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Results for “FOWLS, DOMESTIC”

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PubMed1989

[A serological survey of Legionnaires' disease in domestic fowls and animals in Chengdu area].

A serological survey of antibodies against Legionella pneumophila (Lp) serotypes in Chengdu area by microagglutination test showed that there were high levels of antibodies against serotypes Lp1 and Lp6 in healthy domestic fowls and animals (rabbits, pigs, chickens, ducks and geese). In rabbits, antibodies against serotypes Lp1-Lp6 were determined, showing positive rates (titer greater than or equal to 1:16) ranging 6.3-23.8%. Among them only the serotype Lp3 did not show any positive one. The highest positive rate was observed in pigs' anti-Lp6 (89.8%), significantly higher than those reported in America, Denmark and Nanjing, China. The results suggested that recessive infections of Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium might occur in domestic fowls and animals. So the epidemiological surveillance of Legionnaires' disease in animals, as well as in environment (water and soil) is of importance for the prevention in man.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes and domestic fowls in Queensland, 1974.

Field studies during an epidemic of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) led to the isolation of MVE virus from a pool of mosquitoes (Culex annulirostris) and a sentinel chicken from Charleville, south-west Queensland. A high proportion of domestic fowls at Charleville had antibody to MVE virus at the beginning of February 1974, in advance of the first case recognized in Queensland and allowing early warning from health authorities. A survey of antibody in domestic fowls in mid-1974 suggested widespread activity of MVE virus in western and east-central Queensland. Virus isolation and serological studies showed activity in south-west Queensland of three other viruses known to infect man, Ross River, Sindbis and Kunjin viruses.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Central monoaminergic changes induced by morphine in hypoalgesic and hyperalgesic strains of domestic fowl.

The present research examined morphine dose-response effects on both the formalin test and on CNS monoamine (MA) levels and the metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in hypoalgesic (76) and hyperalgesic (SN) strains of domestic fowl. Morphine produced a significant hypoalgesic response in the 76 strain at 15-45 mg/kg and a significant hyperalgesic response in the SN strain at 5-10 mg/kg. In subsequent experiments, analyses of whole brain (minus tectum), brainstem, and spinal cord MA, DOPAC, and 5-HIAA via high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) were performed following morphine administration in both the 76 and SN strains. Morphine produced a significant elevation of brain dopamine (DA) and a significant elevation of brain, brainstem, and spinal cord serotonin (5-HT) in both the 76 and SN strains. Morphine elevated brain norepinephrine (NE) in the 76 strain. However, morphine failed to affect brain NE in the SN strain. This distinct morphine effect on brain NE differentiates strain-dependent hypoalgesia and hyperalgesia in domestic fowl.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗

PubMed1985

Patterns of physiological bone torsion in the pelvic appendicular skeletons of domestic fowl.

Femoral, tibiotarsal and tarsometatarsal torsion was measured in 264 domestic fowls. Birds were either a laying strain fed ad libitum, or a broiler strain fed ad libitum or a broiler strain on restricted feed. They were killed at different times up to 24 weeks of age. Femora were normally rotated externally when the transverse axis of the distal articular surface was compared with that of the proximal joint surface. Tibiotarsi were similarly rotated externally but the high incidence of internal torsion in broilers fed ad libitum suggests that internal rotation is pathological. Tarsometatarsi were normally rotated internally. Mild degrees of intertarsal valgus angulation are physiological but asymmetrical angulation and torsion between each limb of individual birds suggests that a pattern of limb dominance occurs in domestic poultry.

Aging↗

PubMed1993

Benzodiazepine antagonism of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone receptors: biphasic actions on growth hormone secretion in domestic fowl.

Benzodiazepines are pharmacological agents widely used for their anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties. However, as these drugs are known to antagonize the binding and action of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) in pituitary tissue, the possibility that they may modulate GH secretion was investigated in domestic fowl, in which TRH is a GH-releasing factor. Chlordiazepoxide (an antagonist of central-type benzodiazepine receptors) had no significant effect on the basal release of GH from incubated chicken pituitary glands, but at concentrations > 10 mumol/l chlordiazepoxide suppressed somatotroph responsiveness and sensitivity to TRH stimulation. At this concentration, chlordiazepoxide competitively displaced the binding of [3H]3-methyl-histidine2-TRH ([3H]MeTRH) to chicken pituitary membranes. The prior incubation of pituitary glands with chlordiazepoxide had no significant effect on the number of [3H]MeTRH-binding sites, which were also unaffected by the administration of chlordiazepoxide in vivo. However, contrary to its effects in vitro, chlordiazepoxide reduced basal GH secretion in vivo, whilst potentiating the GH response to systemic TRH challenge. These results demonstrate benzodiazepine antagonism of TRH-binding sites in domestic fowl and a biphasic modulation of GH secretion, which may be mediated through opposing actions at pituitary and central sites.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Reflective properties of domestic fowl (Gallus g. domesticus), the fabric of their housing and the characteristics of the light environment in environmentally controlled poultry houses.

1. The light intensity and spectral power distribution in 3 broiler and 6 layer houses were sampled and converted to a measure which takes account of the domestic fowl's spectral sensitivity (termed lux corrected). Light intensity was highly variable around the layer houses (mean 33.2, s.d. 37.7 lux (corrected)) and to a lesser extent in the broiler houses (mean 5.2, s.d. 2.2 lux (corrected)). The mean intensities were also very much lower than on a sunny, June day at midday at Silsoe (42,937 lux (corrected)) and of different power distributions. 2. The reflectivity of the plumage of 15 traditional breeds of domestic fowl was surveyed. Most feathers showed a characteristic pattern of reflectivity, increasing either side of a wavelength of lambda = 400 nm. In 13 breeds the tail and wing feathers were darker than the breast and back feathers. Reflectivity at lambda = 700 nm was a good predictor of reflectivity at lambda = 320 nm. Food, bedding, wood and skin all had similar reflectivities to feathers. Metal, plastic and rubber all had more constant reflectivities across the spectrum. 3. The reflectivities of the fresh, feathered carcases of 3 male broilers (Cobb) and 3 layer hens (ISA Brown) were measured. There were small changes in hue and saturation within and between individual carcases, even for the apparently white broiler chickens. 4. Photographs were taken, with and without a UV(A)-only pass filter, of a broiler cock (Cobb), layer hen (ISA Brown) and cock jungle fowl. No additional patternation was evident in the UV(A)-only photographs and the jungle fowl lost most of its ornamentation. The texture of bare skin was enhanced in the UV(A)-only photographs. 5. The implications of these results for poultry behaviour are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A comparison of the luteinizing hormone-releasing activities of synthetic chicken luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), synthetic porcine LH-RH, and buserelin, an LH-RH analogue, in the domestic fowl.

The luteinizing hormone-releasing activities of synthetic chicken luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (chLH-RH), synthetic porcine LH-RH (pLH-RH), and an analogue of LH-RH (buserelin, D-Ser-(But)6-des-Gly10-LH-RH ethylamide) were compared in the domestic fowl. In adult cockerels, intravenous injections of 0.5 or 1 microgram chLH-RH/kg released the same amount of LH as the same doses of pLH-RH; subcutaneous injections of 0.5 or 1 microgram buserelin/kg were about twice as effective as the same doses of pLH-RH. In laying hens, injections of 1, 10, 20, and 50 micrograms buserelin induced more sustained releases of LH than the corresponding doses of pLH-RH. Daily injections of 1 or 10 micrograms buserelin/bird or of 10 micrograms pLH-RH/bird for 12 days synchronized the timing of most ovipositions showing that the injections of releasing hormone could induce preovulatory surges of LH. In contrast with mammals, daily injections of buserelin in laying hens did not reduce pituitary responsiveness to the analogue. It is concluded that the structural difference between mammalian and chicken LH-RH does not affect their LH-releasing activities in the domestic fowl. Although the LH-releasing activity of buserelin in the hen is greater than that of pLH-RH, the difference in activity is not as great as that observed in most mammals. This view is strengthened by the finding that chronic treatment with buserelin, which exerts an antagonistic effect on ovulation in mammals, does not do so in the domestic hen.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Ultrastructure of catecholamine-containing axons in the intestine of the domestic fowl.

Axons in the duodenum, ileum and rectum of the domestic fowl were identified as catecholamine-containing (CA) on the basis of positive reactivity following chromaffin fixation for electron microscopy. CA-axons in association with blood vessels in all regions of the intestine and in non-vascular sites in the small intestine had a 'typical' adrenergic appearance, in that they contained many small granular vesicles (SGV) and variable numbers of large granular vesicles (LGV). In the rectum the non-vascular CA-axon profiles were atypical, in that there were many elongated LGV and few SGV, and the chromaffin reactivity was weak. The nerve profiles in the rectum were dramatically reduced following 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine treatment and were absent in rectum cultured in the absence of extrinsic ganglia. It was concluded that the profiles, in spite of their low chromaffin reactivity, truely represent CA-axons. The possibility was raised that the atypical morphology and reduced chromaffin reactivity is due to the presence of adrenaline.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

The preoptic area of the domestic fowl. I. A Golgi study.

The preoptic area of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) was studied by means of the Golgi technique. At least two regions can be recognized: (i) a medial and (ii) a lateral area, clearly distinguishable laterally from the adjacent telencephalic regions. The dendritic organization of the preoptic area is quite uniform. The neurons can be classified as isodendritic elements. The magnocellular elements are few and irregularly scattered mostly in the periventricular grey of the medial preoptic area. Of relevant interest is also the observation of some bipolar and horizontal neurons in the dorsal part of the medial preoptic area, near the anterior commissure.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Scanning electron microscopy of the ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ in the domestic fowl.

The ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ in the domestic fowl is covered with supraependymal fiber elements. These fibers from a dense network having a web-like appearance and a coarse network of fibers running over the ventricular surface. The dense, web-like networks are mainly distributed throughout the caudal region of this organ, whereas the course networks are observed in the rostral region. In addition to these structures, spherical bodies with diameters approximately 2.5 to 6 micron are also encountered.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Livestock production in central Mali: reproduction, growth and mortality of domestic fowl under traditional management.

In an 18-month study the domestic fowl in 42 households in three traditional management systems were recorded to determine reproduction, growth and mortality parameters. There were significant differences for all systems combined in the number of clutches started per month with the lowest number being laid in the cool dry season of January and February. Mean number of eggs per clutch was 8.8; the number of eggs increased significantly throughout the career of the hen but there were no significant systems differences. Egg weight was 34.4g there being no significant differences due to age of hen or system. Intervals between clutches were 92 days, annual egg output was 35 per hen (assuming that birds were present in the flock for a year) equivalent to about 118% of mean adult hen body weight: hens actually in the flocks during the study had produced 2.1 clutches on average. Hatchability of eggs was 69.1% there being significant seasonal and systems differences in this parameter, lowest hatchability being in the hot dry season (March to June) and in the rainfed millet system. Mortality rates to eight weeks were 56% of chicks hatched. Growth to 10 weeks averaged 4g/d. Mature cocks weighted 1.60 kg and mature hens 1.02 kg: hen weights were significantly affected by reproductive state, laying hens being heavier than both incubating hens and those rearing chicks, while those rearing chicks were heavier than those incubating. Suggestions for improving productivity are made.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1986

Influence of ambient temperature on feeding activity parameters and digestive function in domestic fowls.

In order to better understand the way in which domestic fowls regulate their food intake at different ambient temperatures, measurements were made of feeding activity parameters, drinking, rate of food passage, apparent digestibility and gut dimensions of immature female fowls acclimated to cool (8 degrees C), moderate (20 degrees C) and warm (32 degrees C) environments. At 8 degrees C birds had longer (p less than 0.05) intervals between meals, ate larger meals, ate faster within meals and digested their food more efficiently than at 20 degrees C. At 32 degrees C they ate less food per day, drank more water, had a higher water/food intake ratio, ate slower within meals, had a slower rate of food passage, and had smaller proventriculi, gizzards and caeca than at 20 degrees C. It is concluded that differences in daily food intake between temperatures are associated more closely with differences in meal size and rate of eating within meals than with differences in meal frequency. Effects of temperature on behavioural thermoregulation, drinking and rate of food passage all influence patterns of feeding activity shown.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effect of Raillietina echinobothrida infection on blood values and intestinal tissues of domestic fowls of Bangladesh.

An examination of the blood profile of domestic fowls infected with Raillietina echinobothrida revealed anaemia with a significant increase of total leukocyte counts and decrease of total serum protein. The pathological changes in the intestines were characterised by villous atrophy, enteritis with cellular infiltration and formation of characteristic granulomas.

Anemia↗

PubMed1991

A comparative study of the structure of egg-white riboflavin binding protein from the domestic fowl and Japanese quail.

1. The riboflavin binding proteins from domestic fowl and Japanese quail have been isolated and their structures compared by circular dichroism, fluorescence and peptide mapping. 2. The two proteins have similar secondary structures, but differ in their tertiary structures as reflected in the environments of aromatic amino acid side chains. 3. Differences in amino acid sequence between the proteins are indicated by the digestion patterns obtained with thermolysin, chymotrypsin and V8 proteinase from Staphylococcus aureus. Both proteins are resistant to digestion by trypsin.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

A systematic study of the development of the airway (bronchial) system of the avian lung from days 3 to 26 of embryogenesis: a transmission electron microscopic study on the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus.

In the embryo of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus, the lung buds become evident on day 3 of development. After fusing on the ventral midline, the single entity divides into left and right primordial lungs that elongate caudally while diverging and shifting towards the dorsolateral aspects of the coelomic cavity. On reaching their definitive topographical locations, the lungs rotate along a longitudinal axis, attach, and begin to slide into the ribs. First appearing as a solid cord of epithelial cells that runs in the proximal-distal axis of the developing lung, progressively, the intrapulmonary primary bronchus begins to canalize. In quick succession, secondary bronchi sprout from it in a craniocaudal sequence and radiate outwards. On reaching the periphery of the lung, parabronchi (tertiary bronchi) bud from the secondary bronchi and project into the surrounding mesenchymal cell mass. The parabronchi canalize, lengthen, increase in diameter, anastomose, and ultimately connect the secondary bronchi. The luminal aspect of the formative parabronchi is initially lined by a composite epithelium of which the peripheral cells attach onto the basement membrane while the apical ones project prominently into the lumen. The epithelium transforms to a simple columnar type in which the cells connect through arm-like extensions and prominently large intercellular spaces form. The atria are conspicuous on day 15, the infundibulae on day 16, and air capillaries on day 18. At hatching (day 21), the air and blood capillaries have anastomosed profusely and the blood-gas barrier become remarkably thin. The lung is well developed and potentially functionally competent at the end of the embryonic life. Thereafter, at least upto day 26, no further consequential structures form. The mechanisms by which the airways in the avian lung develop fundamentally differ from those that occur in the mammalian one. Compared with the blind-ended bronchial system that inaugurates in the mammalian lung, an elaborate, continuous system of air conduits develops in the avian one. Further studies are necessary to underpin the specific molecular factors and genetic processes that direct the morphogenesis of an exceptionally complex and efficient respiratory organ.

Animals↗

PubMed1971

Bile salts of germ-free domestic fowl and pigs.

1. The bile of germ-free domestic fowl contains taurine conjugates of 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (chenodeoxycholic acid), 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (cholic acid) and its 5alpha-epimer (allocholic acid): that of germ-free pigs contains glycine and taurine conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid, 3alpha,6alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (hyodeoxycholic acid), 3alpha,6alpha,7alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (hyocholic acid) and (probably) cholic acid. Keto acids were not found. 2. Allocholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid are thus proved to be primary bile acids in intact animals. 3. The evolutionary and biochemical implications of these findings are briefly considered.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Differential effects of T4 and T3 on TRH- and GRF-induced GH secretion in the domestic fowl.

The in vivo growth hormone (GH) response of immature domestic fowl to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and GH-releasing factor (GRF) was suppressed in birds fed diets supplemented (1 ppm) with triiodothyronine (T3) or given bolus intraperitoneal (ip) injections (100 micrograms/kg for 10 d) of T3. Supplementation (ppm) of the diet with T4 had no effect on secretagogue- induced GH release. Exogenous T3 or T4 suppressed basal, TRH- and GRF-induced GH release 2 h after daily ip administration (100 micrograms/kg for 10 d). 24 h after the last injection, only T3 was effective in inhibiting basal and stimulated GH secretion in vivo. The systemic administration of T3 was followed 2 h and 24 h later by a downregulation of pituitary TRH binding sites. T4 administration had no effect on pituitary TRH binding. When chicken pituitary glands were incubated in vitro, basal GH release was unaffected by the addition of 10(-9)-10(-5) M T3 or T4 to the incubation media. The in vitro GH response to TRH (10(-6) M) or GRF (10(-6) M) challenge was, however, suppressed in a dose-related manner by T3 but was unaffected by the coincubation of T4. These results demonstrate inhibitory effects of T3 and T4 on basal and secretagogue-induced GH secretion in fowl. T4 is less active than T3 and probably exerts some of its effects via T3-independent mechanisms.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1987

Serotoninergic regulation of corticosterone secretion in domestic fowl.

The effects of serotoninergic drugs on adrenocortical function in domestic fowl were examined. Administration of the serotonin receptor agonist 2-(1-piperazinyl)quinoline maleate (quipazine), an inhibitor of serotonin metabolism, N-methyl-N-2-propynylbenzylamine HCl (pargyline), as well as serotonin itself, all increased plasma concentrations of corticosterone. The maximum responses to serotonin and quipazine occurred 1 h after treatment. The quipazine-stimulated response was partly prevented by the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine. Cockerels pretreated with dexamethasone, a synthetic steroid known to inhibit pituitary ACTH release, showed attenuated responses to subsequent quipazine, pargyline or serotonin injection. Serotonin, quipazine and cyproheptadine did not affect corticosterone release directly from the adrenal gland incubated in vitro, nor did they affect adrenal responsiveness to ACTH stimulation. The neurotoxin 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine injected into day-old chicks decreased plasma concentrations of corticosterone for up to 7 days after treatment, with corresponding decreases in the hypothalamic concentration of serotonin, but not dopamine or noradrenaline concentrations. These results show that adrenal corticosterone secretion is regulated by a central serotoninergic system, probably acting on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.

5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine↗