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PubMed2002

Effect of andrographolide and Kan Jang--fixed combination of extract SHA-10 and extract SHE-3--on proliferation of human lymphocytes, production of cytokines and immune activation markers in the whole blood cells culture.

The immunomodulatory properties of a diterpene lactone andrographolide and Kan Jang--a standardized fixed combination of Andrographis paniculata extract SHA-10 and Eleutherococcus senticosus extract SHE-3 were investigated. Their role on spontaneous and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and on production of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined in vitro. Proliferation of PBL induced by PHA was enhanced by co stimulation with andrographolide and Kan Jang. At the same time andrographolide and Kan Jang inhibit spontaneous proliferation of PBL in vitro. These preparations also have effect on the formation of INF-gamma, TNF-alpha and some immune activation markers such as neopterin (Neo), beta-2-microglobulin (beta2MG), and soluble receptor for interleukin-2 (sIL-2R or sCD25) in blood cells culture. Andrographolide and Kan Jang stimulate the INF-gamma, Neopterin and beta2MG formation, but do not have any significant effect on the production of INF-gamma and Neopterin in PHA stimulated blood cells. An opposite effect on these immune makers was observed in the PHA-stimulated blood cells: both andrographolide and Kan Jang increase the formation of TNF-alpha and beta2MG in cultivated whole blood cells. Thus, andrographolide and Kan Jang can have an in vitro effect on the activation and proliferation of immunocompetent cells as well on the production of key cytokines and immune activation markers. The results show an overall higher effect of the fixed combination as compared with the equivalent amount of the pure substance andrographolide. The data are consistent with results from clinical studies of Kan Jang and contributed to a better understanding of these results.

Andrographis↗

PubMed2003

Siberian ginseng (Eleutheroccus senticosus) effects on CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity in normal volunteers.

Siberian ginseng ([SG]; Eleutherococcus senticosus) is a commonly used herbal preparation. The objective of this study was to assess in normal volunteers (n = 12) the influence of a standardized SG extract on the activity of cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 and 3A4. Probe substrates dextromethorphan (CYP2D6 activity) and alprazolam (CYP3A4 activity) were administered orally at baseline and again following treatment with SG (1 x 485 mg twice daily) for 14 days. Urinary concentrations of dextromethorphan and dextorphan were quantified, and dextromethorphan metabolic ratios (DMRs) were determined at baseline and after SG treatment. Likewise, plasma samples were collected (0-60 h) for alprazolam pharmacokinetics at baseline and after SG treatment to assess effects on CYP3A4 activity. Validated high performance liquid chromatography methods were used to quantify all compounds and relevant metabolites. There were no statistically significant differences between pre- and post-SG treatment DMRs indicating a lack of effect on CYP2D6 (P > 0.05). For alprazolam there also were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters determined by noncompartmental modeling (C(max), T(max), area under the curve, half-life of elimination) indicating that SG does not significantly induce or inhibit CYP3A4 (P > 0.05). Our results indicate that standardized extracts of SG at generally recommended doses for over-the-counter use are unlikely to alter the disposition of coadministered medications primarily dependent on the CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 pathways for elimination.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Constituents and pharmacological effects of Eucommia and Siberian ginseng.

The bark and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv (Eucommiaceae) and "Siberian ginseng" (Ezoukogi in Japanese) prepared from the root bark or stem bark of Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim (Acanthopanax senticosus Harms) have been used as tonic and anti-stress drug. The extracts of Eucommia showed anti-hypertensive, anti-complementary, anti-oxidative, and anti-gastric ulcer effects, and promoting collagen synthesis, accelating granuloma formation, and other pharmacological effects. The Siberian ginseng exhibited anti-fatigue, anti-stress, immuno-enhancing effect, CNS activity, and anti-depressive effect. By now, 40, 28, and 10 compounds have been isolated from Eucommia ulmoides bark, Eucommia ulmoides leaves, and Siberian ginseng, respectively, and their structures were elucidated. Their pharmacological activities were mainly due to lignans and iridoid glycosides.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1992

[Effects of phytoadaptogens on biorhythms of indicators of the hemostasis system in dogs].

Circadian rhythms in dog hemostasis were studied in winter. The animals were fed with eleutherococcus and liquorice extracts with bread in different time of the day. Hemostatic investigations revealed chronosensitivity of hemostasis to the phytoadaptogens which is important for assessment of their chronopharmacological properties and prospects of their use.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1989

[Evaluation of the cationic-lysosomal test in patients with pneumonia against a background of therapy].

The authors' findings evidence that measurements of cationic protein levels is a sufficiently informative test in the complex of investigations that help predict the course of acute pneumonia and the therapeutic efficacy of drugs stimulating the nonspecific resistance of the body. Combined therapy with the use of methyluracil and eleutherococcus is more effective for pneumonia patients than the complex including aloe and antibacterial and symptomatic agents alone.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative study of the mechanisms of the immunosuppressive action of morphine and adrenaline in leukocytes in vitro].

The effect of morphine (10(-6) M) and adrenaline (0.2 microgram/10(6) cells) on the oxidant and antioxidant activity in cells of the immunophagocytic system was compared in vitro. Morphine and adrenaline caused different changes in production of active forms of oxygen (AFA) and antioxidant activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in human peripheral blood. The effect of these drugs, however, was unidirectional in character in each type of cells. Eleutherococcus (obtained in the drug-store and diluted 10- to 11-fold) or indomethacin (10(-7) M) injected together with morphine removed the morphine-induced increase of APA production in the neutrophils, they also prevented the effect of morphine on enzyme activation in the neutrophils and monocytes, but had no influence on the effect of morphine on the antioxidant enzymes in the neutrophils. The results of the study point to the existence of common mediators in direct action of adrenaline and morphine on the cells of the immunophagocytic system.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine.

Plants from all over the world such as Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Raponticum carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera and Ocimum sanctum have been extensively evaluated for their adaptogenic potential. However, none of them has been successfully introduced as an adaptogen in the clinic. This paper discusses some of the problems in evaluation of adaptogens which have precluded their inclusion as clinically useful drugs. We further discuss our results with six rasayana plants from Ayurveda, which were studied for their adaptogenic potential. The whole, aqueous, standardized extracts of selected plants (Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Piper longum and Terminalia chebula) were administered orally to experimental animals, in a dose extrapolated from the human dose, following which they were exposed to a variety of biological, physical and chemical stressors. These plants were found to offer protection against these stressors, as judged by using markers of stress responses and objective parameters for stress manifestations. Using a model of cisplatin induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility, the ability of these plants to exert a normalizing effect, irrespective of direction of pathological change was tested. All the plants reversed the effects of cisplatin on gastric emptying, while Tinospora cordifolia and Asparagus racemosus also normalized cisplatin induced intestinal hypermotility. Tinospora cordifolia was also tested for its ability to modulate the changes occurring in the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages after exposure of rats to either carbon tetrachloride or horse serum. It was found to normalize the phagocytic function irrespective to the direction of change, complying to the definition of an adaptogen. All the plant drugs were found to be safe in both acute and subacute toxicity studies. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the plants revealed that they all produced immunostimulation. The protection offered by Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced gastric mucosal damage was lost if macrophage activity was blocked. Emblica officinalis strengthened the defence mechanisms against free radical damage induced during stress. The effect of Emblica officinalis appeared to depend on the ability of target tissues to synthesize prostaglandins. Recent data obtained with Tinospora cordifolia suggest that it may induce genotypic adaptation, further opening the arena for more research and experimentation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1982

Medicinal uses of ginseng and related plants in the Soviet Union: recent trends in the Soviet literature.

Soviet scholars were the first to establish the fact that many araliaceous plants are resistogens (adaptogens). In the early 1950's, Soviet researchers pioneered the study of ginseng, which is considered to be the primary resistogen, and some other plants of the "ginseng group". A sizable volume of literature was published as a result of their studies. This article reports the results of Soviet research on the ginseng group for the past three decades, traces the progress of Soviet resistogen studies, and examines their current status. Because of its rarity, ginseng was found to be impractical as a source of raw material for the mass production of medicines. Consequently, Soviet scholars shifted the focus of their research from studying ginseng to other members of the ginseng group in order to find suitable substitutes. Four resistogenic plants were identified, studied and finally introduced into therapeutic practice, between 1955 and 1964. Eleutherococcus or eleuthero ginseng is considered to be the most important of these substitutes.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Availability of weight-loss supplements: Results of an audit of retail outlets in a southeastern city.

The sale of nonprescription weight-loss products accounts for millions of dollars spent by Americans trying to lose weight, yet there is little evidence for effectiveness and there are multiple safety concerns. The purpose of this study was to determine what products, and ingredients within products, were available at retail outlets in a metropolitan area. A purposive sampling strategy identified 73 retail outlets. An audit form was used to collect information from product labels. The audit identified 402 products containing 4,053 separate ingredients. The mean number of ingredients per product was 9.9+/-8.96 (range = 1 to 96). A database search was conducted regarding evidence for effectiveness, safety precautions, and side effects for the 10 ingredients that appeared most often across products. Modest evidence of effectiveness exists for green tea (Camellia sinensis), chromium picolinate, and ma huang (Ephedra major). For the remaining seven (ginger root [Zingiber officinale], guarana [Paullinia cupana], hydroxycitric acid [Garcinia cambogia], white willow [Salix alba], Siberian ginseng [Eleutherococcus senticosus], cayenne [Capsicum annuum], and bitter orange/zhi shi [Citrus aurantium]), inadequate or negative evidence exists. Although precautions and contraindications were found for all 10 ingredients, the strongest concerns in the literature appear for ma huang, bitter orange, and guarana. Our audit revealed numerous weight-loss products available to consumers, yet there is little evidence to support the effectiveness of the top 10 ingredients identified and many potential adverse reactions; therefore, food and nutrition professionals should discuss dietary supplement use with their clients.

Anti-Obesity Agents↗

PubMed2001

Application of conventional UV, photodiode array (PDA) and fluorescence (FL) detection to analysis of phenolic acids in plant material and pharmaceutical preparations.

Free phenolic acids (PhAs) contained in methanolic extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus roots and pharmaceutical preparations, deriving from this plant, were isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and identified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). To obtain precise, accurate and validated results of qualitative and quantitative analysis, ultraviolet (at lambda=254 nm), photodiode array (at lambda=254 and 280 nm) and fluorescence (at lambda(Ex)=230 or 265 nm and lambda(Em)=350 nm) detection was used. Additionally, the HPLC separation of PhAs on two different octadecyl sorbents: Hypersil (Shandon, UK) and Symmetry (Waters, USA) was performed. Eight PhAs: chlorogenic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric and ferulic, in different quantitative proportions, were identified, both in the roots of E. senticosus and pharmaceutical formulations examined.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1981

Ginseng and the hypothalamic-pituitary control of stress.

There are a group of so-called tonic remedies in Far Eastern medicine which are traditionally viewed as harmonizing or adjustive. Ginseng and eleutherococcus are the best known, and there is evidence that they increase arousal, stamina and stress resistance. We have attempted to explore the relationship between the behavioral and the stress effects, and to relate this to traditional concepts. In one series of experiments mice were given ginseng throughout their lifespan. At intervals their behavior response to mild stress was examined and found to be exaggerated compared to controls without ginseng. However, normal ambulatory behavior in the absence of stress was unaffected. A second series of experiments indicated that the binding of corticosteroid to certain brain regions was increased in adrenalectomized rats given ginseng saponin, compared to saline treated controls. This can be interpreted as a result of an increase in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal sensitivity caused by ginseng saponin. This is in accord with traditional concepts of the use of these remedies.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Anti-arrhythmic effect of phytoadaptogens].

Repeated prophylactic administration of plant adaptogen preparations based on extracts from rhodiola, eleutherococcus, leuzea, and ginseng, produced a pronounced antiarrhythmic effect on the model of adrenal arrhythmia in animals. Preliminary opioid receptor block by naloxone reduced the protective effect of phytopreparations in the adapted animals. Intravenous and intracerebroventricular administration of naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) showed that the anti-arrhythmic effect of rhodiola extract proceeds through the activation of both central and peripheral opioid receptors.

Adrenergic Agonists↗

PubMed2003

[Genetic relationships among Far Eastern species of the family Araliacea inferred by RAPD analysis].

A molecular genetic study of Far Eastern species of the family Araliaceae by means of RAPD analysis was conducted. Using 21 primers we assessed variability at 595 loci. Based on matrices of genetic distances D, dendrograms of genetic relationships among eleven species of six genera of this family were constructed. Our results suggest that Acanthopanax sessiliflorus and Eleutherococcus senticosus belong to different genera, Aralia cordata and A. continentalis are different species, and A. elata and A. mandshurica probably cannot be regarded as distinct species. Genetic similarity of Far Eastern A. cordata and American A. hispida is shown.

Araliaceae↗

PubMed2003

[Effectiveness of using the drug Kan-Yang in children with acute respiratory viral infection (clinico-functional data)].

A randomized trial of the effectiveness of the preparation Kan-Yang (Sweden) consisting of andrographis and eleutherococcus extracts was performed in 53 children with acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI). 40 ARVI children given conventional treatment served control. It is shown that in early acute noncomplicated respiratory disease Kan-Yang tablets relieves considerably the treatment course and promoted cure in good tolerance.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The efficacy of quercetin in alloxan diabetes].

It has been established that quercetin in doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg promotes normalization of the level of glycemia and blood coagulation, increases liver glycogen content, reduces high blood serum concentrations of cholesterol and low density lipoproteins, seen in diabetes. In some cases, the efficacy of quercetin exceeds that of chlorpropamide and dry Eleutherococcus extract in white rats with alloxan diabetes.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Phylogenetic relationships of the Far Eastern Araliaceae inferred from ITS sequences of nuclear rDNA].

In eight species of the family Araliaceae, inhabiting the territory of the Russian Far East, the sequences of ITS regions of nuclear rDNA were determined. A comparison of these sequences enabled establishment of phylogenetic relationships between the Far Eastern and other members of the family. It was demonstrated that Aralia sensu populations from Primorye and Sakhalin were genetically different and, hereby, could be classified as interspecific taxa. Aralia continentalis along with A. cordata were attributed to the section Aralia sensu. Oplopanax elaus and O. horridus were found to be very close to each other, possibly being the subspecies of one species or relatively young species. Legitimacy of the isolation of two sections within the genus Eleutherococcus was confirmed.

Araliaceae↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevention of iron deficiencies in high-qualification athletes].

The studies of 39 high-grade unarmed self-defense sportsmen established that enrichment of diets with a complex of vitamins and trace elements in combination with adaptogens in the summer period of training was followed by an increase in the concentration of iron in the plasma and blood corpuscles and in the count of red blood cells, the supply of vitamin C, and the level of efficiency. With a significantly improved iron metabolism, the parameters of immunological responsiveness substantially increased. At the same time the greatest increase in the proportion of performance and natural, cellular, and humoral immunity was observed in the sportsmen taking micronutrients with eleutherococcus, and ginseng in particular, as compared with those using a vitamin-micronutrient complex with dibasol.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗

PubMed1991

[Prevention of postoperative complications in the surgical treatment of cancer of the lung, esophagus, stomach, large intestine and the rectum in patients over 60 years old].

The study including 414 patients aged over 60 years suffering lung esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer was carried out to assess the possibility of preventing postoperative complications. Preoperative preparation, anesthesiologic medication and drug treatment in the early postoperative period included vitamins, eleutherococcus, sodium oxybutyrate, retabolil, splenin, curantyl, heparin, panangin, sulfalen and trichopol. In that group, the overall postoperative complication rate was 1.5 times lower and that of purulent complications, cardiovascular disorders, pneumonia and pancreatitis--2 times lower than those in 642 controls. The duration of postoperative stay in the hospital was shorter and the postoperative lethality tended to decrease. Topical treatment with methylsiloxane-immobilized gentamycin and 5-fluorouracil was shown to prevent development of purulent complications and pancreatitis.

Aged↗