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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Detection of congenital dislocation of the hip by an early screening program, with particular reference to false negatives.

The incidence of hip abnormality was investigated in 11,980 children born at Hope Hospital, Salford, between 1975 and 1978. Of 179 neonates (14.9/1,000 livebirths) found to have an abnormal hip, only 22 (1.8/1,000 livebirths) required treatment with an abduction splint. Despite this high detection rate of hip abnormalities, 10 children (0.83/1,000 livebirths) presented with late congenital dislocation of the hip, i.e., CDH diagnosed after the age of six weeks. It is suggested that the hips should be reexamined in all children at the age of six to seven months.

England↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cost-benefit analysis of the Program for Early Screening of Cervico-uterine Cancer].

OBJECTIVE: Previous researches pointed out the critical changes needed to increase the efficiency of the National Screening Programme of Cervical Cancer in Mexico. These changes were assessed through a cost-benefit analysis. This paper presents the results of that appraisal. Figures are presented as US Dollars of 1996 valued as 7.5 pesos for each dollar. RESULTS: The operational unitary cost of the integral process of the cytology-the obtention of the Pap smear, its transportation to the interpretation centre, its analysis, and the notification of results to users-was estimated in US$ 11.6. If the proposed changes are operated, the cost of each citology would increase by 32.7%. The benefit/cost ratio would be 2 and the net benefit of 88 millions of US dollars for the next five years. CONCLUSIONS: The operation of the proposed changes is socially desirable, but should be supported the training activities of the personnel, the increase of the coverage of women at risk, the quality control activities, the monitoring of the program and the communication with women detected as positive cases.

Carcinoma in Situ↗
PubMed1984

Early pregnancy screening for intrauterine growth retardation.

In a prospective clinical study from Uppsala County, Sweden, in 1980, all pregnancies were screened early in pregnancy for 15 previously reported risk factors for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). This risk group (n = 639) was then compared with a randomly selected control group (n = 539). In the risk group, there were increased risks for the delivery of growth retarded infants, low birthweight infants and infants spontaneously delivered as prematures. 30% of the population exhibited risk factors. Smoking was the most important risk factor, 16% of the mothers smoked at least ten cigarettes per day and smoking was the main risk factor in the majority of cases with IUGR.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1984

Screening for early detection of radiation-associated thyroid cancer: a pilot study.

In the 1950s, approximately 20,000 Israeli children received scalp irradiation as treatment for tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp). To evaluate the necessity and feasibility of early screening of these individuals for thyroid cancer, a small pilot program was undertaken. The examination consisted of a thorough palpation of the thyroid gland and the surrounding area. A 99mTc thyroid scan and thyroid function tests were performed on individuals in whom palpation suggested a nodular abnormality. A multidisciplinary committee then made a recommendation for or against surgery. A total of 443 persons were screened, and nodular abnormalities of the thyroid were detected in 24 (5.4%). Of these persons, nine displayed symptomatology or reported knowledge of a thyroid condition; despite this, three of them were not receiving treatment. This left 18 subjects--15 new cases and 3 previously untreated patients--needing follow-up care. Altogether nine persons were recommended for surgery, but one refused. All eight of the excised lesions were benign: four colloid nodules and four adenomas. While the screening program was feasible, the fact that no cancers were detected suggested that in a population exposed to a very low dose of radiation, thyroid screening may not be justified on a large scale.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Prostate carcinoma incidence and patient mortality: the effects of screening and early detection.

BACKGROUND: Screening for and the aggressive treatment of prostate carcinoma are controversial, but they are nevertheless being practiced in the U.S. Current clinical studies of the effectiveness of screening will take years to complete. Meanwhile, screening for prostate carcinoma is already having an effect on society. METHODS: National and regional trends in prostate carcinoma incidence and data on patient mortality and survival from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute are described in this article. SEER is a population-based cancer data base comprised of nine discrete areas. Fundamental principles of screening are used in this article to explain the impact that prostate carcinoma screening has had in the U.S. RESULTS: According to the data in the SEER registries, overall prostate carcinoma incidence rates increased at a far greater pace than prostate carcinoma mortality rates during the period 1973-1994. During that period, there was a shift in stage at diagnosis characterized by an increase in local and regional disease, and a decline in distant disease at diagnosis. Overall 5-year survival rates for prostate carcinoma patients also increased. The increase in incidence rates, the shift in stage at diagnosis, and the increase in survival rates are all evidence of increasing early detection. However, these changes are consistent with lead-time bias, length bias, a decline in mortality, and all three could have occurred. In the geographic SEER registries, the prostate carcinoma incidence rates vary markedly. These variations in incidence rates are due to regional variations in practice patterns and screening efforts. On the other hand, the SEER registries have comparable mortality rates. This is evidence of both lead-time bias and length bias. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial regional variations in incidence were found, but regional mortality rates were similar. This is evidence that screening and early detection efforts are resulting in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma in some men who do not need therapy; thus, prostate carcinoma screening can lead to unnecessary treatment for such men. Furthermore, epidemiologic data do not demonstrate that screening is decreasing mortality. The benefits of screening and early detection, although theoretically possible, are yet unproven, whereas the risks and harms of screening and resultant treatment are definite.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

3rd International Symposium on Early Toxicity Screening. 11 December 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

The 3rd International Symposium on Early Toxicity Screening: Early ADME-Tox Screening Approaches included presentations by primarily non-academic scientists, including biotechnology companies, pharmaceutical scientists and contract research service leaders. A central theme heard throughout the presentations involved the fundamental objectives of and obstacles to ADME and toxicity testing during drug development. In summary, successful preclinical drug safety assessment involves understanding a model's limited ability to mimic the human drug response, increasing the model's ability to mimic the human drug response, and adopting new strategies that model better human drug responses, while simultaneously conducting safety assessment more quickly, more thoroughly and more cost effectively.

Drug Evaluation, Preclinical↗
PubMed1981

Some results of screening for early lung cancer.

Screening for lung cancer is somewhat controversial in that very few evaluations of the screening process have been made, and even fewer have involved the use of concomitant, unscreened controls. This report of the Mayo Lung Project provides evaluation of a randomly selected 4500 clinic patients, offered screening for lung cancer at four-month intervals for six years. Another 4500 randomly selected controls not offered screening were merely observed. Good screening is defined, the Mayo project is evaluated, and puzzling results are presented and discussed. From the screened group, 98 new cases of lung cancer have been detected, 67 by study screening and 31 by spontaneous reporting of symptoms (15) or by x-ray examinations (16) done in other than study circumstances. From the controls, 64 new lung cancer cases have been detected, 43 by symptoms and 1 by other methods. Lung cancer mortality is 39 for study patients and 41 for controls. There is thus no evidence at this time that early case finding hs decreased mortality from lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1994

Cultural heritage: cancer screening and early detection.

An individual is influenced by a number of diverse cultural factors, and the interaction of cultural beliefs can create barriers to compliance with recommended prevention, early detection, and screening activities. In order to develop culturally and linguistically appropriate cancer screening and early detection programs, clinicians need to have some background knowledge of culturally diverse populations. In addition, multilevel theoretical models should be used to plan cancer control programs that address the diversity from confluent cultures.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1984

The National Cancer Institute Cooperative Early Lung Cancer Detection Program. Results of the initial screen (prevalence). Early lung cancer detection: Introduction.

This introduction provides a description of 3 cooperating studies on Screening for Early Lung Cancer conducted under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute. The next 3 reports detail the unique aspects and results of the individual screening studies. The final presentation summarizes the initial ("prevalence") screening for all 3 centers (approximately 30,000 men), and gives our conclusions.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Culture as an influence on breast cancer screening and early detection.

OBJECTIVES: To explore how culture may play a part in breast cancer screening, early detection, and efforts to decrease breast mortality. DATA SOURCES: Journal articles published in the past 20 years on cultural aspects of cancer prevention and control. CONCLUSIONS: Research seems directed more at discovering cultural differences than at identifying similarities on how culture influences breast cancer screening and early detection. The influences of poverty and lack of educational opportunities account for much of what is termed cultural difference. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Improving practice through an informed understanding of culture calls for considerable self-education and a fundamental refinement of care delivery.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Early clinical screening in psoriatic arthropathy].

AIM: Because of doubts in early clinical assessment and full documentation of all various cases of psoriatic arthritis outside of rheumatologic centres a clinical study in a dermatologic department of a rehabilitation clinic was performed. METHODS: 148 patients between 1996 and 1999 were interviewed and examined clinically. 27 (18.2%) of them had osseous joint processes proved by X-ray (severe cases). 90 (60.8%) patients had no radiologic changes but a positive history of joint pain (mild cases). 31 (21%) patients had none of the problems (Control group). Blood specimens were taken in order to reveal inflammations (ESR, CRP, RF, ASL, uric acid, and leucocytes). Exclusion criteria were other arthritides, multiple osteoarthritis and consolidated fractures of joints. The groups were compared together. RESULTS: Whereas palpable joint crepitations did not turn out as a reliable specific sign, pressure pain on acromioclavicular joints and MTP joints, impingement signs of the shoulders, deformities of toes and flexor tendon swellings of the hand were usable tools in diagnosing a severe psoriatic arthritis in this study. The ESR, ASL, CRP, and uric acid were elevated significantly more often in severe than in mild cases. Moreover, the time period between the first onset of skin lesions and joint pain was shorter in severe cases than in mild cases (9.86 vs 13.8 years). CONCLUSION: The diagnostic relevance of criteria, for example of the well-known European Spondylarthropathy Group (ESSG), may be improved by new early screening criteria.

Adult↗