat, and fiber for all adults. Based on their nutrient density and potential to inhibit CVD, continued consumption of traditional foods is recommended. Variations in intake by age may portend changing eating patterns that will influence CVD as participants age. These data will contribute to understanding dietary risk factors for cardiovascular disease in this population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

The control of hepatitis B virus infection with vaccine in Yupik Eskimos. Demonstration of safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy under field conditions.

In 1981, a hepatitis B vaccine demonstration project was initiated among Yupik Eskimos of southwest Alaska to demonstrate that, under field conditions, the vaccine was safe, immunogenic, and efficacious. Laboratory tests for serologic markers of hepatitis B virus infection (HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc) performed on sera collected in May 1981 from 3,988 residents of 17 remote Eskimo villages revealed that 2,645 (66.3%) had no evidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Because of a limited supply of vaccine, specific criteria for selection were used so that those at highest risk of infection would be immunized first. In November 1981, the first dose of vaccine was administered to 1,693 carefully selected individuals. The second dose was administered to 1,678 (99.1%) of those who received the first dose, and the final dose was administered to 1,630 persons (96.3%). Serologic follow-up showed the vaccine to be safe (0.4% experienced minor adverse reactions) and immunogenic (97.4% developed antibody). Vaccine-induced antibody levels were significantly higher for persons less than 30 years of age (p less than 0.001) and for females (p less than 0.001). Vaccine recipients were also protected from hepatitis B virus infection (p = 0.002). This public health measure proved to be feasible and effective in this remote arctic population despite difficult conditions for delivery and administration of this temperature-sensitive vaccine. This strategy for immunization is now being applied on a larger scale in Alaska as part of a program for the primary prevention of this infection and its sequelae.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Effects of age, breast feeding, and household structure on Haemophilus influenzae type b disease risk and antibody acquisition in Alaskan Eskimos.

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease occurs with unusually high incidence in Alaskan Eskimos. In 1983, the authors evaluated the unique susceptibility of the Yupik-speaking Eskimo population in southwest Alaska. A matched case-control design was used to assess the influence of age, breast feeding, and household composition on disease risk, with a historical cohort design to evaluate their effects on acquisition of Hib anticapsular antibody. The authors studied 103 cases with known invasive Hib disease that occurred at a mean age of 8.7 +/- 8.6 months; healthy controls were matched for age and village of residence. Living in extended families at the time of disease onset was significantly associated with Hib disease (p less than 0.04; odds ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval 0.87-3.25). The authors found that breast feeding was significantly less common among cases than controls (p less than 0.03; odds ratio = 0.53; 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.98). Although there was a positive correlation between age and acquired level of total anticapsular antibody (r = 0.59; p less than 0.0001), previous exposure to invasive Hib disease did not influence these levels. Household crowding and breast feeding also did not appear to affect Hib antibody acquisition.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1988

Reduction of acute shoulder dislocations using the Eskimo technique: a study of 23 consecutive cases.

A new method of reduction of dislocated shoulders used by the Eskimos in Greenland is described. The method was tried as first attempt of reduction on 23 consecutive acute dislocations in the emergency room of a central Copenhagen hospital. The method was successful in 17 of the 23 (74%). Three dislocations required general anesthesia and two attempts were unsuccessful, but dislocations were reduced using other methods. The advantage of using the Eskimo method is: 1) it is simple and can be used by nonmedical personnel; 2) nontraumatic; and 3) needs no facilities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

HLA-DR2 and DR4 further defined by two new HLA-D specificities (HTC) derived from Israeli Jewish donors: comparative study in Caucasian, Korean, Eskimo and Israeli populations.

Two newly-identified HLA-D antigens were characterized by testing selected homozygous typing cells (HTC) against responder panels derived from Caucasian, Korean, Alaskan Eskimo and Israeli Jewish populations. The first specificity, defined by typing cell "AZH", is associated with DR2 haplotypes and is detected primarily in Israelis. The second specificity, defined by HTC "TAS", is associated with DR4 haplotypes and is detected with relatively high frequency in Koreans and Alaskan Eskimos. The data indicate that HTC-AZH and -TAS can be used to identify previously undefined splits or variants of lymphocyte-defined (LD) determinants associated with DR2 and DR4 haplotypes. Further, the study demonstrates the utility of comparative population analysis in identifying and characterizing alleles encoded by the HLA-D region and provides additional evidence of heterogeneity within the family of serologically-defined HLA-DR haplotypes.

HLA-DR Antigens↗

PubMed1997

Population studies of the human V kappa A18 gene polymorphism in Caucasians, blacks and Eskimos. New functional alleles and evidence for evolutionary selection of a more restricted antibody repertoire.

Immunoglobulin gene polymorphisms are interesting because they reflect differences in the available antibody repertoire which may affect the susceptibility to specific infections. Until recently, the human V kappa gene, A18, was known as a nonfunctional gene only. In this study, we cloned and sequenced four apparently functional alleles and determined the gene frequencies in three well-defined populations: Danish Caucasians, eastern Greenland Eskimos and Mozambican blacks. The A18b allele that was recently described in Native American Navajos by Atkinson et al. was found in all three populations with gene frequencies of 8%, 45% and 23% in Caucasians, Eskimos and blacks, respectively. Conversely, the frequencies of the nonfunctional A18a allele were 92%, 55% and 57%. Further, three new A18 alleles, c, d, and e were found exclusively in blacks, among whom they had an total frequency of 19%. These data indicate that both the A18a and A18b alleles originated before the diversification of Africans and non-Africans 90,000 years ago, whereas the A18c, A18d and A18e alleles may have a more recent origin. The functionality of the A18b allele was documented by the demonstration of properly rearranged and somatically hypermutated A18b messenger RNA present in the blood lymphocytes of individuals carrying this allele. The expression clearly exceeded that of a known functional V gene, A2, indicating that functional A18 alleles contribute significantly to the available antibody repertoire. In this context, it is surprising that the functional A18b allele apparently has been negatively selected in the Caucasian population, among whom 85% completely lack a functional gene.

Alleles↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence and persistence of antibodies to herpes viruses, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori in Alaskan Eskimos: the GOCADAN Study.

The prevalence and persistence of antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV1) and 2 (HSV2), Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae were determined in Alaskan Eskimos. The study included 610 individuals (mean age 43 +/- 15 years; 45% males) participating in the Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaska Natives (GOCADAN) study. Archived serum samples and those collected during the GOCADAN study were analysed for antibodies against the above pathogens by ELISA. The current prevalence of antibody seropositivity was 94% to CMV, 90% to HSV1, 38% to HSV2, 80% to H. pylori, and 42% to C. pneumoniae. The persistence of antibodies (in both archived and current samples) against CMV, HSV1 and H. pylori was high (83%, 84% and 67%, respectively) compared with those against HSV2 (26%) and C. pneumoniae (29%). Moreover, the seroconversion rates to these organisms were low. Most individuals acquired CMV, HSV1 and H. pylori antibodies by the age of 24 years (94%, 90% and 72%, respectively), and >50% carried HSV2 and C. pneumoniae antibodies by the age of 45 years. There were gender differences in antibody seropositivity rates. Over 70% of individuals had antibodies to at least three of the five pathogens tested. The study demonstrated the high prevalence and lifelong persistence of multiple antibodies, suggesting chronic infections among Alaskan Eskimos.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Pigmentation of plica and lacrymal caruncle. Prevalence among Caucasians, Eskimos, and Japanese.

Consecutive screenings by the same examiner (the author) disclosed among 380 white North Europeans (Copenhagen, Denmark) pigmentation of the plica semilunaris and/or lacrymal caruncle in 2%, among 189 Mongols (Kyoto, Japan) in 4%, and among 257 Eskimos (East Greenland) in 45% (P less than 0.001). In Eskimos the phenomenon was found to be bilateral in 60% and confluent with pigmentation of the bulbar conjunctiva in 18%. The prevalence is the highest among males, rising with increasing age. It is correlated to the prevalence of pigmentation of the bulbar conjunctiva, whereas not to that of subconjunctival pigmentation round scleral emissaries.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Pigment spots related to scleral emissaries in Eskimos, Mongols, and Caucasians.

Examinations of a series of 1241 subjects showed episcleral pigment spots bearing relation to scleral canal emissaries to be most frequent among Eskimos (prevalence 85%), somewhat less frequent among Mongols (68%), and the rarest among white Northern Europeans (16%). The prevalence is the highest among women and rises very little with increasing age. The pigmentation is most often bilateral in Eskimos (66%), more rarely so in Caucasians (18%). It is most often localized superiorly (54%). Then follows in decreasing order to frequency:inferiorly (26%), nasally (13%), and - significantly more rarely - temporally (7%). The pigmentation is most often related to an artery (90%), most often one running a radial course (39%) or in the incyclo-direction (32%). Its average length in caucasians is 1.1 mm. Pigmentations are significantly related to the colour of the iris (visible in 8% of blue irides, against in 40% of brown).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Genetic polymorphisms in southwest Alaskan Eskimos.

Allele frequencies of 28 genetic loci were determined in subsets (n ranged from 52 to 698) of a sample of Yupik-speaking Eskimos from southwestern Alaska. Five loci were monomorphic (Kell Kp (b+), ADA1, AK1, HBA, and PGDA). At the other loci, the most frequent alleles were AB00 (0.580), Fya (0.960), Jkb (0.513), Ms (0.333), CDe (0.591), ACPA (0.566), ESD1 (0.890), GLO2 (0.736), GPT1 (0.653), Hp2 (0.654), PGM1 (0.836), PGP1 (0.972), and UMPK1 (0.873). The most frequent immunoglobulin allotype Gm(1;21) occurred with a frequency of 0.829. The HLA alleles that occurred with highest frequencies were A24 (0.626), Bw48 (0.184), Cw3 (0.404), and DR4 (0.329). The average heterozygosity at all loci was 0.423. Based on the presence of the European allotype, Gm3;23;5,11,13, the proportion of European admixture in the Eskimo population was estimated to be 2.1%.

Alaska↗

PubMed1975

Phage types of mycobacterium tuberculosis in cultures isolated from Eskimo patients.

The phage type of each of 3 colonies selected at random from cultures of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from 233 Eskimo patients was determined. In 33 cultures, colonies of different phage types were observed. In 22 cases, the differences in phage types paralleled differences in drug susceptibility of the bacteria. A comparative study with cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from while patients did not reveal differences in phage types among 3 colonies from the same culture. This observation suggests that some of the numerous reactivations of the disease in Eskimo patients may be due to exogenous reinfections.

Bacteriophage Typing↗

PubMed1977

Boarding schools: effects on the mental health of Eskimo adolescents.

Whether boarding schools undermine the mental health of Eskimo and Indian children has been a bitterly debated issue. The authors examined the effects of four representative boarding schools on 132 Alaskan Eskimo adolescents during their freshman and sophomore years. Forty-nine percent of the freshmen developed school-related social and emotional disturbances; 25% of these problems were judged serious. High levels of emotional disturbance were also found during the students' sophomore year. Although simple environmental changes may temporarily reduce the rate of disturbance among students, the long-term effects of boarding schools may still be deleterious.

Achievement↗

PubMed1993

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy among Yup'ik Eskimos, 1987-1988.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy in Yup'ik Eskimos. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive birth-log data and medical records was conducted. Records were taken from the primary care and tertiary referral facilities in Alaska Area Native Health Service. Some 630 consecutive deliveries were reviewed from 1 March 1987 to 29 February 1988, with 25 excluded for ancestry other than Alaska Native. Another 605 Alaska Native patient charts were reviewed, with 545 Alaska Native patients screened for diabetes in pregnancy. The study population had a mean age of 25.6 yr, mean gravidity of 3.4, mean parity of 1.9, and mean birth weight of 3567 +/- 493 g. RESULTS: Patients were screened with a 50-g glucose oral load with a plasma glucose 1 h later. 156 of 605 (25.7%) patients, with a screen > or = 7.8 mM received a 100-g OGTT. Of 605, 35 (5.8%) patients met O'Sullivan criteria, and 2 of 605 (0.3%) patients met WHO criteria for previous diabetes mellitus, for a total 37 of 605 (6.7% [corrected]) women with diabetes in pregnancy. The subjects who met O'Sullivan criteria had statistically greater mean age (29.9 yr), gravidity (4.9), parity (2.9), and birth weight of their infants (3678 +/- 389 g), compared with women with a screen < 7.8 mM. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy among Yup'ik Eskimos is twice the rate for the U.S. for all races, despite the Yup'ik having the lowest rate of diabetes mellitus among Alaska Natives. This may represent a large number of undiagnosed patients with impaired glucose tolerance, and may reflect the wide-spread dietary and life-style changes that have occurred in the Yup'ik in the last 30 yr. The Yup'ik present a unique opportunity to apply prevention techniques in a population with an emerging problem with glucose tolerance.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

A genetic explanation for no sex difference in spatial ability among Eskimos.

Superior spatial ability may be inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Since the sex ratio for an X-linked recessive trait depends on the gene frequency of the recessive allele, the absence of a sex difference in Eskimo spatial ability may reflect an unusually high frequency of the recessive allele in the Eskimo population.

Female↗

PubMed1982

The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent maxillary incisors of East Greenland Eskimos. II. Side asymmetry, sex differences, comparison of centrals and laterals and anthropologic aspects.

Maxillary incisor lingual fossa depth was measured on casts of East Greenland Eskimo dentitions. No directional side asymmetry was found. The present study is the only which shows mean lingual fossa depth to be significantly deeper in the female than in the male. Larger incisor strength in the females is functional as the females are known to use their incisors as tools. The present investigation shows that on the question of sex differences conclusions should be drawn for the examined population only, and that generalization to other populations should be avoided. Mean lingual fossa depths were significantly different for centrals and laterals, but the laterals demonstrate special lack of reduction in this population. Lack of reduction of incisors together with frequent agenesis of third molars demonstrate that the posterior dentition may reduce independently of the anterior dentition. Mean lingual fossa depth, and relative fossa depth, in East Greenland Eskimos clearly show Mongoloid values.

Anthropology, Physical↗