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PubMed1994

Economic development and tropical disease.

Development stands for an improved quality of life through gains in health, education, living standards, and higher income. Development is based on economic growth. Although all indicators of development: GDP per capita, average life expectancy at birth, and per capita income have been rising in almost all countries, including the "developing" countries over the past decades, economic growth did not lead to the expected disappearance of infectious diseases. Economic growth is associated with severe degradation of the natural world. Though economic growth is essential for development, it is a highly imperfect proxy for it. The people who suffer from the adverse effects of economic growth are often different from those who benefit from it. Economic development shows two faces with regard to tropical diseases: it is essential for their prevention and cure and it contributes to their transmission and severity through its impact on the environment. The pivotal point is poverty. If economic growth leads to improved education and social organization, even adverse effects can be mastered by the community.

Economics↗
PubMed1982

International migration in modern economic development: with special reference to Yugoslavia.

"This article analyzes international migration within the framework of modern socioeconomic development, taking as an example the Yugoslav external migration in the period after World War II. How these migration flows fit with generalizations derived from long-run experiences with external migration of other countries is examined. General theoretical reasoning is applied in order to elucidate the basic determinants of migration, thus making a contribution to the integration of the theory and policy of economic development of emigration countries."

Demography↗
PubMed1988

Population growth and economic development in the very long run: a simulation model of three revolutions.

The authors propose an economic model capable of simulating the 4 main historical stages of civilization: hunting, agricultural, industrial, and postindustrial. An output-maximizing society to respond to changes in factor endowments by switching technologies. Changes in factor proportions arise through population growth and capital accumulation. A slow rate of exogenous technical process is assumed. The model synthesizes Malthusian and Boserupian notions of the effect of population growth on per capita output. Initially the capital-diluting effect of population growth dominates. As population density increases, however, and a threshold is reached, the Boserupian effect becomes crucial, and a technological revolution occurs. The cycle is thereafter repeated. After the second economic revolution, however, the Malthusian constraint dissolves permanently, as population growth can continue without being constrained by diminishing returns to labor. By synthesizing Malthusian and Boserupian notions, the model is able to capture the salient features of economic development in the very long run.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Economic development and fertility: an empirical analysis using cross-national data.

"Until the early 1950s the study and analysis of fertility was believed to be outside the scope of economic theory. However, with the extension of economics to account for non-market household behaviour and human capital such analysis has become possible. Several theories on the relationship between economic development and fertility have been proposed. These theories are often tested with multiple regression and areal cross-national data. This paper examines the statistical assumption underlying such models." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)

Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Leisure-time physical activity in university students from 23 countries: associations with health beliefs, risk awareness, and national economic development.

BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity has been linked with chronic disease and obesity in most western populations. However, prevalence of inactivity, health beliefs, and knowledge of the risks of inactivity have rarely been assessed across a wide range of developed and developing countries. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was carried out with 19,298 university students from 23 countries varying in culture and level of economic development. Data concerning leisure-time physical activity, health beliefs, and health knowledge were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of inactivity in leisure time varied with cultural and economic developmental factors, averaging 23% (North-Western Europe and the United States), 30% (Central and Eastern Europe), 39% (Mediterranean), 42% (Pacific Asian), and 44% (developing countries). The likelihood of leisure-time physical activity was positively associated with the strength of beliefs in the health benefits of activity and with national economic development (per capita gross domestic product). Knowledge about activity and health was disappointing, with only 40-60% being aware that physical activity was relevant to risk of heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: Leisure-time physical activity is below recommended levels in a substantial proportion of students, and is related to cultural factors and stage of national economic development. The relationship between health beliefs and behavior is robust across cultures, but health knowledge remains deficient.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Dynamic of demographic economic developments (author's transl)].

Present and predicted demographic and economic developments demonstrate a close interrelation between population and the economy. In the course of a few years the population structure of highly industrialized societies such as the German Federal Republic has changed, due to declining birth-rate, negative birth/death-rate ratio and an influx of foreign workers; many problems and contradictions result therefrom. One is bound to conclude that traditional population theories have been overtaken by practice and that only the present and the future count in promoting the evolution of society. The problem is to bring about an equilibrium between the widely varying increases in production rates in different branches of industry, population trends and the standard of living. Decreases in population and endogenous mortality are reflected in national investment policies, capital distribution within a generation and statutory provisions. Conversely, marriage, fertility and mortality exercise and influence on investment, justice and morality. It has not yet been proven whether, in view of the behavior of one generation, a chance of generation results in a new situation. Certainly, selective adaption processes are operative between population and economic trends. To cope with these processes, a maximum of motivation is essential.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1986

Urbanization and economic development policy in Korea.

"This paper has firstly discussed the development strategy and urbanization in [the Republic of] Korea for the period 1960-1980. [This is] followed with an intensive review of the past and recent population redistribution policy of Korea. Finally the authors make some general suggestions which are characterized as an expansion of opportunities and services in the underprivileged areas." (summary in CHI)

Asia↗