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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Head and neck cancer: early detection.

Tumors of the head and neck have a wide variety of presentations. Simply stated however, a sore or soreness that persists, a lump that persists, particularly if non-tender, or evidence of nerve dysfunction such as hoarseness, facial weakness, or dysphagia should alert the astute observer to the probable existence of a neoplastic rather than an inflammatory process. High-risk factors brought out in a careful history enhance the probability. Careful inspection and palpation may reveal the probable diagnosis. A skillful biopsy is essential. In this regard, aspiration needle biopsy as well as large gauge needle biopsy are receiving renewed interest. Our colleagues in biochemistry, radiology, and nuclear medicine are providing increasing support in detection and delineation of extent of tumor for the physician. Biochemical studies, particularly for the detection and delineation of extent of tumor for the physician. Biochemical studies, particularly for the detection of thyroid cases, are important. Ultrasound equipment is being developed that may give much improved delineation of lesion consistency. Xerography is superior in some instances to radiography. Nuclear scanning remains integral in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Modifications upgrading computerized axial tomography apparatus show promise of giving better delineation of the extent of disease. Arteriography remains essential in the diagnosis of carotid body tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Early cancer detection. Colorectal cancer.

Persons with symptoms or signs suggestive of colorectal cancer require complete exam of the large bowel either by sigmoidoscopy, preferably flexible, with barium enema, or by total colonoscopy. A test for fecal occult blood (FOBT) is not necessary here. In asymptomatic persons at average risk for colorectal cancer, the following screening recommendations are made: from age 40, annual digital rectal exam and FOBT; and, from age 50, sigmoidoscopy, preferably flexible, every 3 to 5 years after two negative annual exams. If there is a family history of colorectal cancer in one or more first-degree relatives, annual digital rectal exam and FOBT should begin at age 40, with either barium enema and sigmoidoscopy or total colonoscopy every 3 to 5 years. Persons with a history of chronic ulcerative colitis, polyposis syndromes, or prior colorectal adenomas or cancer merit special attention.

Colonoscopy↗
PubMed1999

Early cancer detection by microsatellite marker analysis.

A major goal of tumor biology has been the development of tumor markers that are useful for the diagnosis and management of cancer. A drawback associated with many of these markers is that they are not unique to tumor cells, but rather are normal or developmental antigens which are overexpressed in tumor tissue Therefore, determination of possible malignancy is based on a designated expression level rather than a clear-cut difference. Studies have shown that DNA from tumor cells has a pattern of chromosomal deletion clearly distinguishable from normal cell DNA, and more importantly, DNA from tumor cells can be detected in the serum of cancer patients. Particular chromosomal deletion patterns are associated with specific tumor types. It is hypothesized that individuals at risk for certain genetically well-characterized cancers, could be successfully screened for those cancers by a PCR-based blood test. In this way, neoplasia could be detected at earlier, more treatable stages of development.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[To what extent have early cancer detection and preventive examination for cancer of the uterine cervix fulfilled established expectations?].

The results of cytological screening examinations of women are reported. The study was performed over a ten-year period and comprised 748,871 examinations of 281,705 women. Many long-term observations are among them. 28,171 women (10%) had more than five cytological repeat findings in this period. Basing on the presented dates the following aspects speak in favour of the effectivity of the screening examinations: 1. The decrease of cytological rates of discovery between first examination and repeated examination, 2. the new increase of rates of discovery in case of longer intervals between the examinations, 3. the shifting of the relation between dysplasias, carcinomata in situ and invasive carcinomas in favour of the less severe pathological changes. The rate of newly discovered cervical carcinomas decreased between 1971 and 1980 from 0.9% to 0.2%, the rate of newly discovered carcinomata in situ and severe dysplasias decreased from 3.5% to 1.2%. For future planning of screening programmes several problems have to be taken into consideration--for example, the low attendance rate of women at regular screening examinations, the high rate of false-negative cytological findings and questions of efficiency of programmes in repeatedly examined groups of population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[No apparent correlation between the level of participation in the German early cancer detection program and the development of cancer mortality in females. An ecologic analysis].

Attendance rates of the German cancer screening programme and female cancer mortality rates (cancers of the uterus, breast, and colon-rectum) were calculated by age (5-year groups), region (Federal States) and period (annually; 1975-1982 for attendance rates, 1975-1984 for mortality rates). There was no apparent association of attendance and mortality pattern. This finding may be due to avoidable shortcomings in data collection. Programme effectiveness is unlikely to be demonstrated by more data of the same aggregate type. We have to collect information on screening histories linked to cause of death on a person-to-person basis. This can be done in retrospective case-control-studies or prospectively using records for cancer patients. Provisions for such studies are essential.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Potential barriers to prevention of cancers and to early cancer detection among Irish people living in Britain: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and explore explanatory models of cancer among Irish and white British people living in Britain. METHODS: Ethnographic in-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted in London, Manchester and Glasgow, with a total of 58 (n = 58) Irish and 57 (n = 57) white British participants. The study samples were broadly similar in socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: We explored explanatory models (lay beliefs) used by the Irish and white British to understand their cancer-related beliefs and behaviours. Among both groups there was confusion about causation, poor knowledge of signs and symptoms, and a general pessimism about cancer prevention and treatments. The narratives of the Irish were, however, qualitatively different from those of the white British. Historical, cultural, social and economic circumstances, both in the UK and in the past in Ireland, appeared to influence views of cancer and health-seeking behaviours. Recollections of negative family experiences of cancers linked to 'stigma' and 'secrecy', poor outcomes and medical practices in rural Ireland, particularly among the older Irish, influenced Irish understanding of cancers and help-seeking behaviours. The second generation also appeared to retain some beliefs that were common amongst the first generation migrants. The context of migration was also felt by the Irish group to have exposed them to living and working environments that made them susceptible to cancers. CONCLUSION: The Irish frame of reference was firmly embedded in a specific historical, social and economic context which may contribute to cultural constraints on discussions about cancers and to the lack of engagement with preventative behaviours and health care services.

Adult↗